Publications

Long, Gregory L.; Renlund, Anita M.; Kravitz, Stanley H.; Tappan, Alexander S.

Abstract not provided.

Warpinski, Norman R.; Ingram, Brian I.; Melof, Brian M.; Engler, Bruce P.; Grubelich, Mark C.; Kravitz, Stanley H.; Rivas, Raul R.; Dulleck, George R.

The objective of the autonomous micro-explosive subsurface tracing system is to image the location and geometry of hydraulically induced fractures in subsurface petroleum reservoirs. This system is based on the insertion of a swarm of autonomous micro-explosive packages during the fracturing process, with subsequent triggering of the energetic material to create an array of micro-seismic sources that can be detected and analyzed using existing seismic receiver arrays and analysis software. The project included investigations of energetic mixtures, triggering systems, package size and shape, and seismic output. Given the current absence of any technology capable of such high resolution mapping of subsurface structures, this technology has the potential for major impact on petroleum industry, which spends approximately $1 billion dollar per year on hydraulic fracturing operations in the United States alone.

Kravitz, Stanley H.; Kravitz, Stanley H.; Ingersoll, David I.; Bell, Nelson S.; Zmuda, Sherry A.; Shul, Randy J.; Wroblewski, Brian W.

The design, fabrication, and performance of a planar microbattery made from a silicon wafer with a bonded lid are presented. The battery is designed with two compartments, separated by four columns of micro-posts. These posts are 3 or 5 micrometers in diameter. The posts permit transport of liquid electrolyte, but stop particles of battery material from each compartment from mixing. The anode and cathode battery compartments, the posts, fill holes, and conductive vias are all made using high-aspect-ratio reactive ion (Bosch) etching. After the silicon wafer is completed, it is anodically bonded or adhesive bonded to a Pyrex{reg_sign} wafer lid. The battery materials are made from micro-disperse particles that are 3-5 micrometers in diameter. The lithium-ion chemistry is microcarbon mesobeads and lithium cobalt oxide. The battery capacity is 1.83 micro-amp-hrs/cm{sup 2} at a discharge rate of 25 microamps.

Tappan, Alexander S.; Tappan, Alexander S.; Long, Gregory L.; Renlund, Anita M.; Kravitz, Stanley H.

Abstract not provided.

Shul, Randy J.; Kravitz, Stanley H.; Christenson, Todd R.; Schubert, William K.; Casalnuovo, Stephen A.; Wessendorf, Kurt O.; Zipperian, Thomas E.

Abstract not provided.