Hadamard Transform Spectrometer (HTS) approaches share the multiplexing advantages found in Fourier transform spectrometers. Interest in Hadamard systems has been limited due to data storage/computational limitations and the inability to perform accurate high order masking in a reasonable amount of time. Advances in digital micro-mirror array (DMA) technology have opened the door to implementing an HTS for a variety of applications including fluorescent microscope imaging and Raman imaging. A Hadamard transform spectral imager (HTSI) for remote sensing offers a variety of unique capabilities in one package such as variable spectral and temporal resolution, no moving parts (other than the micro-mirrors) and vibration tolerance. Two approaches to for 2D HTS systems have been investigated in this LDRD. The first approach involves dispersing the incident light, encoding the dispersed light then recombining the light. This method is referred to as spectral encoding. The other method encodes the incident light then disperses the encoded light. The second technique is called spatial encoding. After creating optical designs for both methods the spatial encoding method was selected as the method that would be implemented because the optical design was less costly to implement.
The design, fabrication, and performance of a planar microbattery made from a silicon wafer with a bonded lid are presented. The battery is designed with two compartments, separated by four columns of micro-posts. These posts are 3 or 5 micrometers in diameter. The posts permit transport of liquid electrolyte, but stop particles of battery material from each compartment from mixing. The anode and cathode battery compartments, the posts, fill holes, and conductive vias are all made using high-aspect-ratio reactive ion (Bosch) etching. After the silicon wafer is completed, it is anodically bonded or adhesive bonded to a Pyrex{reg_sign} wafer lid. The battery materials are made from micro-disperse particles that are 3-5 micrometers in diameter. The lithium-ion chemistry is microcarbon mesobeads and lithium cobalt oxide. The battery capacity is 1.83 micro-amp-hrs/cm{sup 2} at a discharge rate of 25 microamps.
This report describes the development of a miniature mobile microrobot device and several microsystems needed to create a miniature microsensor delivery platform. This work was funded under LDRD No.10785, entitled, ''Integrated Microsensors for Autonomous Microrobots''. The approach adopted in this project was to develop a mobile platform, to which would be attached wireless RF remote control and data acquisition in addition to various microsensors. A modular approach was used to produce a versatile microrobot platform and reduce power consumption and physical size.
Impedance based, planar chemical microsensors are the easiest sensors to integrate with electronics. The goal of this work is a several order of magnitude increase in the sensitivity of this sensor type. The basic idea is to mimic biological chemical sensors that rely on changes in ion transport across very thin organic membranes (supported Bilayer Membranes: sBLMs) for the sensing. To improve the durability of bilayers we show how they can be supported on planar metal electrodes. The large increase in sensitivity over polyelectrolytes will come from molecular recognition elements like antibodies that bind the analyte molecule. The molecular recognition sites can be tied to the lipid bilayer capacitor membrane and a number of mechanisms can be used to modulate the impedance of the lipid bilayers. These include coupled ion channels, pore modification and double layer capacitance modification by the analyte molecule. The planar geometry of our electrodes allows us to create arrays of sensors on the same chip, which we are calling the ''Lipid Chip''.
Communication networks, both data and telephone, are subject to attack by malicious individuals. One goal of the owners of communication networks is to defend the networks from attackers. For several years, firewalls have been used on data networks to help provide protection from attackers. Until recently, there was no comparable system to use with a telephone network. Several vendors have recognized the need for systems to protect telephone networks and have developed products to improve the security for telephone networks. Sandia evaluated the capabilities of commercial telephone firewall products. Based on the evaluation of the telephone firewall products, Sandia installed the SecureLogix TeleWall system at both the New Mexico and California sites. Sandia is currently in the early stages of applying the capabilities of the SecureLogix telephone network firewall system to the environment at Sandia. Any site that has invested in computer network security protection through the implementation of firewall and intrusion detection systems should also implement appropriate telephone network protection through a telephone firewall system.
Sandia National Laboratories has developed a portfolio of programs to address the critical skills needs of the DP labs, as identified by the 1999 Chiles Commission Report. The goals are to attract and retain the best and the brightest students and transition them into Sandia--and DP Complex--employees. The US Department of Energy/Defense Programs University Partnerships funded seven laboratory critical skills development programs in FY02. This report provides a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of these programs and their status.
An analytical capability is being developed that can be used to predict the effect of corrosion on the performance of electrical circuits and systems. The availability of this ''toolset'' will dramatically improve our ability to influence device and circuit design, address and remediate field occurrences, and determine real limits for circuit service life. In pursuit of this objective, we have defined and adopted an iterative, statistical-based, top-down approach that will permit very formidable and real obstacles related to both the development and use of the toolset to be resolved as effectively as possible. An important component of this approach is the direct incorporation of expert opinion. Some of the complicating factors to be addressed involve the code/model complexity, the existence of large number of possible degradation processes, and an incompatibility between the length scales associated with device dimensions and the corrosion processes. Two of the key aspects of the desired predictive toolset are (1) a direct linkage of an electrical-system performance model with mechanistic-based, deterministic corrosion models, and (2) the explicit incorporation of a computational framework to quantify the effects of non-deterministic parameters (uncertainty). The selected approach and key elements of the toolset are first described in this paper. These descriptions are followed by some examples of how this toolset development process is being implemented.
This report describes the second phase of a project entitled ''Innovative Business Cases for Energy Storage in a Restructured Electricity Marketplace''. During part one of the effort, nine ''Stretch Scenarios'' were identified. They represented innovative and potentially significant uses of electric energy storage. Based on their potential to significantly impact the overall energy marketplace, the five most compelling scenarios were identified. From these scenarios, five specific ''Storage Market Opportunities'' (SMOs) were chosen for an in-depth evaluation in this phase. The authors conclude that some combination of the Power Cost Volatility and the T&D Benefits SMOs would be the most compelling for further investigation. Specifically, a combination of benefits (energy, capacity, power quality and reliability enhancement) achievable using energy storage systems for high value T&D applications, in regions with high power cost volatility, makes storage very competitive for about 24 GW and 120 GWh during the years of 2001 and 2010.
Terrorism is a scourge common to the international community and its threat to world peace and stability is severe and imminent. This paper evaluates the campaign against terrorism and the possible modalities of constructive cooperation between China and the United States in this fight. Technical cooperation can enhance Sino-U.S. security capabilities for dealing with the terrorist threat. This paper identifies specific bilateral cooperative activities that may benefit common interests. Focusing on protecting people, facilities, and infrastructure, Sino-U.S. cooperation may introduce protective technologies and training, including means of boosting port and border security, and detecting explosives or nuclear materials. Cooperation will not only enhance the global counterterrorism campaign, but also form a sound foundation for constructive and cooperative relations between the two countries.
In the LIGA process for manufacturing microcomponents, a polymer film is exposed to an x-ray beam passed through a gold pattern. This is followed by the development stage, in which a selective solvent is used to remove the exposed polymer, reproducing the gold pattern in the polymer film. Development is essentially polymer dissolution, a physical process which is not well understood. We have used coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation to study the early stage of polymer dissolution. In each simulation a film of non-glassy polymer was brought into contact with a layer of solvent. The mutual penetration of the two phases was tracked as a function of time. Several film thicknesses and two different chain lengths were simulated. In all cases, the penetration process conformed to ideal Fickian diffusion. We did not see the formation of a gel layer or other non-ideal effects. Variations in the Fickian diffusivities appeared to be caused primarily by differences in the bulk polymer film density.
Two lots of manufactured Type 3a zeolite samples were compared by TGA/IR analysis. The first lot, obtained from Davidson Chemical, a commercial vendor, was characterized during the previous study cycle for its water and water-plus-CO{sub 2} uptake in order to determine whether CO{sub 2} uptake prevented water adsorption by the zeolite. It was determined that CO{sub 2} did not hamper water adsorption using the Davidson zeolite. CO{sub 2} was found on the zeolite surface at dewpoints below -40 C, however it was found to be reversibly adsorbed. During the course of the previous studies, chemical analyses revealed that the Davidson 3a zeolite contained calcium in significant quantities, along with the traditional counterions potassium and sodium. Chemical analysis of a Type 3a zeolite sample retrieved from Kansas City (heretofore referred to as the ''Stores 3a'' sample) indicated that the Stores sample was a more traditional Type 3a zeolite, containing no calcium. TGA/IR studies this year focused on obtaining CO{sub 2} and water absorbance data from the Stores 3a zeolite. Within the Stores 3a sample, CO{sub 2} was found to be reversibly absorbed within the sample, but only at and below -60 C with 5% CO{sub 2} loading. The amount of CO{sub 2} observed eluting from the Stores zeolite at this condition was similar to what was observed from the Davidson zeolite sample but with a greater uncertainty in the measured value. The results of the Stores 3a studies are summarized within this report.
Multifidelity modeling, in which one component of a system is modeled at a significantly different level of fidelity than another, has several potential advantages. For example, a higher-fidelity component model can be evaluated in the context of a lower-fidelity full system model that provides more realistic boundary conditions and yet can be executed quickly enough for rapid design changes or design optimization. Developing such multifidelity models presents challenges in several areas, including coupling models with differing spatial dimensionalities. In this report we describe a multifidelity algorithm for thermal radiation problems in which a three-dimensional, finite-element model of a system component is embedded in a system of zero-dimensional (lumped-parameter) components. We tested the algorithm on a prototype system with three problems: heating to a constant temperature, cooling to a constant temperature, and a simulated fire environment. The prototype system consisted of an aeroshell enclosing three components, one of which was represented by a three-dimensional finite-element model. We tested two versions of the algorithm; one used the surface-average temperature of the three dimensional component to couple it to the system model, and the other used the volume-average temperature. Using the surface-average temperature provided somewhat better temperature predictions than using the volume-average temperature. Our results illustrate the difficulty in specifying consistency for multifidelity models. In particular, we show that two models may be consistent for one application but not for another. While the temperatures predicted by the multifidelity model were not as accurate as those predicted by a full three-dimensional model, our results show that a multifidelity system model can potentially execute much faster than a full three-dimensional finite-element model for thermal radiation problems with sufficient accuracy for some applications, while still predicting internal temperatures for the higher fidelity component. These results indicate that optimization studies with mixed-fidelity models are feasible when they may not be feasible with three-dimensional system models, if the concomitant loss in accuracy is within acceptable bounds.
Current algorithms for the inverse calibration of hydraulic conductivity (K) fields to observed head data update the K values to achieve calibration but consider the parameters defining the spatial correlation of the K values to be fixed. Here we examine the ability of a genetic algorithm (GA) to update indicator variogram parameters defining the spatial correlation of the K field subject to minimizing differences between modeled and observed head values and also to minimizing the advective travel time across the model. The technique is presented on a test problem consisting of 83 K values randomly selected from 8649 gas-permeameter measurements made on a block of heterogeneous sandstone. Indicator variograms at the 10th, 40th, 60th and 90th percentiles of the cumulative log10 K distribution are used to describe the spatial variability of the log10 hydraulic conductivity data. For each threshold percentile, the variogram models are parameterized by the nugget, sill, anisotropic range values and the direction of principal correlation. The 83 conditioning data and the variogram models are used as input to a geostatistical indicator simulation algorithm.
Ceramic interconnect technology has been adapted to new structures. In particular, the ability to customize processing order and material choices in Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) has enabled new features to be constructed, which address needs in MEMS packaging as well as other novel structures. Unique shapes in LTCC permit the simplification of complete systems, as in the case of a miniature ion mobility spectrometer (IMS). In this case, a rolled tube has been employed to provide hermetic external contacts to electrodes and structures internal to the tube. Integral windows in LTCC have been fabricated for use in both lids and circuits where either a short term need for observation or a long-term need for functionality exists. These windows are fabricated without adhesive, are fully compatible with LTCC processing, and remain optically clear. Both vented and encapsulated functional volumes have been fabricated using a sacrificial material technique. These hold promise for self-assembly of systems, as well as complex internal structures in cavities, micro fluidic and optical channels, and multilevel integration techniques. Separation of the burnout and firing cycles has permitted custom internal environments to be established. Existing commercial High Temperature Cofired Ceramic (HTCC) and LTCC systems can also be rendered to have improved properties. A rapid prototyping technique for patterned HTCC packages has permitted prototypes to be realized in a few days, and has further applications to micro fluidics, heat pipes, and MEMS, among others. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.