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Open Radiation Monitoring: Conceptual System Design

Polack, John K.; Brubaker, Erik B.; Hamel, Michael C.; Kiff, Scott; Marleau, Peter M.; Maierhafer, Daniel M.; Padilla, Eduardo A.; Weber, Thomas M.

The Open Radiation Monitoring (ORM) Project seeks to develop and demonstrate a modular radiation detection architecture designed specifically for use in arms control treaty verification (ACTV) applications that will facilitate rapid development of trusted systems to meet the needs of potential future treaties. Development of trusted systems to support potential future treaties is a complex and costly endeavor that typically results in a purpose-built system designed to perform one specific task. The majority of prior trusted system development efforts have relied on the use of commercial embedded computers or microprocessors to control the system and process the acquired data. These processors are complex, making authentication and certification of measurement systems and collected data challenging and time consuming. We believe that a modular architecture can be used to reduce more complex systems to a series of single-purpose building blocks that could be used to implement a variety of detection modalities with shared functionalities. With proper design, the functionality of individual modules can be confirmed through simple input/output testing, thereby facilitating equipment inspection and in turn building trust in the equipment by all treaty parties. Furthermore, a modular architecture can be used to control data flow within the measurement system, reducing the risk of "hidden switches" and constraining the amount of sensitive information that could potentially be inadvertently leaked. This report documents a conceptual modular system architecture that is designed to facilitate inspection in an effort to reduce overall authentication and certification burden. As of publication, this architecture remains in a conceptual phase and additional funding is required to prove out the utility of a modular architecture and test the assumptions used to rationalize the design.

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TYPE SAND Report YEAR 2021
DOIOSTI

Analytical Action Level Calculator in Turbo FRMAC (FY2020 Close-Out) [Slides]

Fournier, Sean D.; Cochran, Lainy D.; Hunt, Brian D.; Laiche, Thomas P.

Objectives: Automate the labor-intensive process of generating Analytical Action Levels (AALs) in Turbo FRMAC to shorten the timeline for planning sampling campaigns and sample analysis during a response. Make the tool output results in a format that is easily imported to RadResponder as a Mixture for use in Analysis Request Forms. Deliver training to EPA on using this new tool in Turbo FRMAC (Delayed due to COVID.

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TYPE Other Report YEAR 2021
DOIOSTI

Determining the electrical conductivity of metals using the 2 MA Thor pulsed power driver

Review of Scientific Instruments

Porwitzky, Andrew J.; Cochrane, Kyle C.; Stoltzfus, Brian S.

We present the development of a pulsed power experimental technique to infer the electrical conductivity of metals from ambient to high energy density conditions. The method is implemented on Thor, a moderate scale (1-2 MA) pulsed power driver. The electrical conductivity of copper at elevated temperature (>4000 K) and pressure (>10 GPa) is determined, and a new tabular material model is developed, guided by density functional theory, which preserves agreement with existing experimental data. Minor modifications (<10%) are found to be necessary to the previous Lee-More-Desjarlais model isotherms in the vicinity of the melt transition in order to account for observed discrepancies with the new experimental data. An analytical model for magnetic direct drive flyer acceleration and Joule heating induced vaporization based on the Tsiolkovsky "rocket equation"is presented to assess sensitivity of the method to minor changes in electrical conductivity.

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TYPE Journal Article YEAR 2021
DOIOSTIScopus

Image processing methods for Rayleigh scattering measurements of diesel spray mixing at high repetition rate

Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics

Manin, Julien L.; Pickett, Lyle M.; Skeen, Scott A.; Frank, Jonathan H.

This work describes the diagnostic implementation and image processing methods to quantitatively measure diesel spray mixing injected into a high-pressure, high-temperature environment. We used a high-repetition-rate pulse-burst laser developed in-house, a high-speed CMOS camera, and optimized the optical configuration to capture Rayleigh scattering images of the vaporized fuel jets inside a constant volume chamber. The experimental installation was modified to reduce reflections and flare levels to maximize the images’ signal-to-noise ratios by anti-reflection coatings on windows and surfaces, as well as series of optical baffles. Because of the specificities of the high-speed system, several image processing techniques had to be developed and implemented to provide quantitative fuel concentration measurements. These methods involve various correction procedures such as camera linearity, laser intensity fluctuation, dynamic background flare, as well as beam-steering effects. Image inpainting was also applied to correct the Rayleigh scattering signal from large scatterers (e.g. particulates). The experiments demonstrate that applying planar laser Rayleigh scattering at high repetition rate to quantitatively resolve the mixing of fuel and ambient gases in diesel jets is challenging, but possible. The thorough analysis of the experimental uncertainty and comparisons to past data prove that such measurements can be accurate, whilst providing valuable information about the mixing processes of high-pressure diesel jets.

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TYPE Journal Article YEAR 2021
DOIOSTIScopus

3-D Full-Band Monte Carlo Simulation of Hot-Electron Energy Distributions in Gate-All-Around Si Nanowire MOSFETs

IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices

Reaz, Mahmud; Tonigan, Andrew M.; Li, Kan; Smith, Brandon S.; Rony, Mohammed W.; Gorchichko, Mariia; O'Hara, Andrew; Linten, Dimitri; Mitard, Jerome; Fang, Jingtian; Zhang, En X.; Alles, Michael L.; Weller, Robert A.; Fleetwood, Daniel M.; Reed, Robert S.; Pantelides, Sokrates T.; Weeden-Wright, Stephanie L.; Schrimpf, Ronald D.

The energy distributions of electrons in gate-all-around (GAA) Si MOSFETs are analyzed using full-band 3-D Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Excellent agreement is obtained with experimental current–voltage characteristics. For these 24-nm gate length devices, the electron distribution features a smeared energy peak with an extended tail. This extension of the tail results primarily from the Coulomb scattering within the channel. A fraction of electrons that enter the drain retains their energy, resulting in an out-of-equilibrium distribution in the drain region. The simulated density and average energy of the hot electrons correlate well with experimentally observed device degradation. We propose that the interaction of high-energy electrons with hydrogen-passivated phosphorus dopant complexes within the drain may provide an additional pathway for interface-trap formation in these devices.

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TYPE Journal Article YEAR 2021
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Radiation Effects in Advanced and Emerging Nonvolatile Memories

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science

Marinella, Matthew J.

Despite hitting major roadblocks in 2-D scaling, NAND flash continues to scale in the vertical direction and dominate the commercial nonvolatile memory market. However, several emerging nonvolatile technologies are under development by major commercial foundries or are already in small volume production, motivated by storage-class memory and embedded application drivers. These include spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM), resistive random access memory (ReRAM), phase change random access memory (PCRAM), and conductive bridge random access memory (CBRAM). Emerging memories have improved resilience to radiation effects compared to flash, which is based on storing charge, and hence may offer an expanded selection from which radiation-tolerant system designers can choose from in the future. This review discusses the material and device physics, fabrication, operational principles, and commercial status of scaled 2-D flash, 3-D flash, and emerging memory technologies. Radiation effects relevant to each of these memories are described, including the physics of and errors caused by total ionizing dose, displacement damage, and single-event effects, with an eye toward the future role of emerging technologies in radiation environments.

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TYPE Journal Article YEAR 2021
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Investigation of hardening mechanisms and size effects in proton-irradiated HT-9 steels

Journal of Nuclear Materials

Ajantiwalay, Tanvi; Nagel, Lauren; Maloy, Stuart; Hattar, Khalid M.; Mecholsky, John J.; Aitkaliyeva, Assel

Ferritic/martensitic steels, such as HT-9, are known for their complex microstructural features and mechanical properties. In this paper, in-situ micro-tensile tests and traditional fractography methods were utilized to study the fracture behavior of proton-irradiated HT-9 steels. First, to evaluate the viability of micro-tensile tests for nuclear material qualification process, meso‑tensile tests on as-received HT-9 steels were performed. Fracture mechanisms of unirradiated HT-9 steels at both length scales were compared and underlying mechanisms discussed. The direct comparison of micro- and meso‑scale data shows a distinctive size effect demonstrated by the increase in yield stress (YS). Upon completion of initial assessment, specimens were irradiated with 4 MeV+ protons to three fluences, all of which were lower than 0.01 displacements per atom (dpa). As expected, the YS increases with irradiation. However, at 7 × 10−3 dpa, the reversal of the trend was observed, and the YS exhibited sharp decline. We demonstrate that at lower length scales, grain structure has a more profound impact on the mechanical properties of irradiated materials, which provides information needed to fill in the gap in current understanding of the HT-9 fracture at different length scales.

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TYPE Journal Article YEAR 2021
DOIOSTIScopus
Results 10601–10700 of 96,771
Results 10601–10700 of 96,771