Publications

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

The Thor pulsed power generator is being developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The design consists of up to 288 decoupled and transit time isolated capacitor-switch units, called “bricks”, that can be individually triggered to achieve a high degree of pulse tailoring for magnetically-driven isentropic compression experiments (ICE). The connecting transmission lines are impedance matched to the bricks, allowing the capacitor energy to be efficiently delivered to an ICE strip-line load with peak pressures of over 100 GPa. Thor will drive experiments to explore equation of state, material strength, and phase transition properties of a wide variety of materials. We present an optimization process for producing tailored current pulses, a requirement for many material studies, on the Thor generator. This technique, which is unique to the novel “current-adder” architecture used by Thor, entirely avoids the iterative use of complex circuit models to converge to the desired electrical pulse. We describe the optimization procedure for the Thor design and show results for various materials of interest. Also, we discuss the extension of these concepts to the megajoule-class Neptune machine design. Given this design, we are able to design shockless ramp-driven experiments in the 1 TPa range of material pressure.

The Department of Energy (DOE) Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) is to be a dedicated site where the subsurface scientific and engineering community can develop, test, and improve technologies and techniques for the creation of cost-effective and sustainable enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) in a controlled, ideal environment. The establishment of FORGE will facilitate development of an understanding of the key mechanisms controlling a successful EGS. Execution of FORGE is occurring in three phases with five distinct sub-phases (1, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 3). This report focuses on Phase 1 activities. During Phase 1, critical technical and logistical tasks necessary to demonstrate the viability of the Fallon FORGE Project site were completed and the commitment and capability of the Fallon FORGE team to execute FORGE was demonstrated. As part of Phase 1, the Fallon FORGE Team provided an assessment of available relevant data and integrated these geologic and geophysical data to develop a conceptual 3-D geologic model of the proposed test location. Additionally, the team prepared relevant operational plans for full FORGE implementation, provided relevant site data to the science and engineering community, engaged in outreach and communications with interested stakeholders, and performed a review of the environmental and permitting activities needed to allow FORGE to progress through Phase 3. The results of these activities are provided as Appendices to this report. The Fallon FORGE Team is diverse, with deep roots in geothermal science and engineering. The institutions and key personnel that comprise the Fallon FORGE Team provide a breadth of geoscience and geoengineering capabilities, a strong and productive history in geothermal research and applications, and the capability and experience to manage projects with the complexity anticipated for FORGE. Fallon FORGE Team members include the U.S. Navy, Ormat Nevada Inc., Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), GeothermEx/Schlumberger (GeothelinEx), and Itasca Consulting Group (Itasca). The site owners (through direct land ownership or via applicable permits)—the U.S. Navy and Ormat Nevada Inc.—are deeply committed to expanding the development of geothermal resources and are fully supportive of FORGE operations taking place on their lands.

The Department of Energy (DOE) Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) is to be a dedicated site where the subsurface scientific and engineering community can develop, test, and improve technologies and techniques for the creation of cost-effective and sustainable enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) in a controlled, ideal environment. The establishment of FORGE will facilitate development of an understanding of the key mechanisms controlling a successful EGS. Execution of FORGE is occurring in three phases with five distinct sub-phases (1, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 3). This report focuses on Phase 1 activities.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Intuitively, nodes are actions that happen in a sequence. Thus, node 0 happens before node 1, node 1 happens before node 2, and so on. A link indicates that there is a relationship between two nodes, that is, (i, j) indicates that i influenced j and j was influenced by i.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

The Institutional Transformation (IX) building module is a software tool developed at Sandia National Laboratories to evaluate energy conservation measures (ECMs) on hundreds of DOE-2 building energy models simultaneously. In IX, ECMs can be designed through parameterizing DOE-2 building models and doing further processing via visual basic for applications subroutines. IX provides the functionality to handle multiple building models for different years, which enables incrementally changing a site of hundreds of buildings over time. It also enables evaluation of the effects of changing climate, comparisons between data and modeling results, and energy use of centralized utility buildings (CUBs). IX consists of a Microsoft Excel® user interface, Microsoft Access® database, and Microsoft Excel® CUB build utility whose functionalities are described in detail in this report. In addition to descriptions of the user interfaces, descriptions of every ECM already designed in IX is included.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

This report examines bounds on the penetrant power through ports of entry into a conductive cavity. We first replace the cavity by a load and consider the maximum power transfer properties of an antenna or an aperture. We consider how limitations on the load quality factor place limits on received power. For general frequency ranges we model the backing region by means of a uniformly distributed matched load along a slot aperture and adjust its value for maximum power transfer. This result is derived in closed form using a transmission line model for the aperture. This result illustrates the reduction in received power for low frequencies with finitely conducting wall materials. At high frequencies it approaches the receiving cross section of a linear array having the slot length dimension. Next we examine a slot aperture in a conducting rectangular enclosure and determine how the cavity wall losses and resulting quality factor limit the penetrant power. Detailed simulations and experimental measurements are compared with each other and with the bounding results to assess the accuracy of the bounds. These comparisons also indicate limitations on the accuracy of the models due to perturbing influences in construction, such as bolted joints.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

A summary of recommendations for near-term intermediate-scale testing pertaining to a salt repository is provided in this report. Each proposal was asked to implement a phased progression, initiating with test plan production in FY 2017 and early-stage testing, if possible. Beyond 2017, testing is anticipated to progress to an underground setting and involve intermediate-scale field activities. Each test concept was presented at the June 6th 2016 meeting in Las Vegas NV and a team of DOE-NE, DOE-EM, and National Laboratory staff discussed the rnerits of each proposal. Discussions among managers and researchers in the weeks following the meeting led to selection of a path forward for phased testing that includes a series of small diarneter borehole tests designed to illuminate thermomechanical processes and potential vapor and brine transport. These tests are intended to be implemented at the WIPP facility and involve collaboration between SNL, LANL, and LBL. This document summarizes the test concepts generated by the te s of researchers and decisions made subsequent to the June 6th meeting.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Throughout the history of Sandia National Laboratories, both federal and corporate records have been stored in 12 structures in remote areas of the lab, none of which are compliant storage facilities under federal regulations. Upon inspection by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), findings were levied against Sandia along with recommendations on correcting the issues. The RM Department anticipated over 38,000 boxes of legacy records in Sandia’s current holdings. The current storage areas present an abundance of unknown issues and risks associated with the move project. Along with the large amount of records, and media types, this project faces issues with over 50 years of ever changing filing systems and human error pertaining to data entry, boxes being processed and destroyed. This document presents the final data and results pertaining to the Recorded Information Management Department corrective actions in a well laid out project plan that accommodated safety, security, environmental concerns and of course the records.

Radionuclide inventories are generated to permit detailed analyses of the Fukushima Daiichi meltdowns. This is necessary information for severe accident calculations, dose calculations, and source term and consequence analyses. Inventories are calculated using SCALE6 and compared to values predicted by international researchers supporting the OECD/NEA's Benchmark Study on the Accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (BSAF). Both sets of inventory information are acceptable for best-estimate analyses of the Fukushima reactors. Consistent nuclear information for severe accident codes, including radionuclide class masses and core decay powers, are also derived from the SCALE6 analyses. Key nuclide activity ratios are calculated as functions of burnup and nuclear data in order to explore the utility for nuclear forensics and support future decommissioning efforts.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

This SAND report investigates the electron transport equation in the upper atmosphere and how it relates to auroral light emissions. The electron transport problem is a very stiff boundary value problem, so standard numerical methods such as symmetric collocation and shooting methods will not succeed unless if the boundary conditions are altered with unrealistic assumptions. We show this to be unnecessary and demon- strate a method in which the fast and slow modes of the boundary value problem are essentially decoupled. This allows for an upwind finite difference method to be applied to each mode as is appropriate. This greatly reduces the number of points needed in the mesh, and we demonstrate how this eliminates the need to define new boundary conditions. This method can be verified by showing that under certain restrictive as- sumptions, the electron transport equation has an exact solution that can be written as an integral. The connection between electron transport and the aurora is made explicit and a kinetic model for calculating auroral light emissions is given.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

This report is a guide to the use of the Sandia-developed Ringdown Parasitic Extractor (RPE) software tool. It explains the theory behind performing parasitic extraction from current ringdown waveforms and describes how to use the tool to achieve good results. Further dissemination only as authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractors; other requests shall be approved by the originating facility or higher DOE programmatic authority.

Abstract not provided.

The Zeiss Multi-Beam Scanning Electron Microscope (MultiSEM) was used to image a wide array samples using non-standard operating conditions. The ability of this new, high-throughput imaging technique to produce high-quality images was assessed during this one year LDRD. In addition to exploring new imaging conditions, sample preparation techniques, coupled with theoretical simulations, were explored to optimize the MultiSEM images. To obtain details about the devices imaged, as well as the experimental details, please refer to the classified report from the project manager, Bradley Gabel, or the Cyber IA lead, Justin Ford.

The recent boom in shale gas production through hydrofracturing has reshaped the energy production landscape in the United States. Wellbore production rates vary greatly among the wells within a single field and decline rapidly with time, thus bring up a serious concern with the sustainability of shale gas production. Shale gas production starts with creating a fracture network by injecting a pressurized fluid in a wellbore. The induced fractures are then held open by proppant particles. During production, gas releases from the mudstone matrix, migrates to nearby fractures, and ultimately reaches a production wellbore. Given the relatively high permeability of the induced fractures, gas release and migration in low-permeability shale matrix is likely to be a limiting step for long-term wellbore production. Therefore, a clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms of methane disposition and release in shale matrix is crucial for the development of new technologies to maximize gas production and recovery. Shale is a natural nanocomposite material with distinct characteristics of nanometer-scale pore sizes, extremely low permeability, high clay contents, significant amounts of organic carbon, and large spatial heterogeneities. Our work has shown that nanopore confinement plays an important role in methane disposition and release in shale matrix. Using molecular simulations, we show that methane release in nanoporous kerogen matrix is characterized by fast release of pressurized free gas (accounting for ~ 30 - 47% recovery) followed by slow release of adsorbed gas as the gas pressure decreases. The first stage is driven by the gas pressure gradient while the second stage is controlled by gas desorption and diffusion. The long-term production decline appears controlled by the second stage of gas release. We further show that diffusion of all methane in nanoporous kerogen behaves differently from the bulk phase, with much smaller diffusion coefficients. The MD simulations also indicate that a significant fraction (3 - 35%) of methane deposited in kerogen can potentially become trapped in isolated nanopores and thus not recoverable. We have successfully established experimental capabilities for measuring gas sorption and desorption on shale and model materials under a wide range of physical and chemical conditions. Both low and high pressure measurements show significant sorption of CH₄ and CO₂ onto clays, implying that methane adsorbed on clay minerals could contribute a significant portion of gas-in-place in an unconventional reservoir. We have also studied the potential impact of the interaction of shale with hydrofracking fluid on gas sorption. We have found that the CH₄-CO₂ sorption capacity for the reacted sample is systematically lower (by a factor of ~2) than that for the unreacted (raw) sample. This difference in sorption capacity may result from a mineralogical or surface chemistry change of the shale sample induced by fluid-rock interaction. Our results shed a new light on mechanistic understanding gas release and production decline in unconventional reservoirs.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Residual stresses induced during forging and welding can cause detrimental failure in reservoirs due to enhanced possibility of crack propagation. Therefore, reservoirs must be designed with yield strengths in a tight range. This report summarizes an effort to verify and validate a computational tool that was developed to aid in prediction of the evolution of residual stresses throughout the manufacturing process. The application requirements are identified and summarized in the context of the Predictive Capability Maturity Model (PCMM). The phenomena of interest that the model attempts to capture are discussed and prioritized using the Phenomena Identification and Ranking Table (PIRT) to identify any gaps in our approach. The fidelity of the modeling approach is outlined and details on the implementation and boundary conditions are provided. The code verification requirements are discussed and solution verification is performed, including a mesh convergence study on the series of modeling steps (forging, machining and welding). Validation activities are summarized, including validation of the displacements, residual stresses, recrystallization, yield strength and thermal history. A sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification are also performed to understand how variations in the manufacturing process affect the residual stresses.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

The fourth solicitation of the California Solar Initiative (CSI) Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment (RD&D) Program established by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) supported the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) with data provided from Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), Southern California Edison (SCE), and San Diego Gas and Electric (SDG&E) conducted research to determine optimal default settings for distributed energy resource advanced inverter controls. The inverter functions studied are aligned with those developed by the California Smart Inverter Working Group (SIWG) and those being considered by the IEEE 1547 Working Group. The advanced inverter controls examined to improve the distribution system response included power factor, volt-var, and volt-watt. The advanced inverter controls examined to improve the transmission system response included frequency and voltage ride-through as well as Dynamic Voltage Support. This CSI RD&D project accomplished the task of developing methods to derive distribution focused advanced inverter control settings, selecting a diverse set of feeders to evaluate the methods through detailed analysis, and evaluating the effectiveness of each method developed. Inverter settings focused on the transmission system performance were also evaluated and verified. Based on the findings of this work, the suggested advanced inverter settings and methods to determine settings can be used to improve the accommodation of distributed energy resources (PV specifically). The voltage impact from PV can be mitigated using power factor, volt-var, or volt-watt control, while the bulk system impact can be improved with frequency/voltage ride-through.

Abstract not provided.

This document provides a specification of Fenix, a software library compatible with the Message Passing Interface (MPI) to support fault recovery without application shutdown. The library consists of two modules. The first, termed process recovery, restores an application to a consistent state after it has suffered a loss of one or more MPI processes (ranks). The second specifies functions the user can invoke to store application data in Fenix managed redundant storage, and to retrieve it from that storage after process recovery.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

The Electricity Storage Handbook (Handbook) is a how-to guide for utility and rural cooperative engineers, planners, and decision makers to plan and implement energy storage projects. The Handbook also serves as an information resource for investors and venture capitalists, providing the latest developments in technologies and tools to guide their evaluations of energy storage opportunities. It includes a comprehensive database of the cost of current storage systems in a wide variety of electric utility and customer services, along with interconnection schematics. A list of significant past and present energy storage projects is provided for a practical perspective. This Handbook, jointly sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Electric Power Research Institute in collaboration with the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, is published in electronic form at www.sandia.gov/ess.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

The war to establish cyber supremacy continues, and the literature is crowded with strictly technical cyber security measures. We present the results of a three year LDRD project using Linkography, a methodology new to the field of cyber security, we establish the foundation necessary to track and profile the microbehavior of humans attacking cyber systems. We also propose ways to leverage this understanding to influence and deceive these attackers. We studied the science of linkography, applied it to the cyber security domain, implemented a software package to manage linkographs, generated the preprocessing blocks necessary to ingest raw data, produced machine learning models, created ontology refinement algorithms and prototyped a web application for researchers and practitioners to apply linkography. Machine learning produced some of our key results: We trained and validated multinomial classifiers with a real world data set and predicted the attacker's next category of action with 86 to 98% accuracy; dimension reduction techniques indicated that the linkography-based features were among the most powerful. We also discovered ontology refinement algorithms that advanced the state of the art in linkography in general and cyber security in particular. We conclude that linkography is a viable tool for cyber security; we look forward to expanding our work to other data sources and using our prediction results to enable adversary deception techniques.

This report analyzes data from multi-arm caliper (MAC) surveys taken at the Big Hill SPR site to determine the most likely casing weights within each well. Radial arm data from MAC surveys were used to calculate the approximate wall thickness of each well. Results from this study indicate that (1) most wells at the site have thinner wall thicknesses than expected, (2) most wells experienced an acute increase in diameter near the salt/caprock interface, and (3) there were isolated instances of well sections being the wrong casing weight. All three findings could have a negative impact on well integrity.

The UQ Toolkit (UQTk) is a collection of libraries and tools for the quantification of uncertainty in numerical model predictions. Version 3.0 offers intrusive and non-intrusive methods for propagating input uncertainties through computational models, tools for sensitivity analysis, methods for sparse surrogate construction, and Bayesian inference tools for inferring parameters from experimental data. This manual discusses the download and installation process for UQTk, provides pointers to the UQ methods used in the toolkit, and describes some of the examples provided with the toolkit.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

A 9.6 kW test array of Prism bifacial modules and reference monofacial modules installed in February 2016 at the New Mexico Regional Test Center has produced six months of performance data. The data reveal that the Prism modules are out-performing the monofacial modules, with bifacial gains in energy over the six-month period ranging from 18% to 136%, depending on the orientation and ground albedo. These measured bifacial gains were found to be in good agreement with modeled bifacial gains using equations previously published by Prism. The most dramatic increase in performance was seen among the vertically tilted, west-facing modules, where the bifacial modules produced more than double the energy of monofacial modules and more energy than monofacial modules at any orientation. Because peak energy generation (mid-morning and mid-afternoon) for these bifacial modules may best match load on the electric grid, the west-facing orientation may be more economically desirable than traditional south-facing module orientations (which peak at solar noon).

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Remote sensing systems have firmly established a role in providing immense value to commercial industry, scientific exploration, and national security. Continued maturation of sensing technology has reduced the cost of deploying highly-capable sensors while at the same time increased reliance on the information these sensors can provide. The demand for time on these sensors is unlikely to diminish. Coordination of next-generation sensor systems, larger constellations of satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles, ground telescopes, etc. is prohibitively complex for existing heuristics-based scheduling techniques. The project was a two-year collaboration spanning multiple Sandia centers and included a partnership with Texas A&M University. We have developed algorithms and software for collection scheduling, remote sensor field-of-view pointing models, and bandwidth-constrained prioritization of sensor data. Our approach followed best practices from the operations research and computational geometry communities. These models provide several advantages over state of the art techniques. In particular, our approach is more flexible compared to heuristics that tightly couple models and solution techniques. First, our mixed-integer linear models afford a rigorous analysis so that sensor planners can quantitatively describe a schedule relative to the best possible. Optimal or near-optimal schedules can be produced with commercial solvers in operational run-times. These models can be modified and extended to incorporate different scheduling and resource constraints and objective function definitions. Further, we have extended these models to proactively schedule sensors under weather and ad hoc collection uncertainty. This approach stands in contrast to existing deterministic schedulers which assume a single future weather or ad hoc collection scenario. The field-of-view pointing algorithm produces a mosaic with the fewest number of images required to fully cover a region of interest. The bandwidth-constrained algorithms find the highest priority information that can be transmitted. All of these are based on mixed-integer linear programs so that, in the future, collection scheduling, field-of-view, and bandwidth prioritization can be combined into a single problem. Experiments conducted using the developed models, commercial solvers, and benchmark datasets have demonstrated that proactively scheduling against uncertainty regularly and significantly outperforms deterministic schedulers.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Open-source indicators have been proposed as a way of tracking and forecasting disease outbreaks. Some, such are meteorological data, are readily available as reanalysis products. Others, such as those derived from our online behavior (web searches, media article etc.) are gathered easily and are more timely than public health reporting. In this study we investigate how these datastreams may be combined to provide useful epidemiological information. The investigation is performed by building data assimilation systems to track influenza in California and dengue in India. The first does not suffer from incomplete data and was chosen to explore disease modeling needs. The second explores the case when observational data is sparse and disease modeling complexities are beside the point. The two test cases are for opposite ends of the disease tracking spectrum. We find that data assimilation systems that produce disease activity maps can be constructed. Further, being able to combine multiple open-source datastreams is a necessity as any one individually is not very informative. The data assimilation systems have very little in common except that they contain disease models, calibration algorithms and some ability to impute missing data. Thus while the data assimilation systems share the goal for accurate forecasting, they are practically designed to compensate for the shortcomings of the datastreams. Thus we expect them to be disease and location-specific.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Paracousti is a parallelized acoustic wave propagation simulation package developed at Sandia National Laboratories. It solves the linearized coupled set of acousto-dynamic partial differential equations using finite-difference approximations that are second order accurate in time and fourth order accurate in space. Paracousti simulates sound wave propagation within realistic 3-D earth, static atmosphere and hydroacoustic models, including 3-D variations in medium densities and acoustic sound speeds and topography or bathymetry. It can also incorporate attenuative media such as would be expected from physical mechanisms such as molecular dissipation. This report explains the usage of the Paracousti algorithm.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Single photon sources (SPS) are quantum light sources where photons are emitted one at a time instead of randomly (e.g. lasers) or in a bunch (e.g. thermal) that can significantly impact quantum information science (computing and secure communications) and quantum metrology. Some highly desirable features of SPS are low second order correlation (g₂),controllable emission, electrically injected room temperature operation with high photon rate, high extraction efficiency and controllable directionality. Approaches taken thus far using different material systems have only addressed a subset of these features. III-nitride based approach offers a clear pathway to deterministic, room temperature (R.T.), electrically injected practical SPS as one can potentially also leverage the knowledge and technology from the light emitting diode (LED) world. Here we will describe a hybrid approach wherein a TiO2 based photonic crystal (PC) cavity is fabricated around an InGaN quantum dot (QD) embedded nanoscale post deterministically placed inside a photonic crystal cavity. This project takes the initial steps necessary to achieve a practical, compact SPS. We have used finite difference time domain simulations to optimize the cavity design to achieve high quality factor, mode overlap with QD and high extraction. We have fabricated InGaN quantum dots using a top-down approach involving dry etch and photoelectrochemical etch followed by electron beam lithography based nanofabrication of photonic crystal cavities.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

We have made the first continuous measurements of black carbon in Barrow, Alaska at the ARM aerosol-observing site at the NOAA Barrow Observatory using a Single-Particle Soot Photometer (SP2). These data demonstrate that BC particles are extremely small, and a majority of the particles (by number density) are smaller than 0.5 fg, the lower limit of reliability of the SP2. We developed the first numerical model capable of quantitatively reproducing the laser-induced incandescence (LII) and scattering signals produced by the SP2, the industry-standard BC instrument. Our model reproduces the SP2 signal temporally and spectrally and demonstrates that the current SP2 optical design allows substantial contamination of LII on the scattering signal. We ran CAM5-SE in nudged mode, i.e., by constraining the transport used in the model with meteorological data. The results demonstrate the problem observed previously of under-predicting BC at high latitudes. The cause of the discrepancy is currently unknown, but we suspect that it is associated with scavenging and rainout mechanisms.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.