A quantum-cascade-laser-absorption-spectroscopy (QCLAS) diagnostic was used to characterize post-detonation fireballs of RP-80 detonators via measurements of temperature, pressure, and CO column pressure at a repetition rate of 1 MHz. Scanned-wavelength direct-absorption spectroscopy was used to measure CO absorbance spectra near 2008.5 cm−1 which are dominated by the P(0,31), P(2,20), and P(3,14) transitions. Line-of-sight (LOS) measurements were acquired 51 and 91 mm above the detonator surface. Three strategies were employed to facilitate interpretation of the LAS measurements in this highly nonuniform environment and to evaluate the accuracy of four post-detonation fireball models: (1) High-energy transitions were used to deliberately bias the measurements to the high-temperature outer shell, (2) a novel dual-zone absorption model was used to extract temperature, pressure, and CO measurements in two distinct regions of the fireball at times where pressure variations along the LOS were pronounced, and (3) the LAS measurements were compared with synthetic LAS measurements produced using the simulated distributions of temperature, pressure, and gas composition predicted by reactive CFD modeling. The results indicate that the QCLAS diagnostic provides high-fidelity data for evaluating post-detonation fireball models, and that assumptions regarding thermochemical equilibrium and carbon freeze-out during expansion of detonation gases have a large impact on the predicted chemical composition of the fireball.
Nanothermite NiO-Al is a promising material system for low gas emission heat sources; yet, its reactive properties are highly dependent on material processing conditions. In the current study, sputter deposition is used to fabricate highly controlled nanolaminates comprised of alternating NiO and Al layers. Films having an overall stoichiometry of 2Al to 3NiO were produced with different bilayer thicknesses to investigate how ignition and self-sustained, high temperature reactions vary with changes to nanometer-scale periodicity and preheat conditions. Ignition studies were carried out with both hot plate and laser irradiation and compared to slow heating studies in hot-stage x-ray diffraction. Ignition behavior has bilayer thickness and heating rate dependencies. The 2Al/3NiO with λ ≤ 300 nm ignited via solid/solid diffusion mixing (activation energy, Ea = 49 ± 3 kJ/mole). Multilayers having λ≥ 500 nm required a more favorable mixing kinetics of solid/liquid dissolution into molten Al (Ea = 30 ± 4 kJ/mole). This solid/liquid dissolution Ea is a factor of 5 lower than that of the previously reported powder compacts due to the elimination of a passivating Al oxide layer present on the powder. The reactant mixing mechanism between 300 and 500 nm bilayer thicknesses was dependent on the ignition source's heating rate. The self-propagating reaction velocities of 2Al/3NiO multilayers varied from 0.4 to 2.5 m/s. Pre-heating nanolaminates to temperatures below the onset reaction temperatures associated with forming intermediate nickel aluminides at multilayer interfaces led to increased propagation velocities, whereas pre-heating samples above the onset temperatures inhibited subsequent attempts at laser ignition.
Phosphor thermometry has been successfully applied within several challenging environments. Typically, the thermographic phosphors are excited by an ultraviolet light source, and the temperature-dependent spectral or temporal response is measured. However, this is challenging or impossible in optically thick environments. In addition, emission from other sources (e.g., a flame) may interfere with the optical phosphor emission. A temperature dependent x-ray excitation/emission could alleviate these issues as x-rays could penetrate obscurants with no interference from flame luminosity. In addition, x-ray emission could allow for thermometry within solids while simultaneously x-ray imaging the structural evolution. In this study, select thermographic phosphors were excited via x-ray radiation, and their x-ray emission characteristics were measured at various temperatures. Several of the phosphors showed varying levels of temperature dependence with the strongest sensitivity occurring for YAG:Dy and ZnGa2O4:Mn. This approach opens a path for less intrusive temperature measurements, particularly in optically opaque multiphase and solid phase combustion environments.