Publications

Abstract not provided.

Abstract not provided.

Iron catalysts are particularly useful for Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis when the H2 to CO ratio of the synthesis gas is low since iron exhibits water gas shift as well as FT activity. Iron catalysts are active for Fischer Tropsch synthesis only when in the carbide state. The active iron carbide catalyst has a 1-3 nm carbonaceous layer, which can only be found on the carbided iron catalyst (no carbonaceous material is found on iron oxide particles that maybe present). This paper will address the nature of the carbonaceous material that is required for product formation. The carbonaceous material is amorphous, does not require hydrogen to form, and is the starting material for FT products.

Hydrogen was regarded as a harmful impurity in many alloys and particularly in steels where it gives rise to a specific type of embrittlement and forms various discontinuities like flakes and blowholes. For this reason, the researcher efforts were mainly focused on eliminating hydrogen's negative impacts and explaining its uncommonly high diffusivity in condensed phases. Meanwhile, positive characteristics of hydrogen as an alloying element remained unknown for quite a long time. Initial reports in this field did not appear before the early 1970s. Data on new phase diagrams are given for metal-hydrogen systems where the metal may or may not form hydrides. Various kinds of hydrogen impact on structure formation in solidification, melting and solid-solid transformations are covered. Special attention is given to the most popular alloys based on iron, aluminum, copper, nickel, magnesium and titanium. Detailed is what is called gas-eutectic reaction resulting in a special type of gas-solid structure named gasarite. Properties and applications of gasars - gasaritic porous materials - are dealt with. Various versions of solid-state alloying with hydrogen are discussed that change physical properties and fabrication characteristics of metals. Details are given on a unique phenomenon of anomalous spontaneous deformation due to combination of hydrogen environment and polymorphic transformation. All currently known versions of alloying with hydrogen are categorized for both hydride-forming and non-hydrid forming metals.

Particles are inevitably generated in physical vapor deposition (PVD) systems due to the delamination of deposited films on various process chamber parts and shielding. Non-collimated (blanket) and collimated PVD Titanium Nitride (TiN) deposition processes are used for metal ARC (anti-reflective coating) and underlayers, and for the "contact liner" deposition steps (TiN adhesion layers before plug formation). Probe yield analysis and SRAM bit failure analysis, using conventional failure analysis, have shown that particles at these process steps can have a significant impact on wafer yields. In many typical semiconductor wafer fabs, particles generated by TiN film deposition rank consistently at or near the top of the defect pareto. This paper summarizes the results of defect reduction experiments conducted on an Applied Materials Endura Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) system and various off-line experiments examining film and adhesion characteristics. It includes the results of film adhesion and shield temperature control experiments aimed at reducing defect levels. Key fidings, particle reduction results, and recommended defect reduction measures are presented. The reduction in particles not only can improve yields, but also result in substantial cost savings through the extension of chamber kit end-of-life (EOL).

The pressure-induced phase transition in CdS was investigated using picosecond time-resolved electronic spectroscopy in plate impact shock wave experiments. Real-time changes in the electronic spectra were observed, with 100 ps time resolution, in single crystals of CdS shocked along the c and a axes to peak stresses between 35 and 90 kbar (above the phase transition stress of approximately 30 kbar measured in continuum studies). When shocked to stresses above approximately 50 kbar along the crystal c axis and 60 to 70 kbar along the crystal a axis, the crystals undergo a very rapid change in electronic structure, indicating that significant structural changes occur within the first 100 ps. These results, along with previous ns continuum measurements, make a strong case for a metastable state during the phase transition in shocked CdS. Ab-initio periodic Hartree-Fock calculations (with DFT correlation corrections) were employed to examine the compression of CdS and to determine a possible lattice structure for the proposed metastable structure. These results, along with details of the transformation kinetics and orientational dependence, will be discussed. Work supported by ONR.

In previous studies, ruby R-line shifts under shock compression and tension have been measured using the spontaneous luminescence from optically pumped samples. Signal intensities obtained through the use of this method are limited by the short time duration of the experiments (100 ns to several ps) in comparison to the long lifetime of the luminescence (approximately 3 ins). We have investigated the use of stimulated emission as a technique for measuring R-line shifts in shocked ruby crystals. Feasibility experiments were performed both at ambient conditions and under shock compression to 60 kbar using an experimental configuration similar to that used for time resolved ruby luminescence measurements in previous shock wave studies. Signal gain due to stimulated emission was observed, with gains ranging from 1.1 to 3.4, in agreement with calculations performed for the particular experimental configuration used. The present results make a good case for incorporating this technique to measure shock induced R-line shifts in ruby. Work supported by DSWA.

A series of two-dimensional hydrodynamic calculations using the two-dimensional Second- order Hydrodynamic Automated Mesh Refinement Code (SHAMRC) developed by Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA), was made with the objective of understanding the behavior of aqueous foams in the presence of a C4-generated blast wave. A full three-phase water equation-of-state was incorporated in the first calculation. Comparison of the results of the first calculation with experimental data collected by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) indicated that the interaction was much more complicated than could be represented by a mixture of detonation products, air, and water in local temperature and pressure equilibrium. Other models were incorporated in the code to examine the effects of thermal non-equilibrium between water and the gases and allowed for two-phase flow. The water droplets were allowed to slip relative to the gas velocity, providing non-equilibrium for the velocity distribution. These models permitted heated liquid droplets to be accelerated at high pressures and transported through and ahead of the decaying shock front. The droplets then exchanged momentum and energy with the foam ahead of the shock and preconditioned the medium through which the shock was propagating. This process had the effect of diffusing the shock front and its associated energy. These relatively high resolution calculations develop numerical representations of the Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities at the detonation products/foam interface. This unstable interface plays in important role in understanding the behavior of the interaction of the detonation products with the foam. Figure 4 clearly shows the developing instabilities at the interface and an inward facing shock at a radius of 25 cm. The results of the calculations using the various models can be edited to provide the total energy exchanged between materials, the fraction of water vaporized, and the extent of detonation products as a function of time.

This section reviews physical processes involved in the implantation of energetic hydrogen into plasma facing materials and its subsequent diffusion, release, or immobilization by trapping or precipitation within the material. These topics have also been discussed in previous reviews. The term hydrogen or H is used here generically to refer to protium, deuterium or tritium.

Multi-kilojoule repetitive pulsed power technology moved from a laboratory environment into its first commercial application in 1997 as a driver for ion beam surface treatment. Sandia's RHEPP II, a repetitive 2.5 kJ/pulse electron beam accelerator, has supported the development of radiation treatment processes for polymers and elastomers, food products, and high dose- rate effects testing for defense programs since early 1996. Dos Lineas, an all solid-state testbed, has demonstrated synchronization techniques for parallel magnetic modulator systems and is continuing the development of design standards for long lifetime magnetic switches and voltage adders at a shot rate capability that exceeds 5x10⁶ pulses per day. This paper will describe progress in multi-kilojoule class repetitive pulsed power technology development, limitations of magnetic switching technology for accelerator and modulator applications, and future research and development directions.

Experimental results are presented that provide design guidelines for high repetition rate, long-life pulsed power magnetic modulators. Fault mechanisms that occurred during a series of 32 million shots at 100 pps, with continuous runs of up to 5.7 million shots (~16 hours) on the Dos Lineas magnetic modulator are described. An effort to explain the fault mechanisms and how to avoid them is made. Factors that limit the long life performance of a variety of components including switches, cables and oil are encountered. The high reliability of the magnetic switch technology is demonstrated.

The laser glass for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) Main Amplifier system is pumped by a system of 192 pulsed power/flash lamp assemblies. Each of these 192 assemblies consists of a 1.6 MJ (nominal) capacitor bank working with a Pre-Ionization/Lamp Check (PILC) pulser to drive an array of 40 flash lamps. This paper describes the predicted performance of these Power Conditioning System (PCS) modules in concert with flashlamp assemblies in NIF. Each flashlamp assembly consists of 20 parallel sets of lamps in series pairs. The sensitivity of system performance to various design parameters of the PILC pulser and the main capacitor bank is described. Results of circuit models are compared to sub-scale flashlamp tests and to measurements taken in tests of a PCS module driving a flashlamp assembly in the First Article NIF Test Module facility at Sandia National Laboratories. Also included are predictions from a physics-based, semi-empirical amplifier gain code.

Long range substituent effects on the ²⁹Si NMR chemical shifts in a series of alkylene and arylene-bridged triethoxysilanes were observed over as many as 11 bonds. The hydrolysis reaction of an ethoxide caused the resonance of the silicon on the opposing end of the bridging unit to move downfield. The alkylene bridging units ranged from ethylene to octylene while the arylene bridging units included phenyl and biphenyl. Resonance assignments were confirmed by the absence of these shifts for the triethoxysilyl in l-triphenylsilyl-2-triethoxysilylethane. The magnitude of the downfield shift decreased as the length of the bridging unit between silicon atoms increased. Transmission of the substituent effect along a polyethylene chain was successfully modeled by a through-bond mechanism with an attenuation factor of 1.88 for each methylene unit.

The Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENSm) process is a laser assisted, direct metal manufacturing process under development at Sandia National Laboratories. The process incorporates features from stereo lithography and laser surfacing, using CAD file cross-sections to control the forming process. Powder metal particles (less than 150 micrometers) are delivered in a gas stream into the focus of a NdYAG laser to form a molten pool. The part is then driven on an x/y stage to generate a three-dimensional part by layer wise, additive processing. In an effort to understand the thermal behavior of the LENS process, in-situ high-speed thermal imaging has been coupled with microstructural analysis and finite element modeling. Cooling of the melt is accomplished primarily by conduction of heat through the part and substrate, and depending on the substrate temperature and laser input energy, cooling rates can be varied from 10 sup2; to 10 sup3; K s^-l. This flexibility allows control of the microstructure and properties in the part. The experiments reported herein were conducted on 316 stainless steel, using two different particle size distributions with two different average particle sizes. Thermal images of the molten pool were analyzed to determine temperature gradients and cooling rates in the vicinity of the molten pool, and this information was correlated to the microstructure and properties of the part. Some preliminary finite element modeling of the LENS process is also presented.

A new semiconductor alloy system, InGaAsN, has been identified as a can- didate material for multi junction solar cells having efficiencies greater than 40%. The introduction of small amounts of nitrogen ( 2%) into the InGaAs alloy system greatly reduces the band gap energy, with reductions approaching 0.4 eV for 2% nitrogen content With the appropriate ratio of indium to nitrogen concentrations, InGaAsN can be lattice matched to GaAs.

The angle of ion incidence at the etched wafer location during RIBE and IBE using Cl₂, Ar and O₂ ion beams has been characterized using an ion energy and angle analyzer. Effects of beam current and accelerator grid bias on beam divergence and the spatial uniformity of the spread of incident angles are measured. It is observed that increased total beam current can lead to reduced current density at the sample stage due to enhanced beam divergence at high currents. Results are related to preferred etch system design for uniform high-aspect-ratio etching across semiconductor wafers.

In the world of computer-based data acquisition and control, the graphical interface program LabVIEW from National Instruments is so ubiquitous that in many ways it has almost become the laboratory standard. To date, there have been approximately fifteen books concerning LabVIEW, but Professor Essick's treatise takes on a completely different tack than all of the previous discussions. In the more standard treatments of the ways and wherefores of LabVIEW such as LabVIEW Graphical Programming: Practical Applications in Instrumentation and Control by Gary W. Johnson (McGraw Hill, NY 1997), the emphasis has been instructing the reader how to program LabVIEW to create a Virtual Instrument (VI) on the computer for interfacing to a particular instruments. LabVIEW is written in G a graphical programming language developed by National Instruments. In the past the emphasis has been on training the experimenter to learn G . Without going into details here, G incorporates the usual loops, arithmetic expressions, etc., found in many programming languages, but in an icon (graphical) environment. The net result being that LabVIEW contains all of the standard methods needed for interfacing to instruments, data acquisition, data analysis, graphics, and also methodology to incorporate programs written in other languages into LabVIEW. Historically, according to Professor Essick, he developed a series of experiments for an upper division laboratory course for computer-based instrumentation. His observation was that while many students had the necessary background in computer programming languages, there were students who had virtually no concept about writing a computer program let alone a computer- based interfacing program. Thus the beginnings of a concept for not only teaching computer- based instrumentation techniques, but aiso a method for the beginner to experience writing a com- puter program. Professor Essick saw LabVIEW as the perfect environment in which to teach computer-based research skills. With this goal in mind, he has succeeded admirably. Advanced LabVIEW Labs presents a series of chapters devoted to not only introducing the reader to LabVIEW, but also to the concepts necessary for writing a successful computer pro- gram. Each chapter is an assignment for the student and is suitable for a ten week course. The first topic introduces the while loop and waveform chart VI'S. After learning how to launch LabVIEW, the student then leans how to use LabVIEW functions such as sine and cosine. The beauty of thk and subsequent chapters, the student is introduced immediately to computer-based instruction by learning how to display the results in graph form on the screen. At each point along the way, the student is not only introduced to another LabVIEW operation, but also to such subjects as spread sheets for data storage, numerical integration, Fourier transformations', curve fitting algorithms, etc. The last few chapters conclude with the purpose of the learning module, and that is, com- puter-based instrumentation. Computer-based laboratory projects such as analog-to-digital con- version, digitizing oscilloscopes treated. Advanced Lab VIEW Labs finishes with a treatment on GPIB interfacing and finally, the student is asked to create an operating VI for temperature con- trol. This is an excellent text, not only as an treatise on LabVIEW but also as an introduction to computer programming logic. All programmers, who are struggling to not only learning how interface computers to instruments, but also trying understand top down programming and other programming language techniques, should add Advanced Lab-VIEW Labs to their computer library.

Our data suggest a correlation between near-interface strain in SiO{sub 2} and the ratio of fixed vs. mobile positive charge generated at the interface during forming gas annealing. A model based on first-principles quantum mechanical calculations supports this correlation.

This paper will focus on the methodology of using a 2D plasma Direct Simulation Monte Carlo technique to simulate the species transport in an inductively coupled, low pressure, chemically reacting plasma system. The pressure in these systems is typically less than 20 mtorr with plasma densities of approximately 10{sup 17} {number_sign}/m{sup 3} and an ionization level of only 0.1%. This low ionization level tightly couples the neutral, ion, and electron chemistries and interactions in a system where the flow is subsonic. We present our strategy and compare simulation results to experimental data for Cl{sub 2} in a Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) reference cell modified with an inductive coil.

Hohlraums (measuring 6-mm in diameter by 7-mm in height) have been heated by x-rays from a z-pinch. Over measured x-ray input powers P of 0.7 to 13 TW, the hohlraum radiation temperature T increases from {approximately}55 to {approximately}130 eV, and is in agreement with the Planckian relation P-T{sup 4}. The results suggest that indirect-drive ICF studies involving NIF relevant pulse shapes and <2-mm diameter capsules can he studied using this arrangement.

Technical guidance for performance assessment (PA) of low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) sites is currently dependent upon experimental retardation factors (K{sub D}'s) to predict radionuclide transport. Accurate predictions of waste transport or retardation will require mechanistic models of radionuclide sorption so as to be applicable to a wide range of soil/groundwater environments. To that end, we have investigated Cs{sup +}, Sr{sup +}, and Ba{sup 2+} sorption on several clay and Fe-oxide minerals. Relative metal binding strengths for montmorillonite clay decrease from Ba{sup 2+} to Sr{sup +}, which is similar to that sorption trend noticed for kaolinite. Molecular dynamics simulations for kaolinite suggest that Cs{sup +} is sorbed at aluminol (010) edge sites as an inner-sphere complex and weakly sorbed as an outer-sphere complex on (001) basal surfaces. Sorption is thought to occur on similar sites for smectite clays, however, the basal plane residual charge and its increased basal plane exposure should have a greater influence on metal sorption. On the other hand, phase transformation kinetics (e.g., ferrihydrite to goethite) is a very important control of metal sorption and resorption for Fe-oxides/hydroxides. These results provide a basis for understanding and predicting metal sorption on complex soil minerals.

Experiments at the Z machine generate over four hundred channels of waveform data on each accelerator shot. Most experiments require timing accuracy to better than one nanosecond between multiple distributed recording locations throughout the facility. Experimental diagnostics and high speed data recording equipment are typically located within a few meters of the 200 to 300 terawatt X- ray source produced during Z-pinch experiments. This paper will discuss techniques used to resolve the timing of the several hundred data channels acquired on each shot event and system features which allow viewing of waveforms within a few minutes after a shot. Methods for acquiring high bandwidth signals in a severe noise environment will also be discussed.

Abstract not provided.

A retarding potential energy analyzer having 750 nm diameter, self-aligned grid apertures and micron scale grid separation has been fabricated using polycrystalline silicon and silicon dioxide. High resolution in situ measurements of ion velocity distributions have been demonstrated in inductively coupled argon plasmas. Measurement results agree well with those from a macroscopic analyzer. Important differences are observed in the energies of plasma ions when measured with respect to chamber wall versus those measured with respect to the plasma floating potential. Preliminary measurements under rf bias conditions have also been made and results follow the expected trends.

Technology development efforts are under way to apply chemical sensors to discriminate inert ordnance and clutter from live munitions that remain a threat to reutilization of military ranges. However, the chemical signature is affected by multiple environmental phenomena that can enhance or reduce its presence and transport behavior, and can affect the distribution of the chemical signature in the environment. For example, the chemical can be present in the vapor, aqueous, and solid phases. The distribution of the chemical among these phases, including the spatial distribution, is key in designing appropriate detectors, e.g., gas, aqueous or solid phase sampling instruments. A fundamental understanding of the environmental conditions that affect the chemical signature is needed to describe the favorable and unfavorable conditions of a chemical detector based survey to minimize the consequences of a false negative. UXO source emission measurements are being made to estimate the chemical flux from a limited set of ordnance items. Phase partitioning analysis has been completed to show what the expected concentrations of chemical analytes would be fi-om total concentrations measured in the soil. The soil moisture content in the dry region has been shown to be critical in the attenuation of soil gas concentrations by increased sorption to soil particles. Numerical simulation tools have been adapted to include surface boundary conditions such as solar radiation, surface boundary layer (which is a function of wind speed), precipitation and evaporation, and plant cover/root density to allow transport modeling and evaluate long term processes. Results of this work will provide performance targets for sensor developers and support operational decisions regarding field deployments.

A two-dimensional model is developed to simulate discharge of a lithium/thionyl chloride primary battery. The model accounts for not only transport of species and charge, but also the electrode porosity variations and the electrolyte flow induced by the volume reduction caused by electrochemical reactions. Numerical simulations are performed using a finite volume method of computational fluid dynamics. The predicted discharge curves for various temperatures are compared to the experimental data with excellent agreement. Moreover, the simulation results. in conjunction with computer visualization and animation techniques, confirm that cell utilization in the temperature and current range of interest is limited by pore plugging or clogging of the front side of the cathode as a result of LiCl precipitation. The detailed two-dimensional flow simulation also shows that the electrolyte is replenished from the cell header predominantly through the separator into the front of the cathode during most parts of the discharge, especially for higher cell temperatures.

There now exist close to 20 years of history in the application of Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) for the analysis of fire risk at nuclear power plants. The current methods are based on various assumptions regarding fire phenomena, the impact of fire on equipment and operator response, and the overall progression of a fire event from initiation through final resolution. Over this same time period, a number of significant fire incidents have occurred at nuclear power plants around the world. Insights gained from US experience have been used in US studies as the statistical basis for establishing fire initiation frequencies both as a function of the plant area and the initiating fire source.To a lesser extent, the fire experience has also been used to assess the general severity and duration of fires. However, aside from these statistical analyses, the incidents have rarely been scrutinized in detail to verify the underlying assumptions of fire PRAs. This paper discusses an effort, under which a set of fire incidents are being reviewed in order to gain insights directly relevant to the methods, data, and assumptions that form the basis for current fire PRAs. The paper focuses on the objectives of the effort, the specific fire events being reviews methodology, and anticipated follow-on activities.

The sensitivity of surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors has been enhanced by increasing the active surface area of these devices. Electrodepositions of Ni, Pd, and Pt in a mass-transport-limited mode with trace foreign metals yield highly dendritic crystal structures of uniform macroscopic thickness. The concentration of metal ions, supporting electrolyte, agitation, and additives greatly impact the crystal morphology of the deposit. This methodology can be used simply and economically to provide high-area films in selective regions.

Abstract not provided.

This paper improves on some of the limitations of conventional safety assessment and decision analysis methods. It develops a top-down mathematical method for expressing imprecise individual metrics as possibilistic or fuzzy numbers and shows how they may be combined (aggregated) into an overall metric, also portraying the inherent uncertainty. Both positively contributing and negatively contributing factors are included. Metrics are weighted according to significance of the attribute and evaluated as to contribution toward the attribute. Aggregation is performed using exponential combination of the metrics, since the accumulating effect of such factors responds less and less to additional factors. This is termed soft mathematical aggregation. Dependence among the contributing factors is accounted for by incorporating subjective metrics on overlap of the factors and by correspondingly reducing the overall contribution of these combinations to the overall aggregation. Decisions corresponding to the meaningfulness of the results are facilitated in several ways. First, the results are compared to a soft threshold provided by a sigmoid function. Second, information is provided on input ''Importance'' and ''Sensitivity,'' in order to know where to place emphasis on controls that may be necessary. Third, trends in inputs and outputs are tracked in order to add important information to the decision process. The methodology has been implemented in software.

In the 1990s, significant experience has been gained with high-speed passenger rail technologies. On the one hand, high speed versions of conventional-configuration trains, such as the French TGV, have proven themselves in service; on the other hand, magnetic levitation (maglev) trains such as the German Transrapid, which some expected to supplant conventional trains in some high speed applications, have not yet proven themselves and face a problematic future. This is because of maglev's high capital cost, the magnetic drag which it introduces, and the high development risks associated with this complex technology. This paper examines a new form of high-speed train expected to be capable of speeds of 300 mph, the Maglift Monorail. The Maglift Monorail was developed by simplifying and improving two well-understood technologies--wheelsets and LIMs--and then integrating them. The solution is a vehicle with flangeless wheels mounted in two axes, powered by a high-efficiency and light-weight LIM, positioned to give magnetic lift (maglift), i.e., electromagnetic force in the vertical direction which reduces the vehicle weight on the suspension, and thereby reduces static and rolling drag. Maglift can be considered a form of maglev as it uses the same electromagnetic forces to lift and propel the vehicle. This solution is presented in a Spanish-designed monorail system which has a unique suspension designed to minimize friction while giving great stability and turning capability. This monorail vehicle is propelled by the Seraphim motor (Segmented Rail Phased Induction Motor) which virtually eliminates magnetic drag and provides significant maglift. The Maglift Monorail achieves lower operating costs and a greater overall reduction in drag than conventional noncontact maglev does, and it does so without incurring maglev's high capital costs or its technology development risks.

There are currently two proposed standards for agent communication languages, namely, KQML (Finin, Lobrou, and Mayfield 1994) and the FIPA ACL. Neither standard has yet achieved primacy, and neither has been evaluated extensively in an open environment such as the Internet. It seems prudent therefore to design a general-purpose agent communications facility for new agent architectures that is flexible yet provides an architecture that accepts many different specializations. In this paper we exhibit the salient features of an agent communications architecture based on distributed metaobjects. This architecture captures design commitments at a metaobject level, leaving the base-level design and implementation up to the agent developer. The scope of the metamodel is broad enough to accommodate many different communication protocols, interaction protocols, and knowledge sharing regimes through extensions to the metaobject framework. We conclude that with a powerful distributed object substrate that supports metaobject communications, a general framework can be developed that will effectively enable different approaches to agent communications in the same agent system. We have implemented a KQML-based communications protocol and have several special-purpose interaction protocols under development.

When one considers the possibility of clandestine production of nuclear materials, one must consider the nature of the state. A Nuclear Weapon State (NWS) already has production facilities, and even though these might be safeguarded, the NWS could more easily hide the activities than could a Non-Nuclear Weapon State (NNWS). In this paper, some of the properties of production facilities are discussed in relation to how this would relate to vulnerability to detection. The observable and methods of detection are discussed, as well as the possibility that significant help by another country could totally eliminate one or more of the steps needed for a complete production cycle.

We present the results of molecular dynamics simulations of very long model polymer chains analyzed by various experimentally relevant techniques. The segment motion of the chains is found to be in very good agreement with the reptation model. We also calculated the plateau modulus G⁰_N. The predictions of the entanglement length N_e from G⁰_N and from the mean square displacement of the chain segments disagree by a factor of about 2.2(2), indicating an error in the prefactor in the standard formula for G⁰_N. We show that recent neutron spin echo measurements were carried out for chain lengths which are too small to allow for a correct determination of N_e.

It became clear during the workshop that the applicability of commercial satellite imagery to the verification of future regional arms control agreements is limited at this time. Non-traditional security topics such as environmental protection, natural resource management, and the development of infrastructure offer the more promising applications for commercial satellite imagery in the short-term. Many problems and opportunities in these topics are regional, or at least multilateral, in nature. A further advantage is that, unlike arms control and nonproliferation applications, cooperative use of imagery in these topics can be done independently of the formal Middle East Peace Process. The value of commercial satellite imagery to regional arms control and nonproliferation, however, will increase during the next three years as new, more capable satellite systems are launched. Aerial imagery, such as that used in the Open Skies Treaty, can also make significant contributions to both traditional and non-traditional security applications but has the disadvantage of requiring access to national airspace and potentially higher cost. There was general consensus that commercial satellite imagery is under-utilized in the Middle East and resources for remote sensing, both human and institutional, are limited. This relative scarcity, however, provides a natural motivation for collaboration in non-traditional security topics. Collaborations between scientists, businesses, universities, and non-governmental organizations can work at the grass-roots level and yield contributions to confidence building as well as scientific and economic results. Joint analysis projects would benefit the region as well as establish precedents for cooperation.

Preliminary experimental and modeling study of injection and transport of high current electron beams in current-neutralized background gas has been performed. Initial analysis of the results indicates that high current triaxial ring diode operates very reproducibly in the pinch mode. High current density beam can be injected efficiently into the drift region, using azimuthal guide field with reduced intensity near the injection region. This was shown to improve the effectiveness of capturing the beam for the transport. The transport length was insufficient to measure losses, such as would arise from scattering with the background gas.

Emerging technologies in the field of "Test & Measurement" have recently enabled the development of the Rapidly Adaptable Instrumentation Tester (RAIT). Based on software developed with LabVIEW®, the RAIT design enables quick reconfiguration to test and calibrate a wide variety of telemetry systems. The consequences of inadequate testing could be devastating if a telemetry system were to fail during an expensive flight mission. Supporting both open-bench testing as well as automated test sequences, the RAIT has significantly lowered total time required to test and calibrate a system. This has resulted in an overall lower per unit testing cost than has been achievable in the past.

Chemical detection of gaseous species at very low vapor pressures is possible for materials with very low, saturation vapor pressures. A saturation vapor pressure implies equilibrium with the solid or liquid phase of the material. Thus partitioning of the gaseous species into a phase such as a polymer, will result in a very large concentration of the species in the solid phase and greatly enhanced ability to detect this species. The concentration in the polymer of the species to be detected is limited by the volubility of the species in that phase. In this presentation we discuss such a situation were 2-nitro-diphenylamine (2NDPA) is detected in the gas phase at room temperature at the few parts per trillion level.

A new equivalent-circuit model for the thickness shear mode resonator with a surface viscoelastic layer will be described. This model is valid only in the vicinity of a film resonance but is a reasonable approximation away from resonance. A simple resonant parallel circuit containing a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor represents the electrical impedance of the film. These elements describe the film's viscous power dissipation, elastic energy storage, and kinetic energy storage, respectively. Resonator response comparisons between this lumped- element model and the general transmission-line model show good agreement over a range of film phase conditions and not just near film resonance. Under certain conditions, it will be shown that two peaks in the admittance magnitude are observed for operation at film resonance.

The sensitivity of surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors has been enhanced by increasing the active surface area of these devices, Electrodepositions of Ni, Pd, and Pt in a mass-transport-limited mode with trace foreign metals yield highly dendritic crystal structures of uniform macroscopic thickness. The concentration of metal ions, supporting electrolyte, agitation, and additives greatly impact the crystal morphology of the deposit. This methodology can be used simply and economically to provide high-area films in selective regions.

We report experimental results suggesting that mobile protons are generated at strained Si-O-Si bonds near the Si/SiO₂ interface during annealing in forming gas. Our data further suggest that the presence of the top Si layer plays a crucial role in the mobile H⁺ generation process. Finally, we show that the diffusion of the reactive species (presumably H₂ or H⁰) towards the H⁺ generation sites occurs laterally along the buried oxide layer, and can be impeded significantly due to the presence of trapping sites in the buried oxide.

The balance-of-system (BOS) of a photovoltaic installation includes the array structure, trackers, ac and dc wiring, overcur-rent protection, disconnects, interconnects, inverters, charge controllers, energy storage and system controllers. The inverter (sometimes called power-conditioning subsystem (PCS), power conditioner or static power converter) is the key electrical power-handling component of a photovoltaic (PV) power system that has, ac loads. This paper will focus on the inverter and its related functions as the critical electrical BOS element in photovoltaic systems. An evolutionary summary for inverter hardware development, primarily in the US, will shed light on the paths that have been taken to arrive at today's state-of-the-technology. Recent developments, integrated packaging and opportunities for practical technology and hardware advancements will be presented. This paper will also touch on elementary battery issues as they relate to inverters and their control functions. Batteries are also critical, but often misunderstood, BOS components in stand- alone systems.

A robust bearing estimation process for 3-component stations has been developed and explored. The method, called SEEC for Search, Estimate, Evaluate and Correct, intelligently exploits the in- herent information in the arrival at every step of the process to achieve near-optimal results. In particular, the approach uses a consistent framework to define the optimal time-frequency windows on which to make estimates, to make the bearing estimates themselves, to construct metrics helpful in choosing the better estimates or admitting that the bearing is immeasurable, andjinally to apply bias corrections when calibration information is available to yield a single final estimate. The method was applied to a small but challenging set of events in a seismically active region. The method demonstrated remarkable utility by providing better estimates and insights than previously available. Various monitoring implications are noted fiom these findings.

Oriented bicrystals of pure C11_b MoSi₂ have been grown in a tri-arc furnace using the Czochralski technique. Two single crystal seeds were used to initiate the growth. Each seed had the orientation intended for one of the grains of the bicrystals, which resulted in a 60° twist boundary on the (110) plane. Seeds were attached to a water-cooled seed rod, which was pulled at 120 mm/h with the seed rod rotating at 45 rpm. The water- cooled copper hearth was counter-rotated at 160 rpm. Asymmetric growth ridges associated with each seed crystal were observed during growth and confirmed the existence of a bicrystal. It was also found that careful alignment of the seeds was needed to keep the grain boundary from growing out of the boule. The resulting boundary was characterized by imaging and crystallographic techniques in a scanning electron microscope. The boundary was found to be fairly sharp and the misorientation between the grains remained within 2° from the disorientation between the seeds.

This paper discusses a new technique for measuring the impedance response of thickness shear mode (TSM) resonators used as fluid monitors and chemical sensors. The technique simulates the swept frequency measurements performed by an automatic network analyzer (ANA), determining the complex reflection scattering parameter, S1l, from single port devices. Unlike oscillator circuits most often used with TSM resonators, narrowband spectral measurements are not limited by cable capacitance between resonator and oscillator allowing placement of the sensor in severe environments. Only noise produced by long cable lengths limits performance and sensor sensitivity. This new technique utilizes a simple swept frequency source operating near the crystal resonance, a unique directional coupler to provide the reference and reflected RF signals, an I & Q demodulation circuit that returns two dc voltages, and computational algorithms for determining sensor response parameters. Performance, has been evaluated by comparing TSM resonator responses using this new technique to those from a commercial ANA.

The Instrumentation and Telemetry Departments at Sandia National Laboratories have been instrumenting earth penetrators for over thirty years. Recorded acceleration data is used to quantify penetrator performance. Penetrator testing has become more difficult as desired impact velocities have increased. This results in the need for small-scale test vehicles and miniature instrumentation. A miniature recorder will allow penetrator diameters to significantly decrease, opening the window of testable parameters. Full-scale test vehicles will also benefit from miniature recorders by using a less intrusive system to instrument internal arming, fusing, and firing components. This single channel concept is the latest design in an ongoing effort to miniaturize the size and reduce the power requirement of acceleration instrumentation. A micro-controller/memory based system provides the data acquisition, signal conditioning, power regulation, and data storage. This architecture allows the recorder, including both sensor and electronics, to occupy a volume of less than 1.5 cubic inches, draw less than 200mW of power, and record 15kHz data up to 40,000 gs. This paper will describe the development and operation of this miniature acceleration recorder.

Bond-counting arguments, supported by ab-initio calculations, predict a lower barrier for "leapfrog" diffusion of Pt addimers on Pt(llO)-lx2 than for adatom dif- fusion or addimer dissociation. This conflicts with experiment, possibly signaling contaminant influence.

We are pleased to submit our efforts in parallelizing the PRONTO application suite for con- sideration in the SuParCup 99 competition. PRONTO is a finite element transient dynamics simulator which includes a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) capability; it is similar in scope to the well-known DYNA, PamCrash, and ABAQUS codes. Our efforts over the last few years have produced a fully parallel version of the entire PRONTO code which (1) runs fast and scalably on thousands of processors, (2) has performed the largest finite-element transient dynamics simulations we are aware of, and (3) includes several new parallel algorithmic ideas that have solved some difficult problems associated with contact detection and SPH scalability. We motivate this work, describe the novel algorithmic advances, give performance numbers for PRONTO running on Sandia's Intel Teraflop machine, and highlight two prototypical large-scale computations we have performed with the parallel code. We have successfully parallelized a large-scale production transient dynamics code with a novel algorithmic approach that utilizes multiple decompositions for different key segments of the computations. To be able to simulate a more than ten million element model in a few tenths of second per timestep is unprecedented for solid dynamics simulations, especially when full global contact searches are required. The key reason is our new algorithmic ideas for efficiently parallelizing the contact detection stage. To our knowledge scalability of this computation had never before been demonstrated on more than 64 processors. This has enabled parallel PRONTO to become the only solid dynamics code we are aware of that can run effectively on 1000s of processors. More importantly, our parallel performance compares very favorably to the original serial PRONTO code which is optimized for vector supercomputers. On the container crush problem, a Teraflop node is as fast as a single processor of the Cray Jedi. This means that on the Teraflop machine we can now run simulations with tens of millions of elements thousands of times faster than we could on the Jedi! This is enabling transient dynamics simulations of unprecedented scale and fidelity. Not only can previous applications be run with vastly improved resolution and speed, but qualitatively new and different analyses have been made possible.

The objective of this work to develop the materials processing and design technologies required to reduce the die development time for metal mold processes from 12 months to 3 months, using die casting of Al and Mg as the example process. Sandia demonstrated that investment casting, using rapid prototype patterns produced from Stereo lithography or Selective laser Sintering, was a viable alternative/supplement to the current technology of machining form wrought stock. A demonstration die insert (ejector halt) was investment cast and subsequently tested in the die casting environment. The stationary half of the die insert was machined from wrought material to benchmark the cast half. The two inserts were run in a die casting machine for 3,100 shots of aluminum and at the end of the run no visible difference could be detected between the cast and machined inserts. Inspection concluded that the cast insert performed identically to the machined insert. Both inserts had no indications of heat checking or degradation.

This document highlights the DISCOM's Distance computing and communication team activities at the 1998 Supercomputing conference in Orlando, Florida. This conference is sponsored by the IEEE and ACM. Sandia National Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Los Alamos National Laboratory have participated in this conference for ten years. For the last three years, the three laboratories have a joint booth at the conference under the DOE's ASCI, Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiatives. The DISCOM communication team uses the forum to demonstrate and focus communications and networking developments. At SC '98, DISCOM demonstrated the capabilities of Dense Wave Division Multiplexing. We exhibited an OC48 ATM encryptor. We also coordinated the other networking activities within the booth. This paper documents those accomplishments, discusses the details of their implementation, and describes how these demonstrations support overall strategies in ATM networking.

A Fourier Transform hyperspectral imager uses optical intereferometry to obtain hyperspectral data. Taking a Fourier Transform of the interferogram yields the frequency spectrum of the incident light. An optical system using a standard frame rate camera can generate such interferograms at a rate of 30 frames per second. Rather than store all of the raw interferogram data and process it afterwards, it is useful to have the ability to process the raw data in real time, generating and storing the hyperspectral data itself rather than the original interferograms. This real-time processing would result in a significant reduction in the data bandwidth and storage requirements, which are of particular interest in typical airborne environments with limited computing resources on board. This report details the digital signal processing algorithm and code developed for a processing subsystem based on the Texas Instruments TMS320C6201 fixed point processor. The function of this subsystem is to compute the magnitude Fourier Transform of the interferogram data at a rate of 30 frames per second.

This report describes the results of a six-year, $6.3 million project to reduce operation and maintenance (O&M) costs at power plants employing concentrating solar power (CSP) technology. Sandia National Laboratories teamed with KJC Operating Company to implement the O&M Improvement Program. O&M technologies developed during the course of the program were demonstrated at the 150-MW Kramer Junction solar power park located in Boron, California. Improvements were made in the following areas: (a) efficiency of solar energy collection, (b) O&M information management, (c) reliability of solar field flow loop hardware, (d) plant operating strategy, and (e) cost reduction associated with environmental issues. A 37% reduction in annual O&M costs was achieved. Based on the lessons learned, an optimum solar- field O&M plan for future CSP plants is presented. Parabolic trough solar technology is employed at Kramer Junction. However, many of the O&M improvements described in the report are also applicable to CSP plants based on solar power tower or dish/engine concepts.

This report describes the results of a study that investigated the synergy between electrochemical capacitors (ECs) and flywheels, in combination with each other and with batteries, as energy storage subsystems in photovoltaic (PV) systems. EC and flywheel technologies are described and the potential advantages and disadvantages of each in PV energy storage subsystems are discussed. Seven applications for PV energy storage subsystems are described along with the potential market for each of these applications. A spreadsheet model, which used the net present value method, was used to analyze and compare the costs over time of various system configurations based on flywheel models. It appears that a synergistic relationship exists between ECS and flywheels. Further investigation is recommended to quantify the performance and economic tradeoffs of this synergy and its effect on overall system costs.

The Environmental Measurement-While-Drilling (EMWD) system and Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) were successfully demonstrated at the Mock Tank Leak Simulation Site and the Drilling Technology Test Site, Hanford, Washington. The use of directional drilling offers an alternative to vertical drilling site characterization. Directional drilling can develop a borehole under a structure, such as a waste tank, from an angled entry and leveling off to horizontal at the desired depth. The EMWD system represents an innovative blend of new and existing technology that provides the capability of producing real-time environmental and drill bit data during drilling operations. The technology demonstration consisted of the development of one borehole under a mock waste tank at a depth of {approximately} {minus}8 m ({minus}27 ft.), following a predetermined drill path, tracking the drill path to within a radius of {approximately}1.5 m (5 ft.), and monitoring for zones of radiological activity using the EMWD system. The purpose of the second borehole was to demonstrate the capability of drilling to a depth of {approximately} {minus}21 m ({minus}70 ft.), the depth needed to obtain access under the Hanford waste tanks, and continue drilling horizontally. This report presents information on the HDD and EMWD technologies, demonstration design, results of the demonstrations, and lessons learned.

The elevation change data measured at the Big Hill SPR site over the last 10 years has been studied and a model utilized to project elevation changes into the future. The subsidence rate at Big Hill is low in comparison with other Strategic Petroleum Reserve sites and has decreased with time due to the maintenance of higher operating pressures and the normal decrease in creep closure rate of caverns with time. However, the subsidence at the site is projected to continue. A model was developed to project subsidence values 20 years into the future; no subsidence related issues are apparent from these projections.

During July-September, 1998, a jointly funded drilling operation deepened the Long Valley Exploratory Well from 7178 feet to 9832 feet. This was the third major drilling phase of a project that began in 1989, but had sporadic progress because of discontinuities in tiding. Support for Phase III came from the California Energy Commission (CEC), the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP), the US Geological Survey (USGS), and DOE. Each of these agencies had a somewhat different agenda: the CEC wants to evaluate the energy potential (specifically energy extraction from magma) of Long Valley Caldera; the ICDP is studying the evolution and other characteristics of young, silicic calderas; the USGS will use this hole as an observatory in their Volcano Hazards program; and the DOE, through Sandia, has an opportunity to test new geothermal tools and techniques in a realistic field environment. This report gives a description of the equipment used in drilling and testing; a narrative of the drilling operations; compiled daily drilling reports; cost information on the project; and a brief summary of engineering results related to equipment performance and energy potential. Detailed description of the scientific results will appear in publications by the USGS and other researchers.

This report includes the details of the model building procedure and prediction of seismic field data. Principal Components Regression, a multivariate analysis technique, was used to model seismic data collected as two pieces of equipment were cycled on and off. Models built that included only the two pieces of equipment of interest had trouble predicting data containing signals not included in the model. Evidence for poor predictions came from the prediction curves as well as spectral F-ratio plots. Once the extraneous signals were included in the model, predictions improved dramatically. While Principal Components Regression performed well for the present data sets, the present data analysis suggests further work will be needed to develop more robust modeling methods as the data become more complex.

Modern wind turbines are fatigue critical machines that are typically used to produce electrical power from the wind. Operational experiences with these large rotating machines indicated that their components (primarily blades and blade joints) were failing at unexpectedly high rates, which led the wind turbine community to develop fatigue analysis capabilities for wind turbines. Our ability to analyze the fatigue behavior of wind turbine components has matured to the point that the prediction of service lifetime is becoming an essential part of the design process. In this review paper, I summarize the technology and describe the ''best practices'' for the fatigue analysis of a wind turbine component. The paper focuses on U.S. technology, but cites European references that provide important insights into the fatigue analysis of wind turbines.

Studies have indicated that an adaptive wind turbine blade design can significantly enhance the performance of the wind turbine blade on energy capture and load mitigation. In order to realize the potential benefits of aeroelastic tailoring, a bend-twist D-spar, which is the backbone of a blade, was designed and fabricated to achieve the objectives of having maximum bend-twist coupling and fulfilling desirable structural properties (031 & GJ). Two bend-twist D-spars, a hybrid of glass and carbon fibers and an all-carbon D-spar, were fabricated using a bladder process. One of the D-spars, the hybrid D-spar, was subjected to a cantilever static test and modal testing. Various parameters such as materials, laminate schedule, thickness and internal rib were examined in designing a bend-twist D-spar. The fabrication tooling, the lay-up process and the joint design for two symmetric clamshells are described in this report. Finally, comparisons between the experimental test results and numerical results are presented. The comparisons indicate that the numerical analysis (static and modal analysis) agrees well with test results.

This report describes the characteristics of photovoltaic arrays that maybe suitable for use with nanosatellite electronic systems. It includes a thorough literature search on power management and distribution systems for satellites as small as microsatellites. The major conclusion to be drawn is that it is the total system, including satellite electronic system, photovoltaic systems, peak power tracker and the power management and distribution systems which need to be optimized. An example of a peak power tracker is given, and a novel series connected boost unit is described which might allow the system voltage to be increased if enough photovoltaic panels to operate the systems in real time is impractical. Finally, it is recommended that the development effort be oriented and expanded to include a peak power tracker and other power management and distribution systems.

In April they received a DOE Defense Programs award for significant contributions to the Nuclear Weapons Program in developing and applying z-pinch x-ray sources to stockpile stewardship. DOE also recognized pulsed power for outstanding performance at a world-class level as part of the FY98 performance appraisal review. There were 13 Z shots: 3 for LANL weapon physics, 2 to prepare to measure the D{sub 2} equation of state (EOS), 4 to assess energetics of single-sided drive with the z-pinch-driven hohlraum, and 4 to study the variation in x-ray power with the mass of a copper converter foil inside a nested wire array for the dynamic hohlraum.

Experimentation in transparent fractures where light transmission techniques are used to measure aperture, dye concentration, and phase distribution fields can enhance our understanding of single and multi-phase flow and transport. Here, we evaluate and improve the method for aperture field measurement in transparent analog fractures and replicas of natural fractures. The primary sources of error in the measurements are: signal noise (both temporal and spatial) from the charge-coupled-device (CCD) used to measure light intensities transmitted through the fracture; non-linearity of light absorbance of the dyed solution used to fill the fracture; and refraction of light passing through the fracture. We find that each of these error sources can be minimized to optimize precision and accuracy. Our measurements of the aperture field of a -150 x 300 mm analog test fracture at a spatial resolution of 0.159 x 0.159 mm ( 2x10⁶ points) demonstrate a root-mean- square error over the field of O.9% (0.002 mm) of the mean aperture (0.222 mm). Though the results presented here are specific to our test fracture and measurement system, the general approach can be applied to other digital imaging techniques based on energy absorbance.

This report documents the assessment of performance and design of a 250-kW prototype battery energy storage system developed by Omnion Power Engineering Company and tested by Pacific Gas and Electric Company, both in collaboration with Sandia National Laboratories. The assess- ment included system performance, operator interface, and reliability. The report also discusses how to detect failed battery strings with strategically located voltage measurements.

Two major studies, one sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and the other by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, were conducted in the late 1970s and early 1980s to provide information and source terms for an optimally successful act of sabotage on spent fuel casks typical of those available for use. This report applies the results of those studies and additional analysis to derive potential source terms for certain classes of sabotage events on spent fuel casks and spent fuel typical of those which could be shipped in the early decades of the 21st century. In addition to updating the cask and spent fuel characteristics used in the analysis, two release mechanisms not included in the earlier works were identified and evaluated. As would be expected, inclusion of these additional release mechanisms resulted in a somewhat higher total release from the postulated sabotage events. Although health effects from estimated releases were addressed in the earlier study conducted for U.S. Department of Energy, they have not been addressed in this report. The results from this report maybe used to estimate health effects.

This document details the instructional design and delivery methods for a course on the NWC Technical Business Practices that are used to enact configuration management of Nuclear Weapons Product and Equipment.

Subsurface barriers are being constructed at both government and private sites to control hazardous material migration. The Department of Energy, in particular, is developing new barrier construction methods and materials for applications in saturated and unsaturated soils. These containment systems are meant to control high-risk contaminants that are too difficult to remove with current methods and/or pose a near-term, high risk to public health. Such systems are also implemented at sites where remediation techniques may have unintentionally mobilized contamination and threatened the water table. Since subsurface barriers are typically applied in high-risk circumstances, knowledge of their emplaced and long-term integrity is crucial. Current verification and monitoring practices (hydraulic testing, construction materials and methods QA) are limited in their ability to locate, discriminate, and resolve flaws in barrier construction. SEAtracem is a gaseous tracer verification and monitoring system developed to locate and estimate the size of flaws in subsurface barriers located above the water table. The system incorporates injection of a non-hazardous gaseous tracer in the barrier interior, multiple soil vapor sampling points located outside of the barrier, and an automated sampling and analysis system. SEAtraceTM is an autonomous, remotely accessible monitoring system intended for long duration, unattended operation. It not only collects and analyzes soil gas samples, but also applies real time data inversion to locate and size flaws in the barrier construction. The SEAtraceTM methodology was deployed at two test barrier installations sponsored by the Department of Energy Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area. The first was a small scale thinwall jet wouting barrier demonstration at the Groundwater Remediation Field Laboratory, Dover Air Force Base, and the second a large scale thickwall colloidal silica permeation grouted barrier at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. At the Dover site two test barriers and one buried known leak source were evaluated using the SEAtracem methodology. A prototype automated soil gas sampling and analysis system provided data that was analyzed on a desktop computer system. During these tests six non-engineered and one engineered flaw were detected in the barrier panels. These flaws indicated the presence of open areas in the barrier panels that allowed diffusion of tracer gas out into the soil surrounding the barriers. The buried leak source was located within 0.2m of its actual position. A fully integrated SEAtracem system was deployed to test a colloidal silica barrier at Brookhaven National Laboratory. This system incorporated 64 sampling locations, real-time data analysis, solar powered operation, and remote access via cellular phone communication. Eleven flaws were located by automated operation of the SEAtracem system. Other verification techniques such as geophysics, hydraulics, and peffluorocarbon gaseous tracers were used at both the Dover and Brookhaven test barriers. Results from these techniques were in good agreement when they could be compared. This report documents the design of the SEAtracem system, the numerical analysis that supports the evaluation of the inversion methodology, the design of the test installations, and the demonstrations at the Dover and Brookhaven sites.

Where there is a significant actuarial basis for decision making (e.g., the occurrence of fires in single-family dwellings), there is little incentive for formal risk management. Formal risk assessments are most useful in those cases where the value of the structure is high, many people may be affected, the societal perception of risk is high, consequences of a mishap would be severe, and the actuarial uncertainty is large. For these cases, there is little opportunity to obtain the necessary experiential data to make informed decisions, and the consequences in terms of money, lives, and societal confidence are severe enough to warrant a formal risk assessment. Other important factors include the symbolic value of the structure and vulnerability to single point failures. It is unlikely that formal risk management and assessment practices will or should replace the proven institutions of building codes and engineering practices. Nevertheless, formal risk assessment can provide valuable insights into the hazards threatening high-value and high-risk (perceived or actual) buildings and structures, which can in turn be translated into improved public health, safety, and security. The key is to choose and apply the right assessment tool to match the structure in question. Design-for-reliability concepts can be applied to buildings, bridges, transportation sys- tems, dams, and other structures. The use of these concepts could have the dual benefits of lowering life-cycle costs by reducing the necessity for maintenance and repair and of enhancing the saiiety and security of the structure's users.

How to ensure the appropriate performance of our built environment in the face of normal conditions, natural hazards, and malevolent threats is an issue of emerging national and international importance. As the world population increases, new construction must be increasingly cost effective and at the same time increasingly secure, safe, and durable. As the existing infrastructure ages, materials and techniques for retrofitting must be developed in parallel with improvements in design, engineering, and building codes for new construction. Both new and renovated structures are more often being subjected to the scrutiny of risk analysis. An international conference, "Assuring the Performance of Buildings and Infrastructures," was held in May 1997 to address some of these issues. The conference was co-sponsored by the Architectural Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the American Institute of Architects, and Sandia National Laboratories and convened in Albuquerque, NM. Many of the papers presented at the conference are found within this issue of Techno20~. This paper presents some of the major conference themes and summarizes discussions not found in the other papers.

In rough agreement with experimental values derived from Cu island shapes vs. temperature, ab-initio calculations yield formation energies of 0.27 and 0.26 eV/ step-edge-atom for (100)- and (111)-micro facet steps on Cu(lll), and 0.09 and 0.12 eV per kink in those steps. Comparison to ab-initio results for Al and Pt shows that as a rule, the average formation energy of straight steps on a close-packed metal surface equals -7% of the metal's cohesive energy.

The carrier lifetime in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers is determined for various oxide aperture sizes using turn-on delay measurements. The lifetime is relatively constant for large devices, but decreases for aperture sizes below 9 x 9 µm.

Chemical sensing with a magnetically excited flexural plate wave (mag- FPW) resonator has been demonstrated for the first time. One surface of the resonator was coated with ethyl cellulose to impart sensitivity to volatile solvents such as chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and toluene. The absorbed mass of the analyte causes a shift in the membrane resonance frequency of the two-port mag-FPW resonator. An oscillator circuit is used to track the resonance frequency, providing a convenient means of monitoring analyte concentration levels. Analyte concentrations of 10 ppm were easily detected.

Coulomb driven, magneto-optically induced electron and hole bound states from a series of heavily doped GaAs/Al_0.3Ga_0.7As single heterojunctions (SHJ) are revealed in high magnetic fields. At low magnetic fields ({nu} >2), the photohuninescence spectra display Shubnikov de-Haas type oscillations associated with the empty second subband transition. In the regime of the Landau filling factor {nu} <1 and 1< {nu} <2, we found strong bound states due to Mott type Vocalizations. Since a SHJ has an open valence band structure, these bound states area unique property of the dynamic movement of the valence holes in strong magnetic fields.

The magnetophotoluminescence (MPL) behavior of a GaAs/Al_0.3Ga_0.7As single heterojunction has been investigated to 60T. We observed negatively charged singlet and triplet exciton states that are formed at high magnetic fields beyond the {nu}=l quantum Hall state. The variation of the charged exciton binding energies are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The MPL transition intensities for these states showed intensity variations (maxima and minima) at the {nu}=l/3 and 1/5 fractional quantum Hall (FQH) state as a consequence of a large reduction of electron-hole screening at these filling factors.

The transport properties of a quasi-three-dimensional, 200 layer quantum well structure are investigated at integer filling in the quantum Hall state. We find that the transverse magnetoresistance R_xx, the Hall resistance R_xy, and the vertical resistance R_zz all follow a similar behavior with both temperature and in-plane magnetic field. A general feature of the influence of increasing in-plane field B_in is that the Hall conductance quantization first improves, but above a characteristic value B^C_in, the quantization is systematically removed. We consider the interplay of the chid edge state transport and the bulk (quantum Hall) transport properties. This mechanism may arise from the competition of the cyclotron energy with the superlattice band structure energies. A comparison of the resuIts with existing theories of the chiral edge state transport with in-plane field is also discussed.

We present here the results of polarized magneto-photoluminescence measurements on a high mobility single-heterojunction. The presence of a doublet structure over a large magnetic field range (2>v>l/6) is interpreted as possible evidence for the existence of a magneto-roton minima of the charged density waves. This is understood as an indication of strong electronic correlation even in the case of the IQHE limit.

Magnetic semiconductors offer a unique possibility for strongly tuning the intrinsic alloy disorder potential with applied magnetic field. We report the direct observation of a series of step-like reductions in the magnetic alloy disorder potential in single ZnSe/Zn(Cd,Mn)Se quantum wells between O and 60 Tesla. This disorder, measured through the linewidth of low temperature photoluminescence spectra drops abruptly at -19, 36, and 53 Tesla, in concert with observed magnetization steps. Conventional models of alloy disorder (developed for nonmagnetic semiconductors) reproduce the general shape of the data, but markedly underestimate the size of the linewidth reduction.

Single-level parallel optimization approaches, those in which either the simulation code executes in parallel or the optimiza- tion algorithm invokes multiple simultaneous single-processor analyses, have been investigated previously and been shown to be effective in reducing the time required to compute optimal solutions. However, these approaches have clear performance limita- tions that prevent effective scaling with the thousands of processors available in massively parallel supercomputers. In more recent work, a capability has been developed for multilevel parallelism in which multiple instances of multiprocessor simulations are coordinated simultaneously. This implementation employs a master-slave approach using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) within the DAKOTA software toolkit. Mathematical analysis on achieving peak efficiency in multilevel parallelism has shown that the most effective processor partitioning scheme is the one that limits the size of multiprocessor simulations in favor of concurrent execution of multiple simulations. That is, if both coarse-grained and fine-grained parallelism can be exploited, then preference should be given to the coarse-grained parallelism. This analysis was verified in multilevel paralIel computatiorud experiments on networks of workstations (NOWS) and on the Intel TeraFLOPS massively parallel supercomputer. In current work, methods for exploiting additional coarse-grained parallelism in optimization are being investigated so that fine-grained efficiency losses can be further minimized. These activities are focusing on both algorithmic coarse-grained parallel- ism (multiple independent function evaluations) through the development of speculative gradient methods and concurrent iterator strategies and on function evaluation coarse-grained parallelism (multiple separable simulations within a function evaluation) through the development of general partitioning and nested synchronization facilities. The net result is a total of four separate lev- els of parallelism which can minimize efficiency losses and achieve near linear scaling on massively parallel computers.

We have designed and tested a prototype dish/Stirling hybrid-receiver combustion system. The system consists of a pre-mixed natural-gas burner heating a pin-finned sodium heat pipe. The design emphasizes simplicity, low cost, and ruggedness. Our test was on a 1/6^th -scale device, with a nominal firing rate of 18kWt, a power throughput of 13kWt, and a sodium vapor temperature of 750°C. The air/fuel mixture was electrically preheated to 640°C to simulate recuperation. The test rig was instrumented for temperatures, pressures, flow rates, overall leak rate, and exhaust emissions. The data verify our burner and heat-transfer models. Performance and post-test examinations validate our choice of materials and fabrication methods. Based on the 1/6^th -scale results, we are designing a till-scale hybrid receiver. This is a fully-integrated system, including burner, pin-fin primary heat exchanger, recuperator (in place of the electrical pre-heater used in the prototype system), solar absorber, and sodium heat pipe. The major challenges of the design are to avoid pre-ignition, achieve robust heat-pipe performance, and attain long life of the burner matrix, recuperator, and flue-gas seals. We have used computational fluid dynamics extensively in designing to avoid pre-ignition and for designing the heat-pipe wick, and we have used individual component tests and results of the 1/6^th -scale test to optimize for long life. In this paper, we present our design philosophy and basic details of our design. We describe the sub-scale test rig and compare test results with predictions. Finally, we outline the evolution of our full-scale design, and present its current status.

Successful techniques have been developed for simulating some experimental shipboard fires. The experimental fues were staged in Holds 4 and 5 of the Mayo Lykes, a test ship operated by the United States Coast Guard Fire and Safiety Test Detachment at Little Sand Island in Mobile Bay, Alabama. The tests simulated an engine-room or galley fire in the compartment adjacent to simulated hazardous cargo. The purpose of these tests was to determine the effect the fires in Hold 4 had on the cargo in Holds 4 and 5. The simulation is done with CFX, a commercial computational fluid dynamics code. Analyses show that simulations can accurately estimate a maritime fire environment for radioactive materials packaging. Radiative heat transfer dominates the hold-fue environment near the hot bulkhead. Flame temperatures between 800 and 1000°C give heat fluxes and temperatures typical of the measured fire environment for the simulated radioactive materials package. The simulation predicted the occurrence of flow patterns near the calorimeter (simulated radioactive materials package) similar to those observed during the experiment. The simulation was also accurate in predicting a heated fluid layer near the ceiling that increases in thickness as time passes.

We have constructed a humidity-controlled chamber in which deflections of polysilicon cantilever beams are observed by interferometry, resulting in in-situ adhesion measurements within a fracture mechanics framework. From adhesion energy measurements for uncoated hydrophilic beams, we demonstrate an exponential dependence of adhesion on relative humidity (RH). We can explain this trend with a single-asperity model for capillary condensation. For coated hydrophobic beams, adhesion is independent of RH up to a threshold value which depends on the coating used. However, we have found that exposure to very high RH ({ge}90%) ambients can cause a dramatic increase in adhesion, surprisingly with a stronger effect for perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS, C{sub 10}H{sub 4}F{sub 17}SiCl{sub 3}) than octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS, C{sub 18}H{sub 37}SiCl{sub 3}). Newly developed computational mechanics to measure adhesion in the presence of an applied load allow us to explore how the adhesion increase develops. We believe that water adsorption at silanol sites at the FDTS/substrate interface, possibly exacerbated by coupling agent migration, leads to water islanding and the subsequent adhesion increase at very high RH levels.

We report the first experimental observation of non-classical morphological equilibration of a corrugated crystalline surface. Periodic rippled structures with wavelengths of 290-550 nm were made on Si(OO1) by sputter rippling and then annealed at 650 - 750 °C. In contrast to the classical exponential decay with time, the ripple amplitude, A_{lambda}(t), followed an inverse linear decay, A_{lambda}(t)= A_{lambda}(0)/(1 +k_{lambda}t), agreeing with a prediction of Ozdemir and Zangwill. We measure the activation energy for surface relaxation to be 1.6±0.2 eV, consistent with an interpretation that dimers mediate transport.

Shear bands and faults are ubiquitous features of brittle rock deformation at a variety of length scales. Despite the prevalence of these features, understandhg of their inception remains rudimentary. Laboratory experiments suggest a casual association of localization of deformation (faulting) with peak stress, but more detailed examination reveals that localization can precede or follow the peak. Rudnicki and Rice (1975, hereafter abbreviated as RR) have suggested a the- ory of the inception of localization as a bifurcation or nonuniqueness of the so- lution for homogeneous deformation. They predict a strong dependence of local- ization on deformation state. In particular, they predict that localization can occur prepeak for deformation states near deviatoric pure shear and does not occur until well after peak for axisymmetric compression. This prediction is roughly in ac- cord with the true triaxial experiments of Mogi (1967, 1971). More recently, Ord et al. (1991) and Wwersik et al. (1991) have reported observations of localization prior to peak stress in plane strain experiments. The predictions of RR depend strongly on the constitutive properties of the rock and detailed comparison has been impeded by inadequate knowledge of those properties. Even the idealized constitutive model used by RR requires knowledge of the evolution of the constitutive properties with inelastic deformation that is not readily obtainable from the typical axisymmetric compression test. Although it is conceptually advantageous to consider inelastic deformation at fixed mean stress, the mean stress changes throughout the axisymmetric compression test. In this paper, we present a synthesis of a number of axisymmetric compres- sion tests to extract a detailed implementation of the constitutive framework used by RR. The resulting constitutive relation is then used to -predict the response for plane strain. Conditions for localization of deformation derived by RR are evalu- ated for both plane strain and axisymmetric compression.

Structured conversation diagrams, or conversation specifications, allow agents to have predictable interactions and achieve predefined information-based goals, but they lack the flexibility needed to function robustly in an unpredictable environment. We propose a mechanism that combines a typical conversation structure with a separately established policy to generate an actual conversation. The word "policy" connotes a high-level direction external to a specific planned interaction with the environment. Policies, which describe acceptable procedures and influence decisions, can be applied to broad sets of activity. Based on their observation of issues related to a policy, agents may dynamically adjust their communication patterns. The policy object describes limitations, constraints, and requirements that may affect the conversation in certain circumstances. Using this new mechanism of interaction simplifies the description of individual conversations and allows domain-specific issues to be brought to bear more easily during agent communication. By following the behavior of the conversation specification when possible and deferring to the policy to derive behavior in exceptional circumstances, an agent is able to function predictably under normal situations and still act rationally in abnormal situations. Different conversation policies applied to a given conversation specification can change the nature of the interaction without changing the specification.

The Instrumentation and Telemetry Departments at Sandia National Laboratories have been exploring the instrumentation of sealed canisters where the flight application will not tolerate either the presence of a chemical power source or penetration by power supply wires. This paper will describe the application of a low power micro-controller based instrumentation system that uses magnetic coupling for both power and data to support a flight application.

Junction field effect transistors (JFET) are fabricated on a GaN epitaxial structure grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The DC and microwave characteristics of the device are presented. A junction breakdown voltage of 56 V is obtained corresponding to the theoretical limit of the breakdown field in GaN for the doping levels used. A maximum extrinsic transconductance (g_m) of 48 mS/mm and a maximum source-drain current of 270 mA/mm are achieved on a 0.8 µ m gate JFET device at V_GS= 1 V and V_DS=15 V. The intrinsic transconductance, calculated from the measured g_m and the source series resistance, is 81 mS/mm. The f_T and f_max for these devices are 6 GHz and 12 GHz, respectively. These JFETs exhibit a significant current reduction after a high drain bias is applied, which is attributed to a partially depleted channel caused by trapped hot-electrons in the semi-insulating GaN buffer layer. A theoretical model describing the current collapse is described, and an estimate for the length of the trapped electron region is given.

Ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1), the terminal enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, catalyzes Fe²⁺ chelation into protoporphyrin IX. Resonance Raman and W-visible absorbance spectroscopes of wild type and engineered variants of murine ferrochelatase were used to examine the proposed structural mechanism for iron insertion into protoporphyrin by ferrochelatase. The recombinant variants (i.e., H207N and E287Q) are enzymes in which the conserved amino acids histidine-207 and glutamate-287 of murine ferrochelatase were substituted with asparagine and glutamine, respectively. Both of these residues are at the active site of the enzyme as deduced from the Bacillus subtilis ferrochelatase three-dimensional structure. Addition of free base or metalated porphyrins to wild type ferrochelatase and H207N variant yields a quasi 1:1 complex, possibly a monomeric protein-bound species. In contrast, the addition of porphyrin (either free base or metalated) to E287Q is sub-stoichiometric, as this variant retains bound porphyrin in the active site during isolation and purification. The specificity of porphyrin binding is confirmed by the narrowing of the structure-sensitive resonance Raman lines and the vinyl vibrational mode. Resonance Raman spectra of free base and metalated porphyrins bound to the wild type ferrochelatase indicate a nonplanar distortion of the porphyrin macrocycle, although the magnitude of the distortion cannot be determined without first defining the specific type of deformation. Significantly, the extent of the nonplanar distortion varies in the case of H207N- and E287Q-bound porphyrins. In fact, resonance Raman spectral decomposition indicates a homogeneous ruffled distortion for the nickel protoporphyrin bound to the wild type ferrochelatase, whereas both a planar and ruffled conformations are present for the H207N-bound porphyrin. Perhaps more revealing is the unusual resonance , 3 Raman spectrum of the endogenous E287Q-bound porphyrin, which has the structure-sensitive lines greatly upshifted relative to those of the free base protoporphyrin in solution. This could be interpreted as an equilibrium between protein conformers, one of which favors a highly distorted porphyrin macrocycle. Taken together these findings suggest that the mode of porphyrin distortion in murine ferrochelatase is different from that reported for yeast ferrochelatase, which requires metal binding for porphyrin distortion.

The first synthesis of an octahalotetraalkylporphyrin [2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18 -octabromo-5,10,15,20- tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)porphinato nickel(II)] is reported; this perhalogenated porphyrin has several novel properties including a very nonplanar ruffled structure with an unusually short Ni- N distance, an extremely red-shifted optical spectrum, and hindered rotation of the trifluoromethyl groups ({Delta}G_278K =47 kJ mol^-1).

Under existing methods of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), the analysis of fire-induced circuit faults has typically been conducted on a simplistic basis. In particular, those hot-short methodologies that have been applied remain controversial in regards to the scope of the assessments, the underlying methods, and the assumptions employed. To address weaknesses in fire PRA methodologies, the USNRC has initiated a fire risk analysis research program that includes a task for improving the tools for performing circuit analysis. The objective of this task is to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms linking fire-induced cable damage to potentially risk-significant failure modes of power, control, and instrumentation cables. This paper discusses the current status of the circuit analysis task.

Sandia National Laboratories has undertaken an ambitious, multiyear effort to greatly improve our parachute system modeling and analysis capabilities. The impetus for this effort is twofold. First, extending the stockpile lifetime raises serious questions regarding the ability of the parachutes to meet their requirements in the future due to material aging. These aging questions cannot currently be answered using available tools and techniques which are based upon the experience of expert staff and full-scale flight tests and are, therefore, not predictive. Second, the atrophy of our parachute technology base and the loss of our experienced staff has eroded our ability to respond to any future problems with stockpiled parachutes or to rapidly design a new parachute system on an experience base alone. To assure a future in-house capability for technical oversight of stockpile nuclear weapon parachutes, Sandia must move from our present empirically based approach to a computationally based, predictive methodology. This paper discusses the current status of the code development and experimental validation activities. Significant milestones that have been achieved and those that are coming up in the next year are discussed.

The sensitivity and selectivity of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) / carbon black composite films have been found to vary depending upon the hydroxylation percentage ("-OH") of the polymer. These chemiresistors made from PVA films whose polymer backbone is 88% hydroxylated (PVA88) have a high sensitivity to water, while chemiresistors made from PVA75 have a higher sensitivity to methanol. The minor differences in polymer composition result in films with different Hildebrand volubility parameters. The relative responses of several different PVA-based chemiresistors to solvents with different volubility parameters are presented. In addition, polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) films with PVA88 are used in an array to distinguish the responses to methanol-water mixtures.

A better understanding of the fraction of contaminants irreversibly sorbed by minerals is necessary to effectively quantify bioavailability. Ferrihydrite, a poorly crystalline iron oxide, is a natural sink for sorbed contaminants. Contaminants may be sorbed/occluded as ferrihydrite precipitates in natural waters or as it ages and transforms to more crystalline iron oxides such as goethite or hematite. Laboratory studies indicate that Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Np, Pb, Sr, U, and Zn are irreversibly sorbed to some extent during the aging and transformation of synthetic ferrihydrite. Barium, Ra and Sr are known to sorb on ferrihydrite in the pH range of 6 to 10 and sorb more strongly at pH values above its zero point of charge (pH> 8). We will review recent literature on metal retardation, including our laboratory and modeling investigation of Ba (as an analogue for Ra) and Sr adsorption/resorption, during ferrihydrite transformation to more crystalline iron oxides. Four ferrihydrite suspensions were aged at pH 12 and 50 °C with or without Ba in 0.01 M KN03 for 68 h or in 0.17 M KN03 for 3424 h. Two ferrihydrite suspensions were aged with and without Sr at pH 8 in 0.1 M KN03 at 70°C. Barium or Sr sorption, or resorption, was measured by periodically centrifuging suspension subsamples, filtering, and analyzing the filtrate for Ba or Sr. Solid subsamples were extracted with 0.2 M ammonium oxalate (pH 3 in the dark) and with 6 M HCl to determine the Fe and Ba or Sr attributed to ferrihydrite (or adsorbed on the goethite/hematite stiace) and the total Fe and Ba or Sr content, respectively. Barium or Sr occluded in goethite/hematite was determined by the difference between the total Ba or Sr and the oxalate extractable Ba or Sr. The percent transformation of ferrihydrite to goethite/hematite was estimated from the ratio of oxalate and HC1 extractable Fe. All Ba was retained in the precipitates for at least 20 h. Resorption of Ba reached a maximum of 7 to 8% of the Ba2+ added for samples aged in 0.01 and 0.17 M KN03 after 68 and 90 h of aging, respectively. About 3% of the Ba2+ added was readsorbed from 90 to 3424 h of aging in 0.17 M KN03. The amount of Ba sorbed by ferrihydrite or adsorbed on goethite (oxalate-extractable) decreased from 70 to 40% of the Ba2+ added after 68 h in 0.01 M KNO3 and from 80 to 20% of the Ba2+ added after 400 h in 0.17 M KN03. The Ba occluded in goethite (HCl-extractable) in 0.01 M KN03 increased rapidly to 30% of the Ba2+ added in the first 0.4 h and then to 50% of the Ba2+ added after 68 h. In 0.17 M KN03, Ba occluded in goethite increased from 60% of the Ba2+ added by 68 h and to 75% of the Ba2+ added after 3424 h. After 68 h at 70°C, ferrihydrite transformation was 99% compIete and was slightly inhibited with Sr present during the first few hours. Occlusion of Sr in ferrihydrite or Sr reversibly adsorbed decreased from 96 to 4o/0 after 86 h. Occlusion of Sr in hematite/goethite increased from 4 to 40% after 68 h. Resorption of Sr increased from 0.2 to 50% after 68 h. At least 90% of the Ba and 25% of the Sr added to the ferrihydrite suspensions were retained by the iron oxides during the aging periods in this study. At least 75% of the Ba and 15% of the Sr were irreversibly sorbed during ferrihydrite transfomnation to goethite and/or hematite.

Microstructural-level residual stresses arise in ceramics due to thermal expansion anisotropy. The magnitude of these stresses can be very high and may cause spontaneous microcracking during the processing of these materials. The orientation data obtained by backscattered electron diffraction and grain boundary energies obtained by AFM were used in conjunction with an object oriented finite element analysis package (OOF) to predict the magnitude of residual stresses in alumina. Crack initiation and propagation were also simulated based on the Griffith fracture criterion.

Incomplete convergence in numerical simulation such as computational physics simulations and/or Monte Carlo simulations can enter into the calculation of the objective function in an optimization problem, producing noise, bias, and topo- graphical inaccuracy in the objective function. These affect accuracy and convergence rate in the optimization problem. This paper is concerned with global searching of a diverse parameter space, graduating to accelerated local convergence to a (hopefully) global optimum, in a framework that acknowledges convergence uncertainty and manages model resolu- tion to efficiently reduce uncertainty in the final optimum. In its own right, the global-to-local optimization engine employed here (devised for noise tolerance) performs better than other classical and contemporary optimization approaches tried individually and in combination on the "industrial" test problem to be presented.

This is a period of ever-tightening defense budgets and continuing pressure on the public sector to be more commercial-like, Property policies, practices, and regulations are increasingly being challenged and changed. In these times, we must be leaders in understanding and defining the value of our profession from a commercial standpoint so that we can provide the right services to our customers and explain and defend the value of those services. To do so, we must step outside current property management practices, regulations, and oversight. We must learn to think and speak in the language of those who fund us--a financial language of risk, cost, and benefit. Regardless of regulation and oversight, our bosses are demanding that we demonstrate (financially) the benefits of current practice, or else. This article is intended to be the beginning of an effort to understand and define our profession in terms of risk, cost, and benefit so that we can meet these new challenges. The first step in this effort must be defining and measuring risk, cost, and benefit. Our costs, although sometimes difficult to capture, are easy to understand: they are almost exclusively the effort, both within and without the property management organization, involved in managing property. Unfortunately, property risks and benefits are not so simple or so well understood. Generally, risks and benefits are identified and measured through physical inventory results: potential and actual shortages. This paper will explore the weaknesses in the current understanding and use of shortage information as the yardstick for property management risks and performance. It will define a new framework for understanding the purpose and value of property management. And finally, it will set a course for a new method of measuring and valuing physical inventoty shortages. This new method will yield accurate and useful measures of property management risk and benefit. Once risk and benefit are accurately understood and measured, it will be possible to evaluate, adjust, and explain property management practices and regulations from a commercial, financial perspective; it will be possible for us to be the leaders in redefining the purpose and value of the property management profession for today's environment.

Interest in the critical dynamics of superfluid ⁴ He in microgravity conditions has motivated the development of new high resolution thermometry technol- ogy for use in space experiments near 2K. The current material commonly used as the temperature sensing element for high resolution thermometers (HRTs) is copper ammonium bromide [Cu(NH₄)₂Br₄2H₂0) or "CAB", which undergoes a ferromagnetic phase transition at 1.8K1. HRTs made from CAB have demonstrated low drift (< 10fK/s) and a temperature resolu- tion of O.lnK. Unfortunately, paramagnetic salts such as CAB are difficult to prepare and handle, corrosive to most metals, and become dehydrated if kept, under vacuum conditions at room temperature. We have developed a magnetic thermometer using dilute magnetic alloys of Mn or Fe dissolved in a pure Pd matrix. These metallic thermometers are easy to fabricate, chemically inert, and mechanically robust. Unlike salts, they may be directly soldered to the stage to be measured. Also, the Curie temperature can be varied by changing the concentration of Fe or Mn, making them available for use in a wide temperature range. Susceptibility measurements, as well as preliminary noise and drifl measurements, show them, to have sub-nK resolution, with a drift of less than 10^-13 K/s.

Commercial telemedicine systems are increasingly functional, incorporating video-conferencing capabilities, diagnostic peripherals, medication reminders, and patient education services. However, these systems (1) rarely utilize information architectures which allow them to be easily integrated with existing health information networks and (2) do not always protect patient confidentiality with adequate security mechanisms. Using object-oriented methods and software wrappers, we illustrate the transformation of an existing stand-alone telemedicine system into `plug-and-play' components that function in a distributed medical information environment. We show, through the use of open standards and published component interfaces, that commercial telemedicine offerings which were once incompatible with electronic patient record systems can now share relevant data with clinical information repositories while at the same time hiding the proprietary implementations of the respective systems. Additionally, we illustrate how leading-edge technology can secure this distributed telemedicine environment, maintaining patient confidentiality and the integrity of the associated electronic medical data. Information surety technology also encourages the development of telemedicine systems that have both read and write access to electronic medical records containing patient-identifiable information. The win-win approach to telemedicine information system development preserves investments in legacy software and hardware while promoting security and interoperability in a distributed environment.

The Sandia ACRR (a Hazard Category 2 Nuclear Reactor Facility) was defueled in June 1997 to modify the reactor core and control system to produce medical radioisotopes for the Department of Energy (DOE) Isotope Production Program. The DOE determined that an Operational Readiness Review (ORR) was required to confirm readiness to begin operations within the revised safety basis. This paper addresses the ORR Process, lessons learned from the Sandia and DOE ORRS of the ACRR, and the use of the ORR to confirm authorization basis implementation.

The Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico (SNL/NM) Environmental Restoration Project is halfway through excavating the Classified Waste Landfill in Technical Area II, a disposal area for weapon components for approximately 40 years. While the planning phase of any project is important, it is only a means of getting to the field implementation phase where reality quickly sinks in. Documents outlining the general processes are developed, heavy equipment, supply needs, requisite skills, and staffing levels are anticipated, and contingencies for waste management are put in place. However, the nature of landfill excavation dictates that even the most detailed plans will probably change. This project is proving that trying to account for undefined variables and predicting the total cost of landfill remediation is very difficult if the contents are not well known. In landfill excavation, contingency cannot be minimized. During development of the waste management plan, it was recognized that even the best forecasting could not formulate the perfect cradle-to-grave processes because waste streams are rarely definable before excavation begins. Typically, as excavation progresses and waste streams are generated, new characterization information allows further definition of disposal options which, in turn, modify the generation/management process. A general plan combined with close involvement of waste management personnel to resolve characterization and packaging questions during generation has worked very well. And, as expected, each new pit excavated creates new waste management challenges. The material excavated consists primarily of classified weapon assemblies and related components, so disposition must include demilitarization and sanitization. The demilitarization task at the start of the project was provided by an SNL/NM group that has since lost their funding and operational capability. This project is having to take on the task of disassembly, destruction, and recycling of classified components, along with the associated costs and infrastmcture. Very stringent radiological controls were imposed on site operations during the planning phase. Radiological controls that are not justified significantly impact the efficiency and cost of operations. If the initial approach is too conservative, there should be well-defined provisions for scaling down the protective measures to reflect the actual risks. Once the effectiveness of early detection, monitoring, and surveys is proven, radiological controls and postings should be re-evaluated to verify that they are appropriate. High levels of heavy metals dust were not anticipated during the planning phase but were suspected, then confirmed, during material handling. Respiratory protection and monitoring were upgraded accordingly and the costs added to the baseline. In contrast to radiological constraints, industrial hygiene guidelines were worked into the process with a minimum of adverse impact. While a lot of unforeseen expenses occur, some expected costs can be reduced. During the planning phase, the anticipated need to adequately characterize a variety of radionuclides in soil led to using Large Area Gamma Spectroscopy (LAGS) to survey all the soil excavated. About a quarter of the way through the project, it was obvious that very little radioactive material was present in the excavated soils. Since all the soil is processed through a screen plant, producing a fairly homogeneous mix, a more common method of sampling soil piles was implemented to replace the LAGS unit, increase productivity, and reduce costs. In summary, the most important lesson is to expect and be ready to change. Excavating a landfill requires the flexibility to quickly adjust processes to handle the unknown variables, and close attention to detail so all the different facets of the project are kept under control.

Thermite mixtures, intermetallic reactants, and metal fuels have long been used in pyrotechnic applications. Advantages of these systems typically include high energy density, high combustion temperature, and a wide range of gas production. They generally exhibit high temperature stability and possess insensitive ignition properties. For the specific applications of humanitarian demining and disposal of unexploded ordnance, these pyrotechnic formulations offer additional benefits. The combination of high thermal input with low brisance can be used to neutralize the energetic materials in mines and other ordnance without the "explosive" high-blast-pressure events that can cause extensive collateral damage to personnel, facilities, and the environment. In this paper, we review the applications, benefits, and characteristics of thermite mixtures, intermetallic reactants, and metal fuels. Calculated values for reactant density, heat of reaction (per unit mass and per unit volume), and reaction temperature (without and with consideration of phase changes and the variation of specific heat values) are tabulated. These data are ranked in several ways, according to density, heat of reaction, reaction temperature, and gas production.

The effects on electrochemical performance of the nitrogen content of disordered carbons derived from polymethacryonitrile (PMAN)-divinylbenzene (DVB) copolymers were examined in galvanostatic cycling tests between 2 V and 0.01 V vs. Li/Li+ in lM LiPF₆/ethylene carbonate (EC)-dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The first-cycle reversible capacities and coulombic efficiencies increased with increase in the level of nitrogen for samples prepared at 700°C. However, the degree of fade also increased. Similar tests were performed on materials that were additionally heated at 1,000° and 1,300°C for five hours. Loss of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen occurred under these conditions, with none remaining at the highest temperature in all cases but one. The pyrolysis temperature dominated the electrochemical performance for these samples, with lower reversible and irreversible capacities for the first intercalation cycle as the pyrolysis temperature was increased. Fade was reduced and coulombic efficiencies also improved with increase in temperate. The large irreversible capacities and high fade of these materials makes them unsuitable for use in Li-ion cells.