Publications

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Pulsed power loads (PPLs) are highly non-linear and can cause significant stability and power quality issues in a microgrid. One way to mitigate many of these issues is by designing an Energy Storage System (ESS) to offset the PPL. This paper provides a baseline for ESS control and specifications to mitigate the effects of PPL's. ESS will maintain a constant bus voltage and decouple the generation sources from the PPL. The ESS specifications are realized with ideal, band-limited hybrid battery and flywheels models and simulated to demonstrate the efficacy of the control system.

Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration. The National Nuclear Security Administration's Sandia Field Office administers the contract and oversees contractor operations at Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico. Activities at the site support research and development programs with a wide variety of national security missions, resulting in technologies for nonproliferation, homeland security, energy and infrastructure, and defense systems and assessments. DOE and its management and operating contractor for Sandia are committed to safeguarding the environment reassessing sustainability practices and ensuring the validity and accuracy of the monitoring data presented in this Annual Site Environmental Report. This report summarizes the environmental protection and monitoring programs in place at Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, during calendar year 2018. Environmental topics include air quality, ecology, environmental restoration, oil storage, site sustainability, terrestrial surveillance, waste management, water quality, and implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act. This report is prepared in accordance with and as required by DOE O 231.1B, Admin Change 1, Environment, Safety, and Health Reporting and has been approved for public distribution.

The 2018 Predictive Engineering Science Panel (PESP) is pleased with Sandia's response to our 2018 PESP Final Report recommendations. We have read the response memorandum, applaud the overall Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Action Plan and Path Forward and compliment Sandia's progress to date. The panel identifies no pressing issues and proposes no course corrections. The panel does offer two high-level suggestions for the Advanced Simulation and Computing (ASC) Program Office.

Scientific computing is no longer be purely about how fast computations can be performed. Energy constraints, processor changes, and I/0 limitations necessitate significant changes in both the software applications used in scientific computation and the ways in which scientists use them. Components for modeling, simulation, analysis, and visualization must work together in a computational ecosystem, rather than working independently as they have in the past. The XVis project provides the necessary research and infrastructure for scientific discovery in this new computational ecosystem by addressing four interlocking challenges: emerging processor technology, in situ integration, usability, and proxy analysis. This report reviews the accomplishments of the XVis project to prepare scientific visualization for Exascale computing.

The results of a computational analysis of self-shielding factors are presented. The analysis highlights the total self-shielding, which is a combination of energy and spatial self-shielding, associated with different neutron detection materials. The Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) transport code was used in conjunction with the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) and the International Reactor Dosimetry and Fusion Files (IRDFF). This analysis was done with neutron activation analysis in mind, and therefore is modeled and presented in a similar fashion.

Loc003D is a software tool that computes geographical locations for seismic events at regional to global scales. This software has a rich set of features, including the ability to use custom 3D velocity models, correlated observations and master event locations. The Loc003D software is especially useful for research related to seismic monitoring applications, since it allows users to easily explore a variety of location methods and scenarios and is compatible with the CSS3.0 software format used in monitoring applications. The Loc003D software is available on the web at: www.sandia.gov/salsa3d/Software.html The software is packaged with this user's manual and a set of example datasets, the use of which is described in this manual.

Data entered into the Water Boards Storm Water Multiple Application & Report Tracking System is provided, along with various other annual reporting.

The model statement, data statement, and notes are provided.

The primary goal of this project is to gather and analyze data supporting development of diagnostic tests and vaccines to mitigate contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Pakistan. This disease of primarily goats and sheep is a substantial burden to agricultural productivity and survival of farmers and families in Pakistan. During this phase of the project, we have collected and analyzed (genome sequencing) clinical samples from a broad affected region in Pakistan. Preliminary results show that there are at least two distinct clades (variants) of the organism prevalent in different regions of the country. This information, combined with our planned efforts in the coming year, will help identify better methods to diagnose and vaccinate herds against this pathogen. Our vision is that this work will improve critical livestock health in Pakistan, and consequently economic and social stability.

The ability to print polymeric materials at a high volume rate (~1000 in³/hr) has been demonstrated by Oak Ridge National Lab's (ORNL) Manufacturing Demonstration Facility (MDF) and shows promise for new opportunities in Additive Manufacturing (AM), particularly in the rapid fabrication of tooling equipment for prototyping. However, in order to be effective, the polymeric materials require a metallic coating akin to tool steels to survive the mechanical and thermal environments for their intended application. Thus, the goal of this project was to demonstrate a pathway for metallizing Big Area Additive Manufactured (BAAM) polymers using a Twin Wire Arc (TWA) spray coating process. Key problems addressed in this study were the adhesion of sprayed layers to the BAA1V1 polymer substrates and demonstration of hardness and compression testing of the metallized layers.

One promising method for solar energy storage is Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen (STCH) production. This two-step thermochemical process utilizes nonstoichiometric metal oxides to convert solar energy into hydrogen gas. The oxide first undergoes reduction via exposure to heat generated from concentrated solar power. When subsequently exposed to steam, the reduced oxide splits water molecules through its re-oxidation process, thus producing hydrogen gas. The viability of STCH depends on identifying redox-active materials that have fast redox kinetics, structural stability and low reduction temperatures. Complex perovskite oxides show promise for more efficient hydrogen production at lower reduction temperatures than current materials. In this work, a stagnation flow reactor was used to characterize the water splitting capabilities of BaCe_0.25Mn_0.75O₃(BCM). In the future, the method outlined will be used to characterize structural analogues of BCM, to provide insight into the effect of material composition on water splitting behavior and ultimately guide the synthesis of more efficient STCH materials.

The strength of brittle porous media is of concern in numerous applications, for example, earth penetration, crater formation, and blast loading; thus it is of importance to possess techniques that allow for constitutive model calibration within the laboratory setting. It is the goal of the immediate work to demonstrate an experimental technique allowing for strength assessment, which can be implemented into pressure dependent yield surfaces within numerical simulation schemes. As a case study, the deviatoric strength of distended α-SiO₂ has been captured in a tamped Richtmyer- Meshkov instability environment at a pressure regime of 4-10 GPa. In contrast to traditional RMI studies used to infer strength in solids, the described approach herein is implemented to probe the behavior of the porous tamp media backing the corrugated solid surface. Hydrocode simulation has been used to interpret the experiment, and a resulting pressure-dependent yield surface akin to the often employed Modified Drucker-Prager model has been calibrated via the coupled experiment and simulation. The simulations indicate that the resulting jet length generated by the RMI is highly sensitive to the porous media strength, thereby providing a feasible experimental platform capable of capturing pressurized granular deviatoric response. Additionally, a Mach lens loading environment has also been implemented as a validation case study, demonstrating good agreement between experiment and simulation within an alternative loading environment. Calibration and validation of the pressure-dependent yield surface gives confidence to the model form, thereby providing a framework for future porous media strength studies.

The poster describes authors' internship experience research results at Sandia National Laboratory.

This knowledge guide was developed as a training and reference manual for Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center (FRMAC) gamma spectroscopists. The knowledge guide is geared towards applied High Purity Germanium (HPGe) gamma spectroscopy with an emphasis on examples. As such, the knowledge guide generally provides a limited but sufficient discussion of physics concepts. For more detailed information on the physics concepts discussed in this guide, please refer to the references listed.

The proposal relates to a book on the application of statistical methods to problems in metrology.

This report documents the completion of milestone STPRO4-13 "Documented Kokkos API", which is part of the Exascale Computing Project (ECP). The goal of this Milestone was to generate documentation for the Kokkos programming model accessible to the open HPC community, beyond what was available via the tutorials. The total documentation for Kokkos now contains the equivalent of about 250 pages in text book format. About a third of it is contained in a more text book like style like the Kokkos Programming Guide, while most of the rest is an API reference modelled after popular C++ reference webpages. On the order of 175 pages was generated new as part of the work for this milestone.

The Pipe Overpack Container (POC) was developed at Rocky Flats to transport plutonium residues with higher levels of plutonium than standard transuranic (TRU) waste to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) for disposal. In 1996 Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) conducted a series of tests to determine the degree of protection POCs provided during storage accident events. One of these tests exposed four of the POCs to a 30-minute engulfing pool fire. This test resulted in one of the POCs generating sufficient internal pressure to pop off its drum lid and expose the top of the pipe container (PC) to the fire environment. The initial contents of the POCs were inert materials that would not generate large internal pressure within the PC if heated. However, POCs are now being used to store combustible Transuranic (TRU) waste at Department of Energy (DOE) sites. At the request of DOE's Office of Environmental Management (EM) and National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), SNL started conducting a new series of fire tests in 2015 to examine whether PCs with combustibles would reach a temperature that could result in: (1) decomposition of inner contents and (2) subsequent generation of sufficient gas to cause the PC to over-pressurize and release its inner contents. In 2016, Phase II of the tests showed that POCs tested in a pool fire failed within 3 minutes of ignition with the POC lid ejecting. These POC lids were fitted with a NUCFIL-019DS filter and revealed that this specific filter did not relieve sufficient pressure to prevent lid ejection. In the Fall of 2017, Phase II-A was conducted to expose POCs to a 30-minute pool fire with similar configurations to those tested in Phase II, except that the POC lids were fitted with an UltraTech (UT) 9424S filter instead. That specific filter was chosen because of its design to help relieve internal pressure during the fire and thus prevent lid ejection. In Phase II-A, however, setups of two POCs stacked upon one another were never tested, which led to this phase of tests, Phase II-B. This report will describe the various tests conducted in Phase II-B, present results from these tests, and implications for the POCs based on the test results will be discussed.

The purpose of this document to provide an advance copy of a "Build Guide" for a Generic Runnable System (GRS) of the Geophysical Monitoring Systems' (GMS) common source code. This guide includes a list of software dependencies and licenses, hardware specifications, and related instructions for how to build the system from the source code. The document is written for individuals who are experienced as administrators of Linux systems. The intention is to support preparation activities prior to the open source release so that dependencies may be in place to build and run the system. This document will be updated and provided with the open source release on GitHub, accompanied by a "Run Guide" for the system. An additional "Configuration Guide" will also be provided after the open source release so that users may explore system configuration options.

pCalc is a software tool that computes travel-time predictions, ray path geometry and model queries. This software has a rich set of features, including the ability to use custom 3D velocity models to compute predictions using a variety of geometries. The pCalc software is especially useful for research related to seismic monitoring applications. The pCalc software is available on the web at: www.sandia.gov/salsa3d/Software.html The software is packaged with this user's manual and a set of example datasets, the use of which is described in this manual.

Entropy stable numerical methods for compressible flow have been demonstrated to exhibit better robustness than purely linearly stable methods and need less overall artificial dissipation for long simulations in subsonic and transonic flows. In this work we seek to extend these benefits to multicomponent, multitemperature flows in thermochemical nonequilibrium such as combustion and hypersonic flight. We first derive entropy functions that symmetrize the governing equations and allow stability proofs for such systems. The impact of diffusion model selection on provable entropy stability is considered in detail, including both rigorous models of irreversible thermodynamics and simplified models of greater practical interest. Based on the proven entropy functions we develop affordable, entropy conservative two-point flux functions for solution in conservation form. We derive entropy conservative fluxes for calorically and thermally perfect mixtures, with heat capacities described by either polynomials of the temperature or formulas from statistical thermodynamics.

Agencies that monitor for underground nuclear tests are interested in techniques that automatically characterize earthquake aftershock sequences to reduce the human analyst effort required to produce high-quality event bulletins. Waveform correlation is effective in detecting similar seismic waveforms from repeating earthquakes, including aftershock sequences. We report the results of an experiment that uses waveform templates recorded by multiple stations of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty International Monitoring System during the first twelve hours after a mainshock to detect and identify aftershocks that occur during the subsequent week. We discuss approaches for station and template selection, threshold setting, and event detection that are specialized for aftershock processing for a sparse, global network. We apply the approaches to three aftershock sequences to evaluate the potential for establishing a set of standards for aftershock waveform correlation processing that can be effective for operational monitoring systems with a sparse network. We compare candidate events detected with our processing methods to the Reviewed Event Bulletin of the International Data Center to develop an intuition about potential reduction in analyst workload.

We report on the verification of elastic collisions in EMPIRE-PIC and EMPIRE-Fluid in support of the ATDM L2 V&V Milestone. The thermalization verification problem and the theory behind it is presented along with an analytic solution for the temperature of each species over time. The problem is run with both codes under multiple parameter regimes. The temperature over time is compared between the two codes and the theoretical results. A preliminary convergence analysis is performed on the results from EMPIRE-PIC and EMPIRE-Fluid showing the rate at which the codes converge to the analytic solution in time (EMPIRE-Fluid) and particles (EMPIRE-PIC).

Mimetic methods discretize divergence by restricting the Gauss theorem to mesh cells. Because point clouds lack such geometric entities, construction of a compatible meshfree divergence is a challenge. In this work, we define an abstract Meshfree Mimetic Divergence (MMD) operator on point clouds by contraction of field and virtual face moments. This MMD satisfies a discrete divergence theorem, provides a discrete local conservation principle, and is first-order accurate.

Hydrogen is increasingly being used in the public sector as a fuel for vehicles. Due to the high density of hydrogen in its liquid phase, fueling stations that receive deliveries of and store hydrogen as a liquid are more practical for high volume stations. There is a critical need for validated models to assess the risk at hydrogen fueling stations with cryogenic hydrogen on-site. In this work, a cryogenic hydrogen release experiment generated controlled releases of cryogenic hydrogen in the laboratory. We measured the maximum ignition distance, flame length and the radiative heat flux and developed correlations to calculate the ignition ditance and the radiative heat flux. We also measured the concentration and temperature fields of releases under unignited conditions and used these measurements to validate a model for these cryogenic conditions. This study provides critical information on the development of models to inform the safety codes and standards of hydrogen infrastructure.

The workshop on hydrogen rail applications was attended by representatives from over 40 organizations across academia, government, and industry. The workshop agenda is provided in Appendix A, and a list of workshop organizations is provided in Appendix B. The first day of the workshop focused on domestic and international government agency perspectives. The second day highlighted technology status and development, R&D topics, and industry perspectives on hydrogen rail activities. Topic sessions were followed by panel discussions on relative challenges and issues. This report captures the key themes discussed by the workshop participants and provides details on specific recommendations and collaborative opportunities. The report includes presentation overviews, panel discussion summaries, and a summary of major outcomes, recommendations, and envisioned pathways forward in the development and deployment of hydrogen rail technology and international collaboration.

This article presents an example by which design loads for a wave energy converter (WEC) might be estimated through the various stages of the WEC design process. Unlike previous studies, this study considers structural loads, for which, an accurate assessment is crucial to the optimization and survival of a WEC. Three levels of computational fidelity are considered. The first set of design load approximations are made using a potential flow frequency-domain boundary-element method with generalized body modes. The second set of design load approximations are made using a modified version of the linear-based time-domain code WEC-Sim. The final set of design load simulations are realized using computational fluid dynamics coupled with finite element analysis to evaluate the WEC's loads in response to both regular and focused waves. This study demonstrates an efficient framework for evaluating loads through each of the design stages. In comparison with experimental and high-fidelity simulation results, the linear-based methods can roughly approximate the design loads and the sea states at which they occur. The high-fidelity simulations for regular wave responses correspond well with experimental data and appear to provide reliable design load data. The high-fidelity simulations of focused waves, however, result in highly nonlinear interactions that are not predicted by the linear-based most-likely extreme response design load method.

This document will detail a field demonstration test procedure for the Module OT device developed for the joint NREL-SNL DOE CEDS project titled "Modular Security Apparatus for Managing Distributed Cryptography for Command & Control Messages on Operational Technology (OT) Networks." The aim of this document is to create the testing and evaluation procedure for field demonstration of the device; this includes primarily functional testing and implementation testing at Public Service Company of New Mexico's (PNM's) Prosperity solar site environment. Specifically, the Module OT devices will be integrated into the Prosperity solar site system; traffic will be encrypted between several points of interest at the site (e.g., inverter micrologger and switch). The tests described in this document will be performed to assess the impact and effectiveness of the encryption capabilities provided by the Module OT device.

We measure the frequency dependence of a niobium microstrip resonator as a function of temperature from 1.4 to 8.4 K. In a 2-micrometer-wide half-wave resonator, we find the frequency of resonance changes by a factor of 7 over this temperature range. From the resonant frequencies, we extract inductance per unit length, characteristic impedance, and propagation velocity (group velocity). We discuss how these results relate to superconducting electronics. Over the 2 K to 6 K temperature range where superconducting electronic circuits operate, inductance shows a 19% change and both impedance and propagation velocity show an 11% change.

The complex environments that characterize combustion systems can influence the distribution of gas-phase species, the relative importance of various growth mechanisms and the chemical and physical characteristics of the soot precursors generated. In order to provide molecular insights on the effect of combustion environments on the formation of gas-phase species, in this paper, we study the temporal and spatial dependence of soot precursors growth mechanisms in an ethylene/oxygen/argon counterflow diffusion flame. As computational tools of investigation, we included fluid dynamics simulations and stochastic discrete modeling. Results show the relative importance of various reaction pathways in flame, with the hydrogen-abstraction-acetylene-addition mechanism contributing to the formation of pure hydrocarbons near the stagnation plane, and oxygen chemistry prevailing near the maximum temperature region, where the concentration of atomic oxygen reaches its peak and phenols, ethers and furan-embedded species are formed. The computational results show excellent agreement with measurements obtained using aerosol mass spectrometry coupled with vacuum-ultraviolet photoionization. Knowledge acquired in this study can be used to predict the type of compounds formed in various locations of the flame and eventually provide insights on the environmental parameters that influence the growth of soot precursors. Additionally, the results reported in this paper highlight the importance of modeling counterflow flames in two or three dimensions to capture the spatial dependence of growth mechanisms of soot precursors.

Towards the goal of enhanced hardware security, this work proposes compact supervisory circuits to perform low-frequency monitoring of a communication SoC. The communication RF output is monitored through an integrated RF envelope detector. The input supply to the transceiver block of the SoC is delivered by an integrated linear voltage regulator with output current monitoring. These two supervisory circuits are inexpensively fabricated in 0.6-μm technology. The useful bandwidth of the envelope detector is measured as 1-6 GHz at a supply of 3.3 VDC and quiescent current of 2.65 mA. The linear regulator generates 3.3 VDC using an input of 5 VDC, quiescent current of 1.83 mA, and load current from 1-120 mA. Static and transient load current tests demonstrate linear output current monitoring.

Timeseries power and voltage data recorded by electricity smart meters in the US have been shown to provide immense value to utilities when coupled with advanced analytics. However, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) has diverse characteristics depending on the utility implementing the meters. Currently, there are no specific guidelines for the parameters of data collection, such as measurement interval, that are considered optimal, and this continues to be an active area of research. This paper aims to review different grid edge, delay tolerant algorithms using AMI data and to identify the minimum granularity and type of data required to apply these algorithms to improve distribution system models. The primary focus of this report is on distribution system secondary circuit topology and parameter estimation (DSPE).

We report on the fabrication and characterization of Nb/Ta-N/Nb Josephson junctions grown by room temperature magnetron sputtering on 150-mm diameter Si wafers. Junction characteristics depend upon the Ta-N barrier composition, which was varied by adjusting the N2 flow during film deposition. Higher N2 flow rates raise the barrier resistance and increase the junction critical current. This work demonstrates the viability of Ta-N as an alternative barrier to aluminum oxide, with the potential for large scale integration.

The ability to localize defects in order to understand failure mechanisms in complex superconducting electronics circuits, while operating at low temperature, does not yet exist. This work applies thermally-induced voltage alteration (TIVA), to a biased superconducting electronics (SCE) circuit at ambient temperature. TIVA is a commonly used, laser-based failure analysis technique developed for silicon-based microelectronics. The non-operational circuit consisted of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) in a high-frequency test bed designed at HYPRES and fabricated by MIT Lincoln Laboratory using their SFQ5ee process. Localized TIVA signals were correlated with reflected light images at the surface, and these sites were further investigated by scanning electron microscopy imaging of focused ion-beam cross-sections. The areas investigated, where prominent TIVA signals were observed, showed seams in the Nb wiring layers at contacts to Josephson junctions or inductors and/or disrupted junction morphologies. These results suggest that the TIVA technique can be used at ambient temperature to diagnose fabrication defects that may cause low temperature circuit failure.

Laser diagnostics are essential for time-resolved studies of solid rocket propellant combustion and small explosive detonations. Digital in-line holography (DIH) is a powerful tool for three-dimensional particle tracking in multiphase flows. By combining DIH with complementary diagnostics, particle temperatures and soot/smoke properties can be identified.

Control of the atomic structure, as measured by the extent of the embrittling B2 chemically ordered phase, is demonstrated in intermetallic alloys through additive manufacturing (AM) and characterized using high fidelity neutron diffraction. As a layer-by-layer rapid solidification process, AM was employed to suppress the extent of chemically ordered B2 phases in a soft ferromagnetic Fe-Co alloy, as a model material system of interest to electromagnetic applications. The extent of atomic ordering was found to be insensitive to the spatial location within specimens and suggests that the thermal conditions within only a few AM layers were most influential in controlling the microstructure, in agreement with the predictions from a thermal model for welding. Analysis of process parameter effects on ordering found that suppression of B2 phase was the result of an increased average cooling rate during processing. AM processing parameters, namely interlayer interval time and build velocity, were used to systematically control the relative fraction of ordered B2 phase in specimens from 0.49 to 0.72. Hardness of AM specimens was more than 150% higher than conventionally processed bulk material. Implications for tailoring microstructures of intermetallic alloys are discussed.

Network congestion in high-speed interconnects is a major source of application runtime performance variation. Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest from both academia and industry in the development of novel approaches for congestion control at the network level and in application placement, mapping, and scheduling at the system-level. However, these studies are based on proxy applications and benchmarks that are not representative of field-congestion characteristics of high-speed interconnects. To address this gap, we present (a) an end-to-end framework for monitoring and analysis to support long-term field-congestion characterization studies, and (b) an empirical study of network congestion in petascale systems across two different interconnect technologies: (i) Cray Gemini, which uses a 3-D torus topology, and (ii) Cray Aries, which uses the DragonFly topology.

Natural gas hydrate is often found in marine sediment in heterogeneous distributions in different sediment types. Diffusion may be a dominant mechanism for methane migration and affect hydrate distribution. We use a 1-D advection-diffusion-reaction model to understand hydrate distribution in and surrounding thin coarse-grained layers to examine the sensitivity of four controlling factors in a diffusion-dominant gas hydrate system. These factors are the particulate organic carbon content at seafloor, the microbial reaction rate constant, the sediment grading pattern, and the cementation factor of the coarse-grained layer. We use available data at Walker Ridge 313 in the northern Gulf of Mexico where two ~3-m-thick hydrate-bearing coarse-grained layers were observed at different depths. The results show that the hydrate volume and the total amount of methane within thin, coarse-grained layers are most sensitive to the particulate organic carbon of fine-grained sediments when deposited at the seafloor. The thickness of fine-grained hydrate free zones surrounding the coarse-grained layers is most sensitive to the microbial reaction rate constant. Moreover, it may be possible to estimate microbial reaction rate constants at other locations by studying the thickness of the hydrate free zones using the Damköhler number. In addition, we note that sediment grading patterns have a strong influence on gas hydrate occurrence within coarse-grained layers.

Battery energy storage is being installed behind-the-meter to reduce electrical bills while improving power system efficiency and resiliency. This paper demonstrates the development and application of an advanced optimal control method for battery energy storage systems to maximize these benefits. We combine methods for accurately modeling the state-of-charge, temperature, and state-of-health of lithium-ion battery cells into a model predictive controller to optimally schedule charge/discharge, air-conditioning, and forced air convection power to shift a electric customer's consumption and hence reduce their electric bill. While linear state-of-health models produce linear relationships between battery usage and degradation, a non-linear, stress-factor model accounts for the compounding improvements in lifetime that can be achieved by reducing several stress factors at once. Applying this controller to a simulated system shows significant benefits from cooling-in-the-loop control and that relatively small sacrifices in bill reduction performance can yield large increases in battery life. This trade-off function is highly dependent on the battery's degradation mechanisms and what model is used to represent them.

Battery energy storage is being installed behind-the-meter to reduce electrical bills while improving power system efficiency and resiliency. This paper demonstrates the development and application of an advanced optimal control method for battery energy storage systems to maximize these benefits. We combine methods for accurately modeling the state-of-charge, temperature, and state-of-health of lithium-ion battery cells into a model predictive controller to optimally schedule charge/discharge, air-conditioning, and forced air convection power to shift a electric customer's consumption and hence reduce their electric bill. While linear state-of-health models produce linear relationships between battery usage and degradation, a non-linear, stress-factor model accounts for the compounding improvements in lifetime that can be achieved by reducing several stress factors at once. Applying this controller to a simulated system shows significant benefits from cooling-in-the-loop control and that relatively small sacrifices in bill reduction performance can yield large increases in battery life. This trade-off function is highly dependent on the battery's degradation mechanisms and what model is used to represent them.

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Abstract: Beam steering by index-of-refraction gradients poses a significant challenge for laser-based imaging measurements in turbulent reacting and non-reacting flows, particularly at elevated pressures. High fidelity imaging and quantitative data interpretation in turbulent flows can be considerably impeded by artefacts generated from beam steering. A wavelet-based filtering scheme has been developed to recover the underlying turbulent flow structures from imaging measurements containing severe beam-steering artefacts. This analysis technique is equally applicable to imaging measurements in reacting and non-reacting flows. It is demonstrated using mixture fraction measurements in a transient turbulent jet flow at 8 bar using Rayleigh scattering imaging at a repetition rate of 100 kHz. The corrected images reveal the temporal evolution of flow structures with negligible residual beam-steering artefacts. Tests of the sensitivity of the wavelet-based filtering scheme to noise and spatial resolution indicate that it is a robust analytic tool for correcting severe beam-steering artefacts commonly encountered in laser-based imaging measurements at elevated pressures. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

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The Material Protection, Accounting, and Control Technologies (MPACT) program is working toward a 2020 demonstration of Safeguards and Security by Design for advanced fuel cycle facilities. This milestone ties together modeling and experimental work and will initially demonstrate the concept for electrochemical processing facilities. The safeguards modeling tool used is the Separation and Safeguards Performance Model (SSPM). This report outlines the baseline model design that will be used for the 2020 milestone analysis, which was updated to represent a new baseline flowsheet developed for the MPACT program. The model was also used to generate simulation data for other labs to use as part of their safeguards analysis. Finally, this report describes how the 2020 milestone will be met. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by the Materials Protection, Accounting, and Control Technologies (MPACT) working group as part of the Nuclear Technology Research and Development Program under the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy.

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