Publications

This document evaluates the accuracy of mass properties computations from the ANVIL 5000 CAD system. Mass property results and a measure of their accuracy are given for both individual solid model components and for point-mass assembly sums. The mass properties' accuracies were determined by comparing the results obtained from ANVIL 5000 with either theoretical values or with results from another trusted software package.

The SA3124 is a silicon zener diode designated as a JANTXV1N965B-1 device manufactured by Microsemi of Scottsdale, Arizona. The devices were procured from Microsemi and tested by the Design Agency in accordance with PS319094. The SA3124 is a 15V zener diode packaged in a DO-35 cylindrical lead silicate glass package. The monolithic silicon die is sandwiched between two copper-clad Dumet plugs wth coaxial copper-clad and tin-dipped iron leads welded to them. 11 figs., 3 tabs.

The SA3274-1 and SA3274-2 are bi-directional transient voltage suppressors that have a nominal breakdown voltage of 12 Volts and 22 Volts, respectively. These devices are packaged in an axial-leaded cylindrical glass package. These devices were manufactured by and procured from Microsemi Corporation in Santa Ana, California. They were tested by the Design Agency in accordance with PS319848. 25 figs.

An approach for initiating tracks for multiple target tracking is presented. A means of using a graph to represent objects moving in a sequence of images is given. The approach for initiating tracks is based on a dynamic programming algorithm for finding the shortest path in the graph. For comparison purposes an extensive optimal solution and other practical track initiation approaches from the open literature are discussed. 7 refs., 7 figs.

A Seismic Signal Modeling software package has been implemented for the RSTN and the NORESS/ARCESS data. The key features of the software are: (1) It removes over a limited band the gain and phase effects that were introduced by the seismometer and its associated filters. This removal was accomplished by using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter techniques to produce a resulting signal in terms of either ground-motion velocity or displacement. (2) It combines two separate bands of data, which are sampled at different rates, into a single broadband signal. (3) It produces a time-domain plot of the signals. (4) It produces a spectral analysis of the signals, including signal-to-noise ratio and comparison of the signals. 5 refs., 22 figs., 3 tabs.

A set of 6-ft-diameter ribbon parachutes (geometric porosities of 7%, 15%, and 30%) was tested in various subsonic wind tunnels covering a range of geometric blockages from 2% to 35%. Drag, base pressure, and inflated geometry were measured under full-open, steady-flow conditions. The result drag areas and pressure coefficients were correlated with the bluff-body blockage parameter (i.e., drag area divided by tunnel cross-sectional area) according to the blockage theory of Maskell. The data show that the Maskell theory provides a simple, accurate correction for the effective increase in dynamic pressure caused by wall constraint for both single parachutes and clusters. For single parachutes, the empirically derived blockage factor K{sub M} has the value of 1.85, independent of canopy porosity. Derived values of K{sub M} for two- and three-parachute clusters are 1.35 and 1.59, respectively. Based on the photometric data, there was no deformation of the inflated shape of the single parachutes up to a geometric blockage of 22%. In the case of the three-parachute cluster, decreases in both the inflated diameter and the spacing among member parachutes were observed at a geometric blockage of 35%. 11 refs., 9 figs., 3 tabs.

Waypoint guidance is a technique used to steer an autonomous vehicle along a desired course. Waypoints are designated at intervals along that course. The guidance algorithms issue steering commands that, if followed, result in the vehicle's traveling from waypoint to waypoint. Thus, the vehicle remains on or very close to the desired trajectory. Waypoints can be specified by latitude, longitude, and altitude in geographic coordinates. The vehicle's current location can be described similarly. This is enough information to determine the direction of travel that would take the vehicle to the waypoint. The shortest route from one point on a spherical surface to another on the same surface is a great circle. A great circle lies in a plane that contains the center of the sphere. The plane also is normal to the surface of the sphere along the great circle. The earth actually is distorted slightly from spherical; it is ellipsoidal. An ellipsoidal earth model will be used in this report. Features of the great circle will be applied to effect good approximations of shortest routes to waypoints. Therefore, only the endpoints of long, straight course segments need be specified. 5 figs.

Drillstem tests, slug tests, a small-scale pumping test, and a large-scale pumping test of the Culebra Dolomite Member of the Rustler Formation were performed in 1988 at the H-11 hydropad at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site in southeastern New Mexico. The drillstem, slug, and small-scale pumping tests were conducted in well H-11b4 to evaluate well and aquifer properties in preparation for a tracer test. The large-scale pumping test, known as the H-11 multipad test, was performed by pumping well H-11b1 in the southern part of the WIPP site at a rate of six gpm for 63 days and monitoring drawdown and recovery responses in three other wells on the H-11 hydropad and at 11 observation wells within a three-mile radius. Responses were observed in 10 of these distant wells. The H-11 multipad pumping test complemented the H-3 and WIPP-13 multipad pumping tests conducted in the central and northern portions of the WIPP site in late 1985 and early 1987, respectively. 67 refs., 124 figs., 31 tabs.

The formation of pristine silica fiber sections in an ultra high vacuum environment requires the critical control of production parameters. Glass temperature and fiber draw force must be precisely controlled to produce favorable results. Process control is achieved by automating the operation of a high power CO{sub 2} laser and the acquisition of data with a dedicated microprocessor. This combination, with the integration of ocular control through the application of digital image processing techniques, has subsequently led to a consistent and reproducible means of forming high quality pristine glass fiber test sections on the order of 25 {mu}m to 50{mu}m in diameter. Fibers formed in this manner are tested to failure (in situ) by applying loads at various rates in controlled environments. This report presents the techniques and devices used to develop this automated fabrication and testing system. 2 refs., 5 figs.

The phase gradient algorithm represents a powerful new signal processing technique with applications to aperture synthesis imaging. These include, for example, synthetic aperture radar phase correction and stellar image reconstruction. The algorithm combines redundant information present in the data to arrive at an estimate of the phase derivative. In this report, we show that the estimator is in fact a linear, minimum variance estimator of the phase derivative. 7 refs.

The quasi-static failure criteria, elastic constants, and p-wave velocities have been determined for a granite and a sandstone in which blasting experiments are being carried out by the Advanced Technology Division (6258). In addition, the dynamic strength of the granite was measured using a Kolsky bar. Both rocks show a linear increase in strength with increasing confining pressure. The dynamic strength of the granite is as much as 330% greater than the quasi-static value. The strength of the granite was also dependent on the angle between the foliation and the loading direction. There was a 20% difference in the p-wave velocity between that measured parallel to and perpendicular to the bedding in the sandstone. 4 refs., 4 figs., 5 tabs.

Blow-by is a common occurrence in two-stage light gas guns. Although the blow-by is often inconsequential, it can sometimes present a serious problem. Various projectile designs have been tried to prevent blow-by, and a successful design is described. Computer calculations which clarify the dynamic performance of the design are presented, along with a parameter variation study to indicate the sensitivity of the design to certain geometric parameters. 6 refs., 12 figs., 1 tab.

The LIFE2 computer code is a fatigue/fracture analysis code specifically designed for the analysis of wind turbine components. It is a PC-compatible Fortran code that is written in a top-down modular format. In this numerical formulation, an S-n'' fatigue analysis is used to describe the initiation, growth and coalescence of micro-cracks into macro-cracks. A linear, da/dn'' fracture analysis is used to describe the growth of a macro-crack. This paper presents the numerical formulations used to implement these analyses. 16 refs., 2 tabs.

LIFE2 is a PC-compatible computer code that analyzes the service lifetime of a WECS component. The LIFE2 code is written in Fortran and has the option of using either a fatigue analysis or a linear fracture mechanics analysis. This document contains information on what the code expects as input and what can be expected as output from the code. Also included are two example problems. 11 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.

Thermal testing of space payloads at Sandia National Laboratories is conducted in a large cylindrical (7.0 feet in diameter) vacuum chamber with temperature controlled walls. The payload is generally attached to a baseplate with independent temperature controls. To establish well-defined boundary conditions during the tests, uniform wall temperatures are desired in the test chamber. Thermal-vacuum tests were conducted on this space simulation chamber to determine if temperature gradients existed on the chamber shroud and end-bells. Recorded temperature measurements indicated large temperature gradients on the chamber shroud and end-bells. Furthermore, it was difficult to manually control the flow of liquid to the end-bells in order to achieve equal end-bell temperatures. However, results from these tests were used in a computer program developed to predict locations on the shroud and end-balls where a thermocouple would measure the best area-weighted average temperature. These measurements provide necessary boundary temperatures that can be used in a thermal model of a satellite payload. Results were obtained for different shroud and baseplate temperature settings. 8 figs., 5 tabs.

This report summarizes the progress of the Borehole Directional Radar (BDR) System, which is a high-power, high-resolution tool that is being developed to locate lithologic layers or fractures away from a wellbore. The key to the tool's potential is its ability to accurately measure distance and direction of a lithologic discontinuity underground. The results of two field tests in 1988 are presented. The report also discusses the deficiencies of the current system, and a proposed upgrade. Finally, possible other applications of the BDR System are outlined, including (1) locating gas and oil reservoirs below a salt dome, (2) determining the integrity of underground structures (e.g., Strategic Petroleum Reserve, Nuclear Waste Repository Site), and (3) verifying underground nuclear tests. 25 refs., 14 figs.

A computer code is described which is designed to determine the fraction of time during which a given ground location is observable from one or more members of a satellite constellation in earth orbit. Ground visibility parameters are determined from the orientation and strength of an appropriate ionized cylinder (used to simulate a beam experiment) at the selected location. Satellite orbits are computed in a simplified two-body approximation computation. A variety of printed and graphical outputs is provided. 9 refs., 50 figs., 2 tabs.

An algorithm and a computer program are described for use in determining the geographic locations common between the orbit paths of two satellites or between different portions of a single satellite's orbital path. The method selected uses semi-inertial geometric constructions to determine the crossing locations. 6 refs.

The uniaxial compressive strength of air-dry and water-saturated ashfall tuff from the Nevada Test Site was measured as a function of strain rate from 10{sup {minus}6} to 10{sup 3} s{sup {minus}1}. Two different testing devices were used to achieve this wide range in rate, an electro-hydraulic, servo-controlled load frame, and a Kolsky bar. Critical strain rates of 82 s{sup {minus}1} and 22{sup {minus}1} were found for dry and saturated tuffs, respectively. Below the critical rate the strength is a weak function of strain rate and above the critical rate strength varies as the cube root of strain rate. The strengths of the dry and saturated tuff are the same above the critical rate. At slower rates, the saturated tuff is weaker at all rates and shows a slightly stronger strain-rate sensitivity. 26 refs., 5 figs.

A knowledge based computer program that assists programmers of Numerically Controlled (NC) machine tools is described. The program uses part features identified by the NC programmer at a CAD/CAM graphics display and a set of manufacturing rules to select machining parameters and produce NC part programs. An expert system determines the correct NC sequence and the machining parameters. Both milled and point-to-point features are programmed by the Milling Assistant. Examples are included to illustrate the problem domain. Extensions to the Milling Assistant are described. 11 refs.

Various models of steam explosion triggering and propagation are reviewed. An analogy is drawn between steam explosions and chemical combustion, stressing that a continuum of steam explosion intensities can exist, ranging from very weak deflagration-like phenomena to full-scale detonation-like explosions. Evidence is presented to support several hypotheses: (1) that most, if not all, reported steam explosions were not strong steady thermal detonations; (2) that unsteady, oscillatory and partial-reaction steam explosions may exist for a wide range of fragmentation times; (3) that steam explosions may have large reaction zones (or interaction regions) of the order of several meters; (4) that fragmentation times of the order of 40--200 /mu/s may be fast enough to sustain strong thermal detonations; (5) that explosion strength can increase dramatically with trigger strength; and (6) that the product of pressure and impulse may be good measure of trigger strength. New experimental data and calculations are presented to support some of these hypotheses. 84 refs., 19 figs., 1 tab.

This report presents a evaluation of ten video compression systems currently available on the market. The products are presented in a structured format for easy comparison. The features used for comparison purposes include applications, bit rates, processing delays, resolutions, color capabilities, physical size and weight, maintainability, price, and additional features. Further, unique attractions and characteristics, as well as limitations and problems, are discussed.

We at Sandia first became involved with developing energy technology when the nation initiated its push toward energy independence in the early 1970s. That involvement continues to be strong. In shaping Sandia's energy programs for the 1990s, we will build on our track record from the 70s and 80s, a record outlined in this publication. It contains reprints of three issues of Sandia's Lab News that were devoted to our non-nuclear energy programs. Together, they summarize the history, current activities, and future of Sandia's diverse energy concerns; hence my desire to see them in one volume. Written in the fall of 1988, the articles cover Sandia's extremely broad range of energy technologies -- coal, oil and gas, geothermal, solar thermal, photovoltaics, wind, rechargeable batteries, and combustion.

Thermal energy contained in magmatic systems represents a huge potential resource. In the US, useful energy contained in molten and partially-molten magma within the upper 10 km of the crust has been estimated at 50,000 to 500,000 Quads. The objective of the Magma Energy Extraction Program is to determine engineering feasibility of locating, accessing and utilizing magma as a viable energy resource. Engineering feasibility will depend on size and depth of the resource; extraction rates; and material life times. 11 refs., 29 figs., 1 tab.

The diffusion of unreactive solutes through the Culebra Dolomite was studied experimentally and theoretically. The measured diffusive flux is less than that predicted from independent knowledge of the porosity and reasonable estimates of tortuosity. This low measured flux led to a review of the relationship between solute diffusion and pore geometry in rocks and sediments. Solute transport in hypothetical pore networks, where the effect of pore geometry on the solute flux is directly calculable, is examined. A conventional interpretation of pore tortuosity, as a normalized length of diffusion through a pore, loses meaning for cases where pores intersect in networks. Some important variables affecting the tortuosity are: (1) the distribution of pore sizes (2) the distribution of pore lengths, (3) the number of pores which intersect at a node, and (4) the pore shape between nodes. Furthermore, in porous materials with a preferential distribution of pore sizes and orientation, tortuosity is a tensor. For the Culebra Dolomite, the wide range of pore sizes causes the diffusive flux to vary considerably from that predicted from conventional theory. These results indicate that diffusive fluxes from fractures into rock pores may be smaller than previously thought. 35 refs., 10 figs., 2 tabs.

We describe the relationship between constant resistive load, constant current, and constant voltage discharges of electrochemical cells using the concept of the polarization curve. This concept is demonstrated under constraints for a prismatic Li/SOCl{sub 2} laboratory cell. We show that each of these discharges yields the same information about the electrochemical couple which drives the cell. 8 figs.

LEXER is a useful tool for lexical analysis. It is designed to give an application programmer the ability to write code that will quickly parse commands to an interactive program. It is also useful in parsing character data stored in a file. This is done by lexically analyzing the input character string and placing its components and related information into arrays stored in common blocks. The code is written in FORTRAN which conforms to the ANSI Standard FORTRAN 77 in all but a few carefully documented areas. 2 refs.

Teleoperation of land vehicles was studied to investigate the effects of both spatial and temporal video resolution on the ability of the operator to effectively control the vehicle. Teleoperation extends part of a human operator's presence into remote or hazardous areas, and the predominant form of sensory feedback is that of vision. The quality of the transmitted video information has a significant effect on the operator's confidence and ability to effectively control the vehicle. Experiments were constructed to allow subjective evaluation of the lower limits of video quality necessary for degraded, yet effective, Teleoperation. Subjects were asked to teleoperate a remote vehicle under varying conditions to degraded spatial and temporal resolution, and their comments were recorded along with the video driving scenes during teleoperation. Subjective assessments and teleoperation test data suggest the possibility of reducing the required video bandwidth for teleoperation by a factor of 28:1 over normal video standards. 9 refs., 18 figs., 9 tabs.

This document is a collection of abstracts of papers prepared as part of the Sandia programs in the GeoEnergy Technology Department and other closely related research. Areas of technology represented are resource access (drilling, blasting), resource extraction (enhanced recovery) and geodiagnostics. More basic work in the Geosciences is in a separate chapter. Industry programs and Technology Transfer constitute a final section. That section also includes our geotechnical support to DOE on the Strategic Petroleum Reserve in which we work closely with the SPR site contractor. 65 refs.

The Rankine Hugoniot equation relating the conversion of momentum across a shock front and the empirical relationship for shock velocity as a function of particle velocity are used to calculate the impact pressures for selected materials. The shock velocity and particle velocities are then calculated as a function of impact pressures. The calculated data are graphically presented sets of three figures for the selected materials as follows: Impact pressure as a function of impact velocity, impact pressure as a function of particle velocity, impact pressure as a function of shock velocity. Given the projectile impact velocity and material Hugoniot information, this graphical representation of the data allows for a fast approximation of the impact pressure particle velocity, and shock velocity in the target material. 9 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.

Operational procedures for the Space Systems Department and Space Sensors Department are described. Departmental policies and procedures from design of systems for space applications through qualification for spaceflight are summarized. 1 fig.

This document contains a report of the work performed in the Solar Industrial Process Heat Project during the period FY 1984 to FY 1986. The work involved seventeen experiments funded by the Department of Energy. The report contains a description of each of the active experiments and a discussion of their system performance, operation, and maintenance experience during the last three years of the project. Emphasis is placed on energy production and on economic considerations. It also contains a brief statement of the status of the solar equipment for systems no longer in operation. The project was sponsored by the Systems Test and Evaluation Branch of the Division of Solar Thermal Technology, Department of Energy. 24 refs., 35 figs., 24 tabs.

A preliminary investigation of shock compression and release properties has been performed on four ceramics: silicon carbide, titanium diboride, boron carbide and zirconium dioxide. Eight planar impact experiments using thin discs of similar ceramic as impactor and target have been completed. The particle velocity history at the interface between the back of the target ceramic and a lithium fluoride window material was acquired with a laser velocity interferometer (VISAR). These wave profiles indicate that each of these materials responds in a unique way to shock loading. Peak impact stresses in these experiments range between 20 and 50 GPa, leading to pronounced permanent deformation behavior of these materials. Dynamic compression and release stress-strain behavior of the ceramics, formulated with numerical iteration methods, is compared with compressive strength properties determined from the experimental data. The current experiments provide data for these ceramic materials which can be used to evaluate computational material models in wave propagation codes. 23 refs., 25 figs., 4 tabs.

This report describes the development, fabrication, and testing of a high-g piezoelectric accelerometer that uses PVF/sub 2/ as the piezoelectric transducer. The accelerometer is designed to continuously measure accelerations up to 1000,000 g. The device is packages in a 3/8'' hex head bolt and can include a built-in hybrid buffer to provide a low-output impedance analog signal. Included in this report are fabrication procedures, mechanical drawings, and software listings for test data analysis programs. 30 refs., 21 figs.

This paper discusses the following topics: semicustom integrated circuits; radiation effects and hardness; circuit design considerations; the design cycle; fault analysis and design for test; and circuit layout.

The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) cavern fluid velocity model for natural convection uses the Modified Local Similarity (MLS) method to analyze the boundary layer behavior. In order to use the MLS approach, boundary layer velocity and temperature profiles are calculated in terms of local similarity variables based on the natural convection equations. Modifications were made to the local similarity equations enabling consideration of turbulent flow and mixed convection conditions. The details of these changes are addressed in this report. 80 refs., 43 figs., 3 tabs.

Flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) studies have been conducted in a 19.4-cm high, 14.5-cm wide, and 2. 242-m long channel (MINIFLAME) that is a 1:12.6 scale model of the 136-m{sup 3} FLAME facility. Tests were conducted with two levels of hydrogen concentration -- 20% and 30%, with and without obstacles in the channel, and with three levels of transverse top venting -- 0%, 13%, and 50%. The flame acceleration results in MINIFLAME are qualitatively similar to those in FLAME; however, the small-scale results are more benign quantitatively. The results show that insufficient venting, 13% venting in this case, can promote flame acceleration due to turbulence produced by the flow through the vents in smooth channels. However, with obstacle-generated turbulence in the channel, 13% top venting was found to be beneficial. Flame acceleration resulting in DDT was shown to occur in as little as 35 liters of mixture. Comparison of the DDT data with obstacles in MINIFLAME and FLAME supports d/{lambda} scaling of DDT, where {lambda} is the detonation cell width of the mixture and d is the characteristic open diameter of the channel. In the MINIFLAME and FLAME tests, DDT occurred for d/{lambda} greater than approximately three. Comparison with other experiments shows that the value of d/{lambda} for DDT is not constant but depends on the obstacle type, spacing, and channel geometry. The comparison of MINIFLAME and FLAME experiments extends the use of d/{lambda} scaling to different geometries and larger scales than previous studies. Small-scale-model testing of flame acceleration and DDT with the same combustible mixture as the full-scale prototype underpredicts flame speeds, overpressures, and the possibility of DDT. 18 refs., 16 figs.

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is a joint design and R D project involving the USA, the Soviet Union, Japan and the European Community. These international partners are working together on the design of a fusion tokamak reactor that will operate in the D-T ignition regime. This report compiles the contributions to ITER made by Sandia National Laboratories in the area of design and R D for plasma facing components, such as the first wall and divertor. The following topics are discussed: divertor fabrication issues, divertor thermal-hydraulic analysis, separatrix sweeping effects, divertor tile 2-D stress analysis, electromechanical disruption effects, runaway electron and intense energy deposition analyses, lifetime analysis and tritium retention in plasma facing materials. Material properties for pyrolytic graphite and beryllium are presented. Use of pyrolytic graphite as the plasma facing material allows for operation with thicker graphite armor at the design heat flux level of 10 MW/m/sup 2/. The design of a divertor coated with plasma sprayed beryllium is presented as an attractive alternative to pyrolytic graphite armor tiles. Finally, the Sandia research and development plan for ITER is discussed. 82 figs.

Recent technological advances in the field of electronics have made video imaging a viable substitute for the traditional Polaroid/trademark/ picture used to create photo ID credentials. New families of hardware and software products, when integrated into a system, provide an exciting and powerful toll which can be used simply to make badges or enhance an access control system. This report is designed to make the reader aware of who is currently in this business and compare their capabilities.

This document describes twelve different kinds of charts which have been designed to help manage the performance of the Engineering Information Management (EIM) computer systems at Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque. Operational data generated by the two major software systems, Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) and Integrated Database Management System (IDMS), are summarized to visually portray actual service levels and meaningful system performance characteristics. To demonstrate the potential utility of the resulting performance reports, summarized data in illustrative charts are evaluated from a managerial point of view. The resulting graphs can stimulate relevant analyses for modeling the impact of forecasted workloads on system service level objectives and identifying problems or trends that need the attention of system tuners. 15 figs.

An overview of the DOE nuclear weapons research, development, and testing program is given along with a description of the program objectives and the roles and responsibilities of the various involved organizations. The relationship between the DoD and DOE is described and the division of responsibilities for weapon development as well as the coordinated planning and acquisition activities are reviewed. Execution of the RD T program at the nuclear weapons laboratories is outlined. 24 refs., 3 figs.

This report describes an integrated network management tool designed to minimize the time and effort required to diagnose and resolve data communications problems at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque. A workstation is utilized to consolidate several functions necessary for diagnosing these problems, thus reducing the amount of hardware required for troubleshooting. Functions include managing data PBX and PACX switches, accessing circuit database information on a VAX, and monitoring alarms. In addition to consolidating functions, enhanced capability is provided for simplifying the complex procedure of troubleshooting data PBX problems. The first two sections of this report give an introduction and overview of the network management applications and the last section provides details of operation. 17 figs.

This report covers the initial characterization of two new dc magnetron sputtering systems which were acquired for the purpose of modernizing our capability for the deposition of tantalum nitride, titanium, and palladium thin films for HMC applications. These systems were purchased to replace two old metallization systems which had been used in this application for more than a decade. Parametric studies were carried out to characterize the systems. Operating conditions were established for the deposition of tantalum nitride films in one system and for the deposition of Ti/Pd films in the other system. These conditions were shown to produce films with properties equal to or better than were being achieved with the equipment being replaced. In addition, the new equipment was found to be simpler and easier to operate than the old systems. The data obtained during the course of this characterization study are presented. 15 refs., 44 figs., 8 tabs.

Preliminary atomic Xe laser results are presented for e-beam excitation at pump rates between 40 W/cm/sup 3/ and 1 kW/cm/sup 3/ and for pump times between 50 /mu/s and 1 ms. 44 refs., 15 figs., 2 tabs.

A computer code for calculating hydraulic fracture height and width in a stressed-layer medium has been modified for easy use on a personal computer. HSTRESS allows for up to 51 layers having different thicknesses, stresses and fracture toughnesses. The code can calculate fracture height versus pressure or pressure versus fracture height, depending on the design model in which the data will be used. At any pressure/height, a width profile is calculated and an equivalent width factor and flow resistance factor are determined. This program is written in FORTRAN. Graphics use PLOT88 software by Plotworks, Inc., but the graphics software must be obtained by the user because of licensing restrictions. A version without graphics can also be run. This code is available through the National Energy Software Center (NESC), operated by Argonne National Laboratory. 14 refs., 21 figs.

With the advent of automated photographic badge making systems and automated access control systems, the need for new badge making strategies has become evident. In order to determine the suitability of the polyester/polyethylene badge packet for application to both the currently widely used Polaroid (TM) photographic process and the emerging automated photographic badge making process, Sandia National Laboratories procured samples of this type of badge packet from four different suppliers and evaluated them. The evaluation packet was designed to accommodate either process as well as an automated access control system (in this case, a system based on magnetic stripe technology). The evaluation consisted of environmental, mechanical, chemical and magnetic tests to determine reliability and durability. These tests included a flex test at /minus/20/degree/F, 76/degree/F and 125/degree/F; a washing machine test; a magnetic stripe wear test; an outdoor test; and a high magnetic field exposure test. These tests were designed to simulate conditions the badge might encounter during normal use. 5 tabs.

This report contains guidelines for SNLA contractors who must prepare contractor safety plans in compliance with Sandia's requirements.

Prototype systems have been established which prove the concept and utility of supporting distributed access to shared Product Test Data from Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and General Electric Neutron Devices (GEND) using existing network communications facilities. It is essential, however, that adequate control (audit and isolation) be present as intrinsic characteristics of this connectivity in the production environment. A plan has emerged to put into place a configuration which provides required network functionality, yet preserves the necessary control. This configuration supports further development of a Product Data Network containing a Distributed Data System. We anticipate a complete ''black hat'' assessment of the final plan and configuration which results from these efforts. 3 figs.

Sandia conducts impact testing for a variety of structures. In this slapdown test, one end of the cask impacts the hard concrete target, then the structure rotates so that the other end of the cask impacts the target. During an impact test, metal to metal contact may occur within the structure and produce high frequency, high amplitude shock inputs. The high frequency portion of this transient vibration has been observed to excite the accelerometer resonance even though this resonance exceeds 350 kHz. The amplitude of the resonating accelerometer response can be so large that the data are clipped and are rendered useless. If the data are not clipped, a digital filter must be applied to eliminate the undesired accelerometer resonant response. If possible, it is more desirable to prevent excitation of the accelerometer resonance, This may be accomplished by mechanically isolating the accelerometer from the high frequency excitation without degrading the transducer response in the bandwidth of interest which is usually 10 kHz or less. To achieve this desirable isolation, two mounting configurations were designed and characterized. The objective of this paper is to describe the evaluation technique and to discuss the shock isolation properties of each mounting configuration. One configuration was actually used in a field test of bomb impacting a target. 4 figs.

A number of problems have been experienced by Sandia secretaries and others in the preparation of equations. This report is a self- paced/''how-to'' manual designed to provide detailed explanations on the preparation of equations using Mass-11 and the typewriter and is suitable for either classroom training or on-the-job use.

A computer controlled servo-hydraulic mechanical test system has been configured to conduct automated fatigue crack growth testing. This provides two major benefits: it allows continuous cycling of specimens without operator attention over evenings and weekends; and complex load histories, including random loading and spectrum loading, can be applied to the specimens to simulate cyclic loading of engineering structures. The software is written in MTS Multi-User Basic to control test machine output and acquire data at predetermined intervals. Compact tension specimens are cycled according to ASTM specification E647-86. Fatigue crack growth is measured via specimen compliance during the test using a compliance/crack length calibration determined earlier by visual crack length measurements. This setup was used to measure crack growth rates in 6063 aluminum alloy for a variety of cyclic loadings, including spectrum loads. Data collected compared well with tests run manually. 13 figs.

A liquid-metal pool-boiler solar receiver has been proposed to link a paraboloidal-dish concentrator to a Stirling heat engine operating in the temperature range 700--800/degree/C. Preliminary to the construction of a full-scale receiver of this type, a bench-scale version using liquid sodium was designed, built and tested. Conclusions drawn from the test included: (1) boiling instability will occur in the full-scale receiver unless special measures are taken, (2) boiling was stabilized in the bench-scale receiver after the addition of ''artificial cavities'', but other stabilizing influences may also have been present, (3) ''hot restarts'' can under some circumstances lead to unacceptably-high incipient-boiling superheats, (4) no thermal-fatigue damage was evident after 100 hours of boiling interspersed with 24 cooldown periods, (5) 0.01-inch-diameter sheathed thermocouples used to provide an estimate of heated-wall temperature survived over 100 hours at 830/degree/C, and (6) other instrumentation and control techniques that were tested were shown to be appropriate for future full-scale receiver tests. 27 refs., 24 figs., 4 tabs.

A program has been written that allows us to predict the trace-to- trace cross-coupling on printed circuit boards for many geometries of practical interest. It combines multiconductor transmission line analysis with circuit analysis in the time domain. Multiple sections of uniform lines, of varying number and characteristics, can be interconnected by passive circuit elements. These circuit elements may represent physical components or the effects of discontinuities in the lines. These predictions were compared with measurements for simple geometries, with good agreement in both waveshape and amplitude. The major discrepancies were in the amplitudes of fast rising spikes and are probably due to the fact that the predictions did not account for the increasing attenuation at high frequencies. 10 refs., 12 figs.

This report presents preliminary analyses of the Nunnally mass launcher. The Nunnally launcher is much like ones described in US Patents 1,370,200; 1,421,435; and 1,422,427 which were issued to A.L.O. Fauchon-Villeplee in the period 1917--1922. A discussion of why a high conductivity projectile impulsively accelerated in a uniform transverse B-field does not experience a drag force, even for very large magnetic Reynolds numbers (R/sub m/ = 10/sup 2/ /minus/ 10/sup 4/) is also presented. 1 ref., 7 figs.

The thermomechanical fatigue behavior of solder joints is a critical reliability issue in electronic packaging. A need exists for a thorough metallurgical understanding of solder joints in conditions of thermal fatigue. This paper presents a method to test solder joints under conditions of thermomechanical fatigue. This method involves simultaneous imposition of temperature and strain cycles on discrete solder joints in a shear orientation. The stress, microstructure, and number of cycles to failure are monitored. Cycles to failure are determined by a continuous electrical resistance detection method. 60Sn-40Pb and 40Sn-40In-20Pb solder joints were tested using this new method at 20% shear strain. 4 refs., 7 figs.

This report provides an introduction to the capabilities of a new experimental test system recently acquired by Department 1830 and installed into the Organization 1000 bay of the microelectronics Development Laboratory, Building 858. This device - the Nano..delta..Indenter/Trademark/ - is a state of the art ultra-low load indentation hardness tester. It is a computer-controlled load and depth sensing instrument with depth resolution of 0.2 nm and load resolution of 0.3 ..mu..N. Initial testing has now been performed using this machine, verifying that it will be a unique addition to our existing mechanical test capabilities. 3 refs., 8 figs.

From the beginning of the geothermal development program, Sandia has performed and supported research into polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits. These bits are attractive because they are intrinsically efficient in their cutting action (shearing, rather than crushing) and they have no moving parts (eliminating the problems of high-temperature lubricants, bearings, and seals.) This report is a summary description of the analytical and experimental work done by Sandia and our contractors. It describes analysis and laboratory tests of individual cutters and complete bits, as well as full-scale field tests of prototype and commercial bits. The report includes a bibliography of documents giving more detailed information on these topics. 26 refs.

Analyses of the final state of collapse of various types of contact-handled waste drums are required to assess of the performance of the waste storage areas in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. To provide data for calculations, tests must use simulated, instead of actual waste. Data on the contents of the principal categories of contact-handled transuranic waste from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory were used to define standard compositions of simulated waste. Categories of baseline waste will be created by mixing appropriate amounts of the simulants together. Selection of materials is discussed. Methods for estimating the consolidation characteristics of simulated waste are also described. Theoretical solid densities, theoretical solid compressibilities, and initial void volumes of various waste components are estimated, and a method for estimating consolidation curves in the absence of experimental data is described. 9 refs., 14 figs., 11 tabs.

The research and development described in this document were conducted within the US Department of Energy's Solar Thermal Technology Program. The goal of the Solar Thermal Technology Program is to advance the engineering and scientific understanding of solar thermal technology and to establish the technology base from which private industry can develop solar thermal power production options for introduction into the competitive energy market. This bibliography cites, with a few additions, all the documents that were published by, or sponsored by, Sandia National Laboratories in support of the Department of Energy's Solar Thermal Technology Program and its Distributed Receiver Project. The timing of this updated bibliography is important because it marks the end of an era in which distributed receiver and central receiver research and development were pursued separately. At the beginning of fiscal year 1989, the Department of Energy initiated a restructured solar thermal research and development strategy. The new program is mission oriented, with core technology development activities supporting the missions. For instance, the advanced electric technology mission has an objective to organize industry, user, and government consortia that will field competitive next-generation solar thermal electric system experiments within five years--regardless of whether the systems are distributed or central receivers; and the concentrator development core activity will develop optical materials and concentrators regardless of application.

This document serves as the proceedings for the annual project review meeting held by Sandia's Photovoltaic Cell Research Division and Photovoltaic Technology Division. It contains information supplied by each organization making a presentation at the meeting, which was held 11-13 July 1989 at the Marriott Hotel in Albuquerque, NM. Information supplied by other Sandia contractor and single-page data sheets generated by the cognizant Sandia Technical Liasion for each contract are also included. Sessions were held to discuss national and international photovoltaic programs, one-sun crystalline silicon cell research, concentrator silicon cell research, concentrator III-V cell research, and concentrating collector development.

The Center for Compound Semiconductor Technology (CCST) was formed within the Solid-State Sciences Directorate at Sandia National Laboratories in 1988, as the culmination of a long-term thrust into compound semiconductor research and technology that began about ten years ago. At that time, it was realized that electronic and optoelectronic devices based on compound semiconductors would be necessary for photonic applications, and that they could provide greater radiation hardness, higher speed, and higher operating temperatures than comparable silicon devices and circuits. It was also realized that a successful program would require the development and integration of materials growth and processing capability, solid-state physics research, and device engineering. The program at Sandia grew steadily from the purchase of the first Molecular beam Epitaxy (MBE) system in 1981, and the discovery of strained-layer superlattices in 1982, to the completion of the Compound Semiconductor Research Laboratory in 1989. To more formally organize this effort, Sandia established the CCST in 1988, aided by $10M of funding from DARPA. The CCST comprises most of the compound semiconductor research and development activities in the Solid-State Sciences Directorate. Ongoing programs are funded by the DOE Office of Military Applications, DOE Basic Energy Sciences, DOE Conservation and Renewable Energy, and the Department of Defense. 15 figs.

Sealing a nuclear waste repository in partially saturated tuff presents unique challenges to assuring performance of sealing components. Design and performance of components for sealing shafts, ramps, drifts, and exploratory boreholes depend on specific features of both the repository design and the site; of particular importance is the hydrologic environment in the unsaturated zone, including the role of fracture flow. Repository design features important to sealing of a repository include the size and location of shaft and ramp accesses, excavation methods, and the underground layout features such as grade (drainage direction) and location relative to geologic structure. Uncertainties about seal components relate to the postclosure environment for the seals, the emplacement methods, the material properties, and the potential performance of the components. An approach has been developed to reduce uncertainties and to increase confidence in seal performance; it includes gathering extensive site characterization data, establishing conservative design requirements, testing seal components in laboratory and field environments, and refining designs of both the seals and the repository before seals are installed. 9 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

Sandia National Laboratories: The Postwar Decade is organized into two major sections: Part 1: Heritage'' and Part 2: Nuclear Ordnance Engineer for the Nation.'' Within this general structure, the narrative connects a series of subjects, beginning with a Prologue that surveys the national and international events leading to development of the atomic bomb and establishment of the national laboratory complex under the Manhattan Engineer District.

Recent experiments on Lawrence Livermore's ATA indicate that there may be problems with the IFR (Ion Focused Regime) transport of the relativistic electron beam (REB) through the ATA accelerator. For beam currents greater than about 7-kA, the beam is observed to be inverse-tailored with the beam radius increasing from beam head to tail. This inverse-tailoring is considered unfavorable for endo- atmospheric beam propagation. An unusual feature of ATA's laser- produced IFR channel is that it has a rectangular cross-section. One possible explanation for the lack of good beam transport may be ion motion in the IFR channel which disrupts the tail of the beam. In this report an ATA-like electron beam, propagating on a laser-ionized rectangular IFR channel is simulated using the 3-D magnetostatic code BUCKSHOT. The simulations demonstrate that non-axisymmetric ion motion, similar to the ion hose instability, can produce an inverse- tailored electron beam similar to those found in the experiment. The simulation results should be relevant to upcoming TROLL experiments with a laser-ionized IFR channel, with several beam parameters similar to ATA's. 1 ref., 22 figs.

In late 1985, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) requested the US Program for Technical Assistance to IAEA Safeguards (POTAS) to provide a study which examined sealing concepts for application to spent fuel shipping casks. This request was approved, and assigned to Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia). In the course of this study, discussions were held with personnel in the International Safeguards Community who were familiar with the shipping casks used in their States. A number of shipping casks were examined, and discussions were held with two shipping cask manufacturers in the US. As a result of these efforts, it was concluded that the shipping casks provided an extremely good containment, and that many of the existing casks can be effectively sealed by applying the seal to the cask closure bolts/nuts.

A design for a photodetector quantum efficiency measurement test system is presented. The system hardware and control software are explained and the measurement theory is given. A brief discussion of the operation of the prototype is given. Finally, the article concludes with an example of a quantum efficiency measurement of a sample and a discussion of the errors involved in the measurement. 9 refs., 7 figs.

The Magma Energy Program of the US Department of Energy, Geothermal Technology Division, is planning to begin drilling a deep (6 km) exploration well in Long Valley Caldera, California, in September 1988. The location of the well is in the central part of the caldera, coincident with a large number of shallow (5-7 km) geophysical anomalies identified through many independent investigations. Results from the hole will permit the following: direct investigation of the geophysical anomalies interpreted to be magma; investigation of the patterns and conditions of deep fluid circulation and heat transport below the caldera floor; determination of the amount of collapse and subsequent resurgence of the central portion of Long Valley caldera; and determination of the intrusion history of the central plutonic complex beneath the caldera, and establishment of the relationship of intrusive to eruptive events. The hole will thus provide a stringent test of the hypothesis that magma is still present within the central plutonic complex. If the interpretation of geophysical anomalies is confirmed, the hole will provide the first observations of the environment near a large silicic magma chamber. 80 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.

A computer code for analyzing four-gage Anelastic Strain Recovery (ASR) data has been modified for use on a personal computer. This code fits the viscoelastic model of Warpinski and Teufel to measured ASR data, calculates the stress orientation directly, and computes stress magnitudes if sufficient input data are available. The code also calculates the stress orientation using strain-rosette equations, and its calculates stress magnitudes using Blanton's approach, assuming sufficient input data are available. The program is written in FORTRAN, compiled with Ryan-McFarland Version 2.4. Graphics use PLOT88 software by Plotworks, Inc., but the graphics software must be obtained by the user because of licensing restrictions. A version without graphics can also be run. This code is available through the National Energy Software Center (NESC), operated by Argonne National Laboratory. 5 refs., 3 figs.

The Sandia downhole seismic source produces vertically polarized shear waves of variable frequency. While the source has been successfully tested in the field, the practicality of the source for reservoir characterization has not been established. The principal question is whether sufficient power can be supplied to the source through practical means so that sufficient energy output can be maintained. Here we investigate the feasibility of several schemes to provide power to the Sandia downhole seismic source. 4 refs., 5 figs., 5 tabs.

Traditionally, pyrolysis combined with infrared, IR, detection of the decomposition products for the analysis of small (<1 mg) samples has been limited due to the size and geometry of commercially available pyrolysis chambers. To reduce the sample size requirements for pyrolysis-IR a system has been designed and built that allows various microgram sized polymer samples to be examined. The design incorporates a commercial pyrolysis system with a small chamber built from readily available parts. Minimal modifications of these components are required to build the system. The micropyrolyzer has been used to successfully identify various filled epoxy samples, such as three Epon 828 samples: 0.46 mg of alumina filled; 0.15 mg of mica filled; and 0.28 mg of glass microballoon, GMB, filled. 7 refs., 6 figs.

The fracture toughness of several ductile cast iron (DCI) alloys has been calculated according to two versions of the ASTM Standard covering the determination of J/sub Ic/. The original version (ASTM E 813-81) had previously been used to establish the relationship between ferritic DCI alloys and the graphite nodule spacing. The J/sub Ic/ values were recalculated by the methods of the revised version of the ASTM Standard (ASME 813-87), and were found to be 5 to 8% higher than those determined by the original standard. A linear regression analysis was used to reaffirm that the fracture toughness is directly related to the graphite nodule size or spacing. 6 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs.

The lightning literature extant through the end of 1988 has been reviewed and used to develop an updated generic, or baseline, direct-strike lightning environment for nuclear weapon Stockpile-to-Target Sequence documents. The supporting rationale for recommended changes is given, along with a discussion of the interpretation of the environment for weapon nuclear safety assessment. 13 refs., 2 tabs.

An initial feasibility study has been completed on the ultrasonic welding of Tophet C (Ni-24 Fe-16 Cr) bridgewire to Hastelloy C-276 (Ni-16 Cr-15 Mo-4 W) pin material. A key feature of this work is that it employed a hybrid microcircuitry ultrasonic wire bonder. Much greater productivity can be expected from this process compared with traditional bridgewire welding methods. Three different ultrasonic tool designs were investigated. After selection of the best design, pull test data were acquired for both the 1st and 2nd weld locations in both heel and toe directions. Values up to 94% of the bridgewire tensile strength were obtained. With the equipment used both raised and flat bridgewire configurations are possible. While much work is still necessary to prove in the process for production applications, the work completed to date indicates the ultrasonic welding process merits further investigation. 6 figs.

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque is located south of Albuquerque on Kirtland Air Force Base. Because radionuclides are potentially released in small quantities from its research activities, SNL, Albuquerque has a continuing environmental monitoring program which analyzes for cesium-137, tritium, uranium, alpha emitters, and beta emitters in water, soil, air, and vegetation. A total of 5.23 curies of argon-41 were released as a result of SNL, Albuquerque operations in 1988. The albuquerque population received an estimated 0.04 person-rem from airborne radioactive releases, whereas it received greater than 44,500 person-rem from naturally occurring radionuclides. A nonradioactive effluent monitoring program at SNL, Albuquerque includes groundwater, stormwater and sewage monitoring. Results indicate that the groundwater has not been impacted by the chemical waste landfill. Preliminary testing of stormwater showed that no pollutants were above minimum detectable levels. A program to investigate potential remedial action sites has been started. 47 refs., 12 figs., 19 tabs.

The Tonopah Test Range is located about 140 air miles north of Las Vegas, Nevada, and covers 624 square miles within the Nellis Air Force base Bombing and Gunnery Range. The range is used for various USDOE and USDOD program tests that are critical to national defense. Activities that affect the environment are mainly road construction, preparation of instrumentation sites, and disturbance of the terrain from weapons testing. Monitoring of the test range is done routinely by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to supplement Sandia's monitoring effort associated with Sandia test activities. EPA monitoring results for 1988 indicate that test range operations do not adversely affect the off-site environment or the public. 14 refs., 2 figs., 11 tabs.

During the period October 1988 through December 1988, a search was made for very high energy gamma rays from the direction of the Crab nebula using the atmospheric Cerenkov technique. The detector consisted of seven-fold arrays of photomultiplier tubes at the focii of two 11-meter diameter solar concentrators situated in Albuquerque, New Mexico. A DC signal was detected from the Crab nebula with a statistical significance of 5.8 sigma after the application of various cuts designed to suppress the background of hadronic showers. A search for a pulsed component failed to identify a significant signal in phase with the radio pulse from the Crab pulsar. These results with a threshold energy of 200 GeV are in substantial agreement with high energy results recently reported by the Mt. Hopkins group. 16 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.

The IAEA is increasingly confronted with decisions on how to use operator designed monitoring systems. A major question in the use of such systems focuses on how they may be authenticated. This report identifies four major areas of concern for authentication of an operator designed system. Generic methods to address these areas of concern are presented. Suggestions are also given on design features an operator can incorporate when designing a system which will aid in the application of authentication techniques.

A two-dimensional model of melt progression, oxidation and natural convection in reactor core debris beds has been developed. Three fields are considered in the model: vapor, melt and solid. Conservation equations are solved for the species of interest in each field. Momentum equations that are based on Darcy's law are solved for the vapor and the melt and a simplified model is used to calculate the motion of the solid as it settles downward. An energy equation is included that accounts for melting/freezing, convection, conduction, oxidation and decay heating. Key results from a sensitivity study include: (1) gas velocities increase rapidly at the onset of oxidation and subsequently decrease when the bed becomes steam-starved; (2) natural convection flows are sensitive to radial variations in the decay heat; (3) raising the pressure in the bed and the upper plenum increases the amount of steam that is available for oxidation and leads to much higher temperatures and gas velocities; (4) reducing the average particle diameter decreases the permeability and significantly lowers gas velocities; and (5) solutions are sensitive to conditions in the upper plenum and consequently, melt progression models discussed here must be coupled to a mechanistic code, such as MELPROG or SCDAP, in order to analyze specific accident sequences. 33 refs., 20 figs.

One critical issue to be addressed in the compact recirculating linac program concerns optimal beam injection into a racetrack-shaped accelerator. There are at least three candidates, axial beam injection, tangential beam injection, and laser-channel-assisted beam injection. In this report these three approaches are examined using computer simulation techniques. 3 refs., 27 figs., 2 tabs.

This report summarizes the current understanding of the expected long-term behavior of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) repository and estimates long-term radionuclide doses in a series of six analyses investigating both undisturbed repository (Case I) and performance in response to a relatively high-consequence human intrusion (Case II). It is the result of an intensive effort over a short time. The US Department of Energy (DOE) decided to have Sandia National Laboratories prepare this report as a result of a meeting held January 5, 1989. The conceptual model of the expected long-term behavior of the WIPP repository used in this report was formulated in early to mid January 1989, drawing and understanding developed over the past decade. Numerical modeling of ground-water flow, radionuclide transport, and doses to humans began January 20, 1989 and was completed March 20, 1989. 332 refs., 98 figs., 69 tabs.

The particle code MAGIC and the trajectory code TRAJ were used to model diodes, gaps, and conditioning cells for several of Sandia's linear electron accelerators. In this report we summarize the main results obtained and discuss their significance. 29 refs., 50 figs., 10 tabs.

The US Department of Energy is planning to dispose of transuranic wastes at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) near Carlsbad, New Mexico. Sandia National Laboratories is responsible for evaluating the compliance of the WIPP with the Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Standards for the Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Radioactive Wastes (40 CFR 191, Subpart B). This plan has been developed to present the issues that will be addressed before compliance can be evaluated. These issues examine the procedural nature of the Standard, and the technical requirements for further characterizing the behavior of the disposal system, including uncertainties, to support the compliance assessment. The plan briefly describes the activities that will be conducted prior to 1993 by Sandia to characterize the WIPP disposal system's behavior and predict its performance. 41 refs., 35 figs., 21 tabs.

Computer simulations, using the hydrocode HULL, were performed to analyze a method to discard the sabot and the effectiveness of several designs in reducing the kinetic energy of pusher plates for Davis Gun systems. This study assumed an axisymmetric impact of the pusher plate on one metal and multi-metal annual plates. Based on these simulations, a four petal sabot that is mechanically attached to the penetrator and an aluminum-steel composite target plate are recommended. 12 refs., 27 figs.

Over 4100 ft (1100 ft oriented) of Mesaverde core was taken during the drilling of the three Multiwell Experiment (MWX) wells, for study in a comprehensive core analysis program. This core traversed five separate depositional environments (shoreline/marine, coastal, paludal, fluvial, and paralic), and almost every major sand in the Mesaverde at the site was sampled. This paper summarizes MWX core analysis and describes the petrophysical properties at the MWX site; reservoir parameters, including permeabilities of naturally fractured core; and mechanical rock properties including stress-related measurements. Some correlations are made between reservoir properties and mineralogy/petrology data. Comparisons are made between the properties of lenticular and blanket sandstone morphologies existing at the site. This paper provides an overview of a complete core analysis in a low-permeability sandstone reservoir. 66 refs., 17 figs. , 9 tabs.

A very simple algorithm is presented that allows particles to be loaded or initialized in a particle simulation code. The algorithm can load particle positions or velocities according to any well- behaved density or distribution function. Sample codes are given in 1, 2, and 3 dimensions. The technique is highly efficient. 2 refs., 9 figs., 3 tabs.

Experiments were run using a PC-100 ion mobility spectrometer and TNT explosive vapor source to evaluate the adsorb-desorb characteristics of select 6.2 mm O.D. by 4.0 mm I.D. by 76.2 mm long glass preconcentrator tubes. This study was done to aid in the continuing search for an efficient preconcentrating device to be used with explosive vapor detecting instruments. These tubes were tested at various sampling rates ranging from 60 to 510 ml/min and the samples were thermally desorbed to provide the maximum output signal. Data showed the tubes with the greatest internal surface area for the explosive molecules to stick to produced the best desorption results, namely the glass wool packed tubes. Correlation between tube type and sampling flows with respect to maximum output signal proved to be significant, along with the individual tube desorption profiles. 23 figs.

Hermes III is a 20-megavolt, 15-terawatt, pulsed accelerator which is available for gamma-ray testing. The purpose of this guide is to serve as a basic source of information for prospective users of Hermes III. Included is a brief discussion of the design and operation of the accelerator and a summary of gamma-ray environmental data. The guide also contains a description of experimental support facilities, data acquisition and analysis systems and general information for users. 6 refs., 16 figs.

Characterizing the explosive dispersal of inert solid particles is of interest in a number of applications. A mixture theory approach is used to calculate the radial motion of the gas-solid mixture as it expands into an infinite atmosphere. Two initial gas-solid configurations are considered. In the first, a core of high pressure gas initially at rest is surrounded by a porous shell of the solid. The other configuration considered is a uniform mixture of solid and gas throughout the sphere. An adaptive finite element method is used to solve the set of partial differential equations for mass, momentum and energy conservation in each phase as well as the compaction equation for the time evolution of solid volume fraction. An adaptive grid scheme is used to refine the mesh to limit discretization errors. This places a fine mesh near the porosity and pressure fronts and greatly reduces the spatial resolution in areas of relatively constant pressure and volume fraction. The dispersal of the solid for the two initial configurations shows quite different behavior. For the gas core and porous shell, the solids are initially compacted to a maximum density of /approximately/80--90% in a very thin region before rapidly dispersing to a broad concentration distribution. For the homogeneous gas-solid sphere, however, there is only a slight compaction region at the leading edge of the expanding gas, and the concentration of solid decays rapidly. 25 refs., 32 figs., 5 tabs.

The purpose of this report is to provide some basic information to beginning users of Department 9140's Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) workstations. These workstations are all Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) color VAXstations, and they use the VAX/VMS operating system. This manual shows users how to boot the workstations, login, use the window interface, and use some basic VMS commands. It also discusses some of the CAE software available on the workstations, such as ANVIL-5000. References are given so users can get additional information. 25 refs., 27 figs.

The difficulty of detecting, locating and identifying low-magnitude seismic events has been an ongoing problem. In this note, we describe processing methods that help us to find low-magnitude seismic events. A series of algorithms with beamforming has been developed and has proven effective in helping to discover very low yield events. The beamforming technique consists of determining the array element time delays for the specific source region using previously established events. This allows us to concentrate the array to look at the specified source location. Examples of this type of analysis are provided. In the analysis of seismic data one may be in possession of other information, e.g., newspaper reports of an earthquake. Using this information to concentrate the search for an event will often identify an otherwise overlooked signal. The algorithms for this type of search are incorporated into computer software that includes capabilities for plotting, spectral and signal-to-noise estimation, direction finding, and other functions. 2 refs., 25 figs.

The LeCroy 6880 uses 32 interleaved linear CCD arrays to digitize data up to 250 MHz. Each CCD array has different offset, droop, and gain characteristics. To obtain usable data once the outputs from the CCDs are interleaved, the raw data must be ''corrected'' to account for these different characteristics. This report describes the DC corrections used on raw data to compensate for the differences in CCD characteristics. 5 refs., 12 figs.

An electron moving in the magnetic field generated by a current-carrying rod will drift in the direction defined by the rod. The motion can be characterized by two dimensionless parameters,/var epsilon/ = 2eI/mc/sup 3/..gamma beta.. and xi = (v/sub /phi///v)exp(v/sub z///var epsilon/v). The drift velocity can be computed by numerical integration for arbitrary values of /var epsilon/ and xi. Analytic solutions are derived for the limiting cases xi = 0 and /vert bar/xi/vert bar/ = xi/sub MAX/. Series solutions are derived that are accurate in the limit /vert bar/xi//var epsilon//vert bar/ << 1. A simple algorithm is developed that has an error of less than +- 0.08% for /var epsilon/ greater than or equal to 2. 14 refs., 18 figs.

A new program, ELLIPSE, for the analysis of ellipsometric data is described. The program is interactive and includes on-line help, performs explicit error analysis for single-angle-of-incidence measurements, allows the input of four-zone null data, and performs least-squares analysis of multiple-angle-of-incidence data. Solutions for the transparent-film-on-substrate model are obtained using decoupled equations for film thickness and index. No initial guess is required for thickness, and the algorithm is insensitive to the initial guess for film index. This document combines the user's manual and program description for ELLIPSE, and includes several examples of its use. 11 refs.

One of the factors considered in the design of critical concrete structures is the estimation of the global elasto-plastic structural response caused by the accidental impact of an aircraft. To estimate the response of the structure, the impact force (the force versus time relationship) must be known. Previous analytical studies have derived the forcing function using the impact velocity of the aircraft and the calculated mass and strength distribution of the aircraft. This paper describes a test conducted on April 19, 1988, at an existing rocket sled facility at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, in which an actual F-4 Phantom aircraft was impacted at a nominal velocity of 215 m/s into an essentially rigid block of concrete. This was accomplished by supporting the F-4 on four struts that were attached to the sled track by carriage shoes to direct the path of the aircraft. Propulsion was accomplished by two stages of rockets. The concrete target was 'floated' on a set of air bearings. Data acquisition consisted of measurements of the acceleration of the fuselage and engines of the F-4, and measurements of the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the concrete target. High-speed photography recorded the impact process and also permitted the determination of the impact velocity. This paper describes the test plan, method and results, while a companion paper discusses the analyses of the results. 6 refs., 11 figs.

A related function takes place in situations where an intermediate memory device may be used to store the unique signal information. In this case, ''verification patterns'' are communicated back to the source as status of the memory in which the unique signal is stored. If properly used, unique signals and verification patterns can support acceptable abnormal-environment nuclear detonation safety. If improperly used, there is danger of a false sense of complacency. In this report, the potential danger of misunderstanding the implications of abnormal environments is described. Unfortunately, a number of common normal-environment assumptions and analytical techniques are sometimes applied to abnormal environment situations. Several of these are shown to be misleading for assessing unique signal performance in abnormal environments. Misapplied approaches can encourage communication system design features that may seriously degrade nuclear detonation safety. 8 refs., 10 figs.

To analytically model soldering and welding processes it is necessary to track the deformation of a material as it changes from a solid to a liquid and then back again to a solid. Because it is the residual stress state in the solid that is of primary interest, the most suitable tools for studying this class of problems appear to be Lagrangian finite element codes that are typically used in the analysis of solids. It is possible to obtain solutions to hydrostatic fluids problems using a Lagrangian finite element code by allowing the ''fluid'' phase of the material to sustain a deviatoric stress component that is very small in magnitude relative to the hydrostatic pressure that exists in the material. The capability to model surface tension phenomena was added to the finite element code SANCHO. SANCHO is a Lagrangian finite element code that uses a dynamic relaxation scheme to solve nonlinear problems involving quasistatic loading of two-dimensional solids. SANCHO is formulated so that it properly accounts for large deformations. This report details the theory and implementation of the method used to model surface tension. With this new capability, SANCHO can be used to solve surface tension problems that are more complex than the problems that can be treated with other more tradition methods of surface tension analysis. 3 refs., 10 figs.

GEN3D is a three-dimensional mesh generation program. The three- dimensional mesh is generated by mapping a two-dimensional mesh into three dimensions according to one of four types of transformations: translating, rotating, mapping onto a spherical surface, and mapping onto a cylindrical surface. The generated three-dimensional mesh can then be reoriented by offsetting, reflecting about an axis, and revolving about an axis. GEN3D can be used to mesh geometries that are axisymmetric or planar, but, due to three-dimensional loading or boundary conditions, require a three-dimensional finite element mesh and analysis. More importantly, it can be used to mesh complex three-dimensional geometries composed of several sections when the sections can be defined in terms of transformations of two-dimensional geometries. The code GJOIN is then used to join the separate sections into a single body. GEN3D reads and writes two-dimensional and three- dimensional mesh databases in the GENESIS database format; therefore, it is compatible with the preprocessing, postprocessing,and analysis codes used by the Engineering Analysis Department at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM. 19 refs., 7 figs.

This report discusses the application of finite-element methods to the solution of magnetostatic field problems. A brief description is given of the finite-element representation of the magnetostatic field. Two computer codes which solve this problem are described. The code MAGNUM is commercially available and the code ISO is a Sandia in-house product. Both codes are currently available on the Sandia CRAY. Some general remarks are presented on modeling techniques and boundary conditions. A new method for estimating solenoid magnetic forces and dynamic response is described. A suite of codes for generating various electromagnetic devices is briefly discussed. Finally, some numerical results are presented. 6 refs., 10 figs.

Sandia National Laboratories operates the Primary Standards Laboratory (PSL) for the Department of Energy, Albuquerque Operations Office (DOE/AL). This report summarizes metrology activities that received emphasis in the second half of 1988 and provides information pertinent to the operation of the DOE/AL system-wide Standards and Calibration Program. 8 refs.

The FAC-SIM factory simulation environment provides systems analysis capabilities during the natural top-down design process for industrial facilities. Models can be constructed and simulations run for coarse descriptions of facility systems and process operations. Detail can be added incrementally to the models as the design progresses. Simulations run with FAC-SIM can identify critical subsystems and determine the impacts of variations in system design and operations. The graphical and hierarchical representations of both physical objects and operations are the unique features of FAC-SIM that permit ease of top-down simulations. This paper describes the FAC-SIM environment and its use in the ongoing development of the Repository Simulation System, REPSIMS, for the analysis of surface facilities at geological repositories for radioactive waste. 13 refs., 5 figs., 5 tabs.

Nuclear deterrence, a cornerstone of US national security policy, has helped prevent global conflict for over 40 years. The DOE and DoD share responsibility for this vital part of national security. The US will continue to rely on nuclear deterrence for the foreseeable future. In the late 1950s, Sandia developed satellite-borne nuclear burst detection systems to support the treaty banning atmospheric nuclear tests. This activity has continued to expand and diversify. When the Non-Proliferation Treaty was ratified in 1970, we began to develop technologies to protect nuclear materials from falling into unauthorized hands. This program grew and now includes systems for monitoring the movement and storage of nuclear materials, detecting tampering, and transmiting sensitive data securely. In the late 1970s, negotiations to further limit underground nuclear testing were being actively pursued. In less than 18 months, we fielded the National Seismic Station, an unattended observatory for in-country monitoring of nuclear tests. In the mid-l980s, arms-control interest shifted to facility monitoring and on-site inspection. Our Technical On-site Inspection Facility is the national test bed for perimeter and portal monitoring technology and the prototype for the inspection portal that was recently installed in the USSR under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces accord. The articles in the special issue of Sundiu Technology describe some of our current contributions to verification technology. This work supports the US policy to seek realistic arms control agreements while maintaining our national security.

The Department of Energy sponsored a workshop on the use of burnup credit in the criticality design of spent fuel shipping casks on February 21 and 22, 1988. Twenty-five different presentations on many related topics were conducted, including the effects of burnup credit on the design and operation of spent fuel storage pools, casks and modules, and shipping casks; analysis and physics issues related to burnup credit; regulatory issues and criticality safety; economic incentives and risks associated with burnup credit; and methods for verifying spent fuel characteristics. An abbreviated version of the DOE workshop was repeated as a special session at the November 1988 American Nuclear Society Meeting in Washington, DC. Each of the invited speakers prepared detailed papers on his or her respective topic. The individual papers have been cataloged separately.

The goals of our Basic Energy Sciences (BES) Materials Science Program at Sandia are: (1) Perform basic, forefront interdisciplinary research using the capabilities of several organizations. (2) Choose programs broadly complementary to Sandia's weapons laboratory mission, but separably identifiable. (3) Perform research in a setting which enhances technological impact because of Sandia's spectrum of basic research, applied research and development engineering. (4) Use large, capital-intensive research facilities not usually found at universities. The BES Materials Science program at Sandia Albuquerque has the central theme of Scientifically Tailored Materials. The major objective of this program is to combine Sandia's expertise and capabilities in the areas of solid state sciences, advanced atomic-level diagnostics, and materials-processing science to produce new classes of tailorable materials for the US energy industry, the electronics industry and for defense needs. Current research in this program includes ion-implantation-modified materials, physics and chemistry of ceramics, tailored surfaces for materials applications, strained-layer semiconductors, chemical vapor deposition, surface photo kinetics, organic and high-temperature superconductors, advanced growth techniques for improved semiconductor structures and boron-rich very high temperature semiconductors.

The Annual Solar Thermal Technology Research and Development Conference is being held at the Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza in Arlington, Virgina, Marh 8 and 9, 1989. This year the conference is meeting in conjunction with SOLTECH '89. SOLTECH '89 is a jointly sponsored meeting of the Solar Energy Industries Association, Interstate Solar Coordination Council, Sandia National Laboratories and the Solar Energy Research Institute. This report contains the agenda, extended abstracts and most significant visual aids used by the speakers during the Solar Thermal Technology research and development sessions. The program is divided into three sessions: Solar Electric Technology, Non-Electric Research and Development and Applications, and Concentrators.

As part of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), the Weeks Island oil storage site is a converted salt mine that contains approximately 73 million barrels of oil overlying 0.5 million barrels of brine. The oil is contained on two levels of the converted mine which are connected by a number of shafts and openings. Oil recycle exercises are periodically conducted to test the oil fill and withdrawal systems in which oil is simultaneously injected and withdrawn from two different locations in the lower level, and brine may be transported around the lower level of the mine by the movement of the oil. 11 refs., 16 figs.

An expert system developed to provide assistance to those involved with the creation, modification, interpretation and maintenance of Sandia's Engineering Procedures is described. 6 refs., 2 figs.

The Engineering Graphics System (EGS) is a computer program for use on Digital Equipment Corporation VAXstation color workstations. Its purpose is to manage and plot sets of engineering analysis data for use in reports and presentations. It is capable of producing nearly any type of x-y plot from a set of tabulated data. After the plot curves have been retrieved from the tabulated data, EGS can be used to interactively modify the appearance of the plot for use in a report or presentation. Modifications appear on the workstation display exactly as they appear on final hardcopy, which avoids costly iterations. Hardcopy plots can be made on two different black and white laser printers and on two different color printers, and plots can be converted for use by the Interleaf technical publishing software. 222 figs.

Power deposition measurements have been carried out on the ALT-II toroidal belt pump limiter and the inner bumper limiter in TEXTOR for Ohmic, neutral beam and RF heated discharges. Two infrared cameras and the ALT-II thermocouple array indicate that {lambda}{sub E} remains unchanged (7 mm) in the presence of beams but increases to 10 mm with ICRH. The heating distribution is less uniform on the bumper limiter than on ALT-II, which potentially could explain the differences seen in graphite surface pumping. 9 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.

The microstructure and mechanical properties of high purity aluminum implanted with 20 at. % oxygen to a depth of roughly 500 nm and subjected to various thermal histories have been examined. Transmission electron microscopy and Rutherford-backscattering spectrometry were used to characterize the depth and nature of the implanted zone. As implanted, the material appears to contain a homogeneous distribution of disordered precipitates with sizes of 1.5-3.5 nm. Annealing at 450 or 550{degree}C/1 hr induces ordering of the precipitates but only causes slight coarsening. Ultra-low load identation hardness testing was used to probe the mechanical response of the surface-modified material. The data from the hardness tests were interpreted through the use of a finite-element model; the results indicate the flow stresses of an implanted and annealed layer are as high as 1600 MPa. The as-implanted material is much harder, approaching 3300 MPa. The degree of strengthening expected for the as-implanted and post-annealed material on the basis of the observed microstructure was estimated using several micromechanical models, and the results conform to the findings from indentation testing. 9 refs., 5 figs.

It has been observed on TEXTOR that in low density discharges the electrons gain enough energy to emit relativistic synchrotron radiation in the 3--6 {mu}m IR-range, and this radiation is due to electrons with energies up to 30 MeV. The momentum in perpendicular direction amounts to about 1/10 of the longitudinal one. The total number of runaways is of the order of 10{sup 16} electrons, and they carry a current of about 20% of the total plasma current. 3 refs., 1 fig.

We consider problems related to the computation of Hermite and Smith normal forms of integer matrices, and more generally matrices over a principal ideal ring. First, we show that if the matrix A is m {times} n, with rank m and integer entries bounded in absolute value by T, then the Hermite normal form can be computed in O(m{sup 2}nB(m log(mT))) bit operations, where B(t) denotes a function that bounds the time required to perform the extended Euclidean algorithm on two t bit integers. Furthermore we show that the Smith normal form can be computed in O(m{sup 3}nB(m log(mT))log(mT)) bit operations. In the second part of the paper we apply fast matrix multiplication techniques to the problem of triangularizing a matrix over a ring using elementary column operations. We also prove that matrix inversion and multiplication are equivalent in complexity over an arbitrary Principal Ideal Domain, generalizing a result of Bunch and Hopcroft. We then apply our general results to obtain an algorithm for triangularizing integer matrices that has a faster running timer than the known Hermite normal form algorithms. The triangular matrix that is computed has small entries like the Hermite normal form, and will suffice for many applications. In the last part of the paper, we discuss a probabilistic method for calculating Smith normal forms. 17 refs.

We have examined several crystals belonging to the Tl-2122 structure type (Tl{sub 2}CaBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 2}O{sub 8} with c = 29{angstrom}), and have shown that cation solid solution occurs. Such cation disorder appears to be responsible for the observed small differences in lattice parameters reported by various investigators and to contribute towards the substantial variation in the superconducting transition temperatures. 10 refs., 2 tabs.

Nuclear power plants present the fire protection community with unique challenges. In addition to the traditional concerns of life safety and property loss prevention, nuclear safety analysts must also be concerned with the impact of fires on the safe operability of the nuclear reactor. Safe shutdown equipment must be protected from fire damage. When nuclear power plants were first designed and built, fire safety considerations were based primarily on the same criteria applied to general industrial facilities, primarily those concerning life safety and property loss prevention. This practice continued until 1975 when the Brown's Ferry nuclear reactor site experienced a severe cable tray fire. The fire burned for over seven hours, due in part to the reluctance of on-site personnel to use water on the fire for fear of shorting out critical electrical circuits. 4 figs.

The radiation spectrum constituents of interest to microelectronics are prompt gamma or x-ray, total dose, neutrons (or protons), and cosmic radiation. Each of these constituents has a unique effect upon microelectronic components and requires unique techniques to improve the microelectronic radiation tolerance to such an exposure. This paper reviews the radiation effects associated with the natural space and nuclear reactor radiation environment, that is to say, total dose, neutrons, and cosmic rays. 2 refs., 6 figs.

Shock-induced reaction synthesis (SRS) is used for solid state processing of Ni-Al, Ni-Si, and Nb-Si type compounds, starting with elemental powder mixtures. The constituent elemental powders are blended in different stoichiometries and packed at 65% density in stainless steel capsules. A steel flyer plate, accelerated by the detonation of an explosive, impacts the powder containing capsules embedded in a steel recovery fixture backed by a momentum trap. The shock wave generated upon impact triggers a self-sustaining, exothermic reaction between the elemental powder constituents, thereby synthesizing the compound and at the same time consolidating the porous mass into 12mm diameter by 5mm thick compacts. The characteristics of the SRS technique and the structural features of the shock synthesized products will be discussed. 18 refs., 11 figs.

Preliminary BUCKSHOT simulations of a recirculating linear accelerator have been made. Two accelerator configurations have been examined for a variety of beam currents (10-40 kA). The first configuration is an attempt to simulate conditions accessible to near-term experiments. The second configuration tries to mock up a next generation application type machine. 3 figs.

Hypervelocity launchers are used to study the high-pressure equation of state of materials in regimes inaccessible by other methods. Two-stage light gas guns have been extremely useful for these applications, but have a practical velocity limit of about 8--9 km/s for impact studies. In this paper, we describe a three-stage launcher consisting of a two-stage light gas gun combined with a third-stage railgun, which overcomes previous velocity limitations pertaining to two-stage guns. This launcher is being developed for operation to 15 km/s and has achieved projectile velocities of 7.2 km/s to date. 10 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.

The in-plane linear elastic constants of woven fabric are determined in terms of the specific fabric microstructure. The fabric is assumed to be a spatially periodic interlaced network of orthogonal yarns and the individual yarns are modeled as extensible elastica. These results indicate that a significant coupling of bending and stretching effects occurs during deformation. Results of this theoretical analysis compare favorable with measured in-plane elastic constants for Vincel yarn fabrics. 17 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

The winding process is encountered frequently in manufacturing, such as winding of polymer films and paper, laminated pressure vessel construction, and the manufacture of wound capacitors. The winding of capacitors will typically involve hundreds of plies of conductor and dielectric wound over a core. Due to the large number of layers, the calculation of the mechanical studies within a wound capacitor is a significant computational task. The focus of Part II of this paper is the formulation and application of optimization techniques for the design of wound capacitors. The design criteria to be achieved is a specified uniform wound tension in a capacitor. The paper will formulate an optimization statement of the wound capacitor design problem, develop a technique for reducing the numerical calculation required to repeatedly analyze the capacitor as required by the optimization algorithm, and apply the technique to an example. 4 refs., 13 figs., 4 tabs.

Horizontal stress directions (azimuths) determined from anelastic strain recovery (ASR) and differential strain curve analyses (DSCA) were compared with those from wellbore breakouts detected by borehole televiewer and oriented caliper logs. The ASR/DSCA techniques appear to be more sensitive then the log techniques and provided stress azimuth predictions at depth intervals where the log data did not. Stress azimuth determinations were also made from other core analyses techniques, which, like ASR/DSCA, are associated with the formation of stress release microcracks. Preliminary insights were obtained in the applicability of these other techniques. This work provides information on the stresses at two well sites 3.6 miles apart in Western Colorado; and showing the comparative data in this context provides information on how to apply these techniques and provides an understanding of the apparent influence of geologic effects (topography, depositional environment) on the stresses. 28 refs., 10 figs., 3 tabs.

This paper discusses a new telerobotic control concept which couples human supervisory commands with computer reasoning. The control system is responsive and accomplishes an operator's commands while providing obstacle avoidance and stable controlled interactions with the environment in the presence of communication time delays. This provides a system which not only assists the operator in accomplishing tasks but modifies inappropriate operator commands which can result in safety hazards and/or equipment damage. Research and development of this concept is being carried out in the Telerobotics Research Laboratory at Sandia National Laboratories. 12 refs., 4 figs.

Over the past decade, Sandia National Laboratories has managed the Department of Energy (DOE)-sponsored programs for the development of the sodium/sulfur battery technology. Two DOE offices have provided support for these programs: the Office of Energy Storage and Distribution (OESD) and the Office of Transportation Systems (OTS). The ultimate goal of these ongoing efforts is to develop and demonstrate high performance, cost-effective systems suitable for both stationary and mobile applications. A part of Sandia's responsibility is to evaluate the status of the technologies and to address specific problems that are encountered during the development process. The number and level of effort devoted to these tasks are scaled such that the funding emphasis is given to the contracted engineering development programs. Two of the major safety-related concerns with sodium/sulfur EV batteries are the potential consequences associated with large temperature increases and vehicle accidents. The first three tasks represent Sandia's initial effort to help identify effective methods to limit the temperature rise in the battery during both expected and unexpected conditions and to assess one possible result of a vehicle accident. Descriptions of each task along with selected results are given in the following sections. 4 figs., 2 tabs.

Inorganic thin films with molecular sieving properties have been formed by embedding microcrystals of zeolite Y and chabazite in a glassy silica matrix. The silica matrix was derived from sols prepared from tetraethylorthosilicate hydrolyzed under either acidic or basic conditions in alcoholic solution. Dip-coating, deposition of suspensions, or coating of zeolite dispersions with the glassy silica matrix were used to create the zeolite-silica films. The access of different probe molecules into the zeolitic part of the thin film was examined with in situ FTIR techniques and temperature-programmed-desorption studies. With all combinations of deposition techniques and silica matrices, the resulting films showed the molecular sieving properties of the parent zeolite. © 1989, Elsevier Science & Technology. All rights reserved.

Stand-off hypervelocity particle shields offer potential weight savings of an order of magnitude or more over conventional homogeneous armors. Based on an earlier complete model for the design and optimization of a stand-of shield system, a more restricted model appropriate for retrofit shields is described. Procedures to minimize the shield mass are provided, and scaling laws for many of the important parameter relationships are illustrated. 6 refs., 5 figs.

The Precision Linear Shaped Charge (PLSC) design concept involves the independent fabrication and assembly of the liner (wedge of PLSC), the tamper/confinement, and explosive. The liner is the most important part of an LSC and should be fabricated by a more quality controlled, precise process than the tamper material. Also this allows the liner material to be different from the tamper material. The explosive can be loaded into the liner and tamper as the last step in the assembly process rather than the first step as in conventional LSC designs. PLSC designs are shown to produce increased jet penetrations in given targets, more reproducible jet penetration, and more efficient explosive cross-sections using a minimum amount of explosive. The Linear Shaped Charge Analysis Program (LSCAP) being developed at Sandia National Laboratories has been used to assist in the design of PLSCs. LSCAP predictions for PLSC jet penetration in aluminum targets, jet tip velocities and jet-target impact angles are compared to measured data. 8 refs., 19 figs., 1 tab.

Current work in the area of integrated materials monitoring/tracking and accounting at Argonne National Laboratory-West (ANL-W) has resulted from the development of materials accounting system by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and a demonstrated personnel and materials tracking system by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). The integration of these two systems has culminated in the current system effort which is called the ARGonne Unified Safeguard (ARGUS) system. The ARGUS system is made up of three major components. These components perform the functions of observing all container movements, authorized materials access approval, initiation and receipt of materials transfers, and perform materials accounting for the facility. ARGUS system benefits can be summarized through system capabilities as follows: near real-time accountability, full traceability of materials access and transfer, enforcement of approved personnel access to materials, electronic confirmation of materials surveillance procedures during materials access and transfers, continuous surveillance of all material not directly involved in the manufacturing process, transfer and receipt, and automatic notification to security for identified anomalies. This paper will concentrate on the overall ARGUS system, its operational impacts and advantages. 2 refs., 2 figs.

An Optimal Projection reduced order controller is designed and implemented on an experimental controlled structure testbed. Twenty modes of the test structure lie within the controller bandwidth. Four strain sensor signals are fed back through an eighteenth order dynamic controller into four stress actuators (not collocated with the sensors) to reduce the vibration of the structure. Five independent performance measures are simultaneously minimized with an Optimal Projection controller derived from a 58th order state space model. The controller reduces the RMS vibration response by up to 65% without saturating the actuators and without destabilizing high frequency modes. The Optimal Projection controller always performs better than a sub-optimal controller based on ordinary Linear Quadratic Gaussian theory. The homotopy algorithm used to solve the Optimal Projection synthesis equations is described, and both analytical and experimental results are presented. 26 refs., 6 figs., 5 tabs.

The unsteady thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations for a perfect gas are solved with a linearized block Alternating Direction Implicit finite-difference solution procedure. Solution errors due to numerical dissipation added to the governing equations are evaluated. Errors in the numerical predictions on three different grids are determined where Richardson extrapolation is used to estimate the exact solution. Accurate computational results are tabulated for the hypersonic laminar flow over a spherical body which can be used as a benchmark test case. Predictions obtained from the code are in good agreement with inviscid numerical results arid experimental data.

The Solar One Pilot Plant successfully demonstrated the feasibility of solar central receiver power plants. During its operating years much data were collected regarding the efficiency and availability of the various plant systems. This paper summarizes these statistics and compares them to goals developed by the Department of Energy. Based on this comparison, design and operation improvements are recommended so that future central receiver plants can more closely attain these goals. 9 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.

This paper explores the relative contributions of radiative and convective heat transfer to objects in large pool fires. The partitioning process depends on many factors. Results include measurements of the temperature of the objects in the fire, the flames surrounding the object, the total heat flux to the objects and the radiative component of the heat transfer at a few locations using transpiration radiometers. These measurements will be compared with calculations. Agreement between the measured radiative heat flux and the calculated radiative heat flux is good. The convective contribution was calculated from the total and radiative parts and was found to be from 10--20% of the total. 18 refs., 18 figs.

28C256 EEPROM total dose and dose-rate results are presented. Mode dependent total dose failure occurred at 9.5 krad(Si) when writing and 33 krad(Si) when reading. Average upset and latch-up thresholds were 3.8 /times/ 10/sup 8/ rad(Si)/s and 7.7 /times/ 10/sup 8/ rad(Si)/s, respectively. 3 refs., 5 tabs.

Development of the Advanced Small Site Program (ASSP) will satisfy the requirement for a small to medium sized security system uses commercially available, low cost, state-of-the-art technology to enhance its performance. The system addresses all aspects of technical security. These aspects include control and display; perimeter and interior sensors; data and video transmissions; video assessment; reduced installation, operation, and maintenance costs. Major system features include use of multi-level graphics with touchscreen inputs to control all sensor and video functions. An optional feature allows the use of fiber optics for data or video transmissions. Integration of functional components into modular sub-systems eases the task of expanding, maintaining, and operating the system. The system's automatic restart function permits a fully loaded system to configure itself in less than ten minutes. Site personnel will be able to create and modify a configuration data file of the site. The ASSP software uses this file data to run its programs. The configuration file contains the number of sensors, sectors, buildings, cameras, sensor thresholds, sensor priorities,and other site specific information. An off-line program obtains this information through a series of queries to the site personnel. This information is written to a data configuration file. This paper describes the functions and integration of this system. 11 figs.

Magmatic activity, and particularly silicic magmatic activity, is the fundamental process by which continental crust forms and evolves. Drilling in the Inyo Chain, a 600-year-old chain of volcanic vents in California, has shown the close relationship of silicic eruption to shallow dike emplacement, the control of eruptive style by shallow porous-flow degassing, the origin of obsidian by welding, the development of igneous zonation by viscosity segregation, and the character and size of conduits in relation to well- understood magmatic and phreatic eruptions. Planned drilling at the site of the largest eruption of the century, in the Mt. Katmai region of Alaska, will test models for explosive eruptions, elucidate the process of vapor-transport of metals, and provide the first measurements of rates of cooling and chemical alteration in a relatively simple, non-composite igneous system. -Author

This report describes a capacity planning project for Engineering Information Management (EIM) systems at Sandia National Laboratories. The purpose was to develop a method for predicting the ability of current hardware computer systems to meet future demands and to address the magnitude of required upgrades. Specific activities included the generation and analysis of alternatives, the selection of analytic modeling as the appropriate vehicle, construction and validation of the model, and the development of recommendations.

Thin silicon nitride (Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/) films are widely used as a dielectric in metal-nitride-oxide-silicon (MNOS) structures for radiation hard non-volatile memories. The retention of charge in these devices depends, among other things, on the chemistry of the films. It has been reported that charge transport in MNOS structures can be reduced by replacing the Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ film by a silicon oxynitride (SiO/sub x/N/sub y/) film. In order to understand the relationship between chemistry and retention of charge, it is necessary to have a technique that can determine the chemistry of the films as a function of depth. This can be accomplished with Auger electron spectroscopy by using fingerprint spectra for each of the elements and compounds present in the sample. By using classical least-squares techniques, a unique combination of the standard spectra can be found that best fits the unknown spectrum. When this method is repeated for each spectrum in a depth profile, a chemical state depth profile is obtained. The use of this technique to profile oxynitride films where the SiO/sub 2/ content varies between 0 and 12 atomic percent is presented. 6 refs., 7 figs.

Time stepping algorithms are often used to solve parabolic and hyperbolic differential equations numerically. These algorithms are generally regarded as sequential in time; that is, the solution on a time level must be known before the computation of the solution at subsequent time levels can start. While this remains true in principle, we demonstrate that it is possible for processors to perform useful work on many time levels simultaneously. Specifically, it is possible for a processor assigned to a ''later'' time level to compute a very good initial guess for the solution based on approximations to the solutions on ''previous'' time levels, thus reducing the time required for solution. The reduction in the solution time can be measured as parallel speedup. We demonstrate two parallel time stepping algorithms that can be used for both linear and nonlinear problems. We compare the two algorithms and discuss their performance in terms of parameters associated with classical time stepping algorithms. 4 refs., 5 tabs.

A general representation approach is described which employs a hierarchy of holes and notches. A matching procedure is also described which allows non-ideal image hierarchies to be matched to class representations. The representation and matching methods are demonstrated on a set of handgun photographs. Examples of handguns which are different in detail are shown to exhibit the same class characteristics, while other similarly shaped objects are correctly distinguished from the handgun class. 6 refs., 8 figs.

We are currently investigating a solar-driven photocatalytic process that promises to destroy low concentrations of hazardous organic molecules in large volumes of contaminated groundwater or industrial waste streams. Preliminary results of laboratory-scale screening tests using a model compound, salicylic acid, and titanium dioxide catalyst have shown that no measurable reaction occurs without both uv light and catalyst; no measurable volatilization of the salicylic acid occurs at room temperature; salicylic acid destruction rates depend on catalyst supplier and concentration and on uv light intensity; and some intermediates are being formed and subsequently destroyed. Observed reaction rates are consistent with those observed in an initial pilot-scale solar test of a falling-film reactor, although further testing will be required to quantify the comparison. 10 refs., 5 figs.

A novel technique is presented for segmenting seismic waveforms. The method produces waveform segments which closely correspond to explosion and earthquake signal onsets as well as additional structure of interest. Noise spikes or glitches are also successfully isolated. The approach uses threshold parameters obtained from human segmentation judgment tests and requires only simple, time domain calculations. 6 refs., 3 figs.

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) performs software security analyses of many systems having strong security requirements. This paper gives an overview of a software security analysis methodology that has evolved at SNL. This methodology is based on experience gained in the analysis of critical software-controlled systems. The paper describes analysis activities and how they relate to the traditional software life cycle. Topics discussed include: planning for the analysis; supporting the development and documentation of security requirements; identifying and analyzing the threat; acquiring and utilizing software design and implementation materials; identifying positive design features; scaling the analysis effort to the threat; analyzing the high-level design; analyzing the source-code and target implementations; reporting results; interacting with system and component development groups; and supporting the authentication of the software product before it is fielded. The paper also stresses the importance of independence of analysis and development groups.

In the early 1980s, the US Department of Energy/Defense Programs (DOE/DP) initiated a project to develop a safe and efficient transportation system for defense high-level waste (DHLW). Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) provides a technical oversight and test support and General Atomics provides the design and safety analysis of the shipping system. The specific activities include designing, testing, certifying and fabricating a legal-weight truck cask system for DHLW canisters that are expected to be first produced by the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) at the Savannah River Plant (SRP) in South Carolina and later produced by facilities in Washington and Idaho. A truck cask was selected in order to provide a flexible capability for transporting vitrified waste to support a variety of expected experimental program needs. The first planned shipping campaign was to transport a limited number of DHLW canisters from South Carolina to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico. However, changes in experimental program plans the passage of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act in late 1982, and the subsequent decision to have DHLW permanently placed in the eventual civilian repository resulted in revisions to the mission of the cask development program funded by DOE/DP. 15 refs.

We have sputter-deposited aluminum oxide coatings using a dual ion beam system with a mixture of argon plus 10% oxygen as the working gas. Ambient substrate temperatures and substrate temperatures of 360{degree}C were maintained. The coatings were deposited at deposition rates between 7 and 10 nm/min, with and without concurrent ion bombardment from the second ion gun. Substantial variations in the microstructure and the amount of entrained gas in the coatings were observed. The coatings contain a mixture of varying amounts of {gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and amorphous aluminum oxide. Relatively large, 0.5 {mu}m islands of {gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} crystallites surrounded by an amorphous matrix were observed in coatings deposited onto heated substrates with ion bombardment from the second ion gun during deposition. Coatings bombarded with a second ion beam during deposition contain more argon as determined by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. The Raman spectra exhibited by the coatings suggest a variation in chemical reactivity and/or porosity which depends on the deposition conditions. 18 refs., 6 figs.

The operation of TORE SUPRA at full power (25MW, 30s) has led to the design of a full set of actively pumped carbon limiters to remove at least 8MW and to partially control the particle balance. An interim version is now installed, composed of 5 vertical and one horizontal outboard (OPL) pump limiters, semi-inertially water cooled. The latter is a result of a collaboration between the US DOE and the Association EUR-CEA, it is fully instrumented and therefore can serve as a reference for the final design. Ohmic discharges (1.85T, 740kA, 8.5s) in helium have been used to test the thermal load on and the particle exhaust efficiency of the OPL. In these experiments the plasma is formed on the inner wall (R = 232 cm, a = 76 cm) and subsequently displaced (6 cm) outward, early on the current plateau, to lean on the OPL (R = 238 cm, a = 75 cm). In addition to the limiters above, a non-pumped outboard (ONLP) limiter of identical shape to the OPL served to produce similar discharges for better comparison and determination of particle control. A comparison is made hereafter of the thermal load and particle pumping effects on the OPL when the plasma is in contact either with the OPL/ONPL alone or with the OPL and the vertical limiters together. 3 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

Particle collection, removal, and exhaust by the toroidal belt pump limiter ALT-III have been measured in deuterium discharges with co-, counter-, and balanced injection of 48 keV neutral hydrogen particles. Particle collection increases from 50-80 A to 150-320 A during 1.2 MW of co- or counter-injection or 2.4 MW of balanced injection. The removal rate for pumping at two of the eight blades (3 of 15 scoops) reaches 2.7 Torr-l/s with a removal efficiency of nearly 45%. Extrapolating these results to a full belt with 15 scoops and eight pumps yields 140 amps of removal. This compares favorably with the maximum injectable current of 50 A and suggests that ALT-II with full pumping can provide sufficient exhaust during NI heating. 4 figs.

The surface properties of symmetric microphase separated diblock copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the specular reflectivity of neutrons and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). PS, the lower surface energy component, exhibited a preferential affinity for the free surface. For copolymers that are far from the bulk microphase separation transition (MST), the surface consists of a layer of pure PS. When the system is close to the MST the surface is a mixture of PS and PMMA. The PS surface excess can be described by a N-{sup 1/2} dependence, where N is the number if segments that comprise the copolymer chain. It is shown that the surface undergoes an ordering transition at a temperature T{sub s} that is above that of the bulk MST. The ordering of the bulk lamellar morphology is induced by an ordering at the surface. This is analogous to the ferromagnetic order observed in systems such as Gd at temperatures above the bulk Curie temperature. The results here are discussed in light of previous work on copolymer surfaces and in light of mean field theory. 31 refs., 8 figs.

Oxygen ion beam bombardment has been studied as a means for incorporating oxygen into thin films of Y-Ba-Cu-oxide either by enhancing the transport of oxygen to substrates during ion-beam sputtering, or by direct incorporation of oxygen by ion-assisted deposition. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to study the ion-beam bombardment of bulk superconducting targets as the oxygen content of the ion beam was varied between 0% (pure argon) and 100% oxygen. This showed that oxygen did not directly combine with metallic elements in the target to increase the oxygen content of the stream of particles moving toward the substrate. The oxygen content of the sputter beam did, however, change the relative emission intensity from the various target components. Addition of a second ion beam directing an oxygen beam toward the substrate as the film is grown, caused large variations in the stoichiometry of the deposited films. At low ion currents, no increase in the oxygen content of the films was detected, while at relatively high currents, the oxygen incorporation increased. However, the sputtering of the metallic components of the film increased, leading to very low growth rates. 8 refs., 5 figs.

Intense beams of light ions are being developed at Sandia National Laboratories as a promising driver option for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) implosions. The Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA II) will provide the physics basis for light-ion-beam driven ICF targets. Recent progress made in ion beam generation focusing on PBFA II has led to a record 5.4 TW/cm{sup 2} peak focal intensity with {gt}80 kJ proton energy delivered to a 6-mm diameter sphere. The driver-development program on PBFA II is reviewed. A design concept for a light ion beam driver for the Laboratory Microfusion Facility is also presented. 34 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.

In an earlier paper, we reported that it is possible to train a first-order multi-layer feedforward network with backpropagation to classify raw 8-bit images of vehicles. We concluded that a linear feedforward network is capable of within-class generalization when trained with perspective views taken every 10{degree}, but it is incapable of one-class generalization. This paper describes the results of a set of experiments to train a feedforward network with second-order inputs to perform one-class classification on image data. We compare the results of the first-order network and the second-order network and show that the second order network is better able to generalize as a one-class classifier. 7 refs., 6 figs.

Short communication.

Ion beam studies on radiation enhanced sublimation (RES) have shown that above 800{degree} C energetic ions incident on graphite produce erosion in the form of carbon atoms with thermal energies and that the erosion rate rises roughly exponentially with temperature. Until recently, the question remained whether RES would scale linearly with flux over three to four orders of magnitude to the plasma edge fluxes in CIT and ITER, where the predicted erosion rates would severely limit the designs for plasma-facing components. Also, RES and carbon self-sputtering may also be involved in the carbon blooms'' observed in TFTR and JET. The data reported here from PISCES, a plasma source at UCLA, are the first RES data at fluxes approaching the plasma edge conditions in a large tokamak and they show little reduction from a direct linear dependence upon flux. Erosion rates measured by weight loss are reported for POCO graphite exposed to helium plasmas for a temperature range from 900--2000{degree} C, ion energies of 30--300 eV, ion fluxes of 1--6 {times} 10{sup 18} cm{sup {minus}2} s{sup {minus}1}, densities of 2--10 {times} 10{sup 12} cm{sup {minus}3} and electron temperatures of 4-10 eV. For these conditions, the amount of redeposition and carbon self-sputtering was minimal. Over 1700{degree} C, there is evidence of electron emission from the sample. 26 refs., 4 figs., 1 tabs.

Silicon power diodes, transistors, thyristors and other devices can be damaged by elevated temperatures, temperature cycling, and radiation. In this paper we discuss the vulnerability of devices that integrate bipolar and MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect transistor) devices onto a single chip. Such devices offer the advantages of good current carrying capability that is characteristic of bipolar structures and high impedance control nodes that are characteristic of MOSFET devices. Devices located near a space-based fission power source will be subjected to high temperatures, temperature cycling, naturally occurring radiation, radiation from the reactor; and these devices may be subjected to radiation from or caused by weapons used to attack the power source. Damaging radiation includes electrons and protons trapped in naturally occurring radiation belts, electrons pumped into these belts as a result of nuclear explosions, cosmic rays, neutrons from the reactor, and high energy photons (gamma rays and x-rays). 3 refs., 2 figs.

The DOE/Sandia 34-m diameter Vertical-Axis Wind turbine (VAWT) utilizes a step-tapered, multiple-airfoil section blade. One of the airfoil sections is a natural laminar flow profile, the SAND 0018/50, designed specifically for use on VAWTs. The turbine has now been fully operational for more than a year, and extensive turbine aerodynamic performance data have been obtained. This paper reviews the design and fabrication of the rotor blade, with emphasis on the SAND 0018/50 airfoil, and compares the performance measurements to date with the performance predictions. Possible sources of the discrepancies between measured and predicted performance are identified, and plans for additional aerodynamic testing on the turbine are briefly discussed. 12 refs., 10 figs.

The utility of the magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) as a high power microwave source depends on how efficiently power can be extracted from it. We have designed a slow-wave stepped transformer for the purpose of axially extracting microwave power from a 3.6 GHz coaxial MILO. The slow-wave transformer design was optimized using particle-in-cell simulation, and tested in experiments performed on the HPM Simulation Division's GEMINI and GYPSY water Blumlein pulse power sources. In this paper we summarize the slow-wave stepped transformer design, and describe MILO axial power extraction experiments which yielded up to 300 MW of radiated power. 10 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.

This presentation is a case study of the system that was developed to move data between our mainframe HRIS and the REGISTRAR. It not only contains a description of the system itself but of the factors that come into play in deciding whether to implement a system at all and in deciding what kind of system to implement.

Heavy particle radiation can produce upsets in digital circuits as well as trigger burn out or breakdown in power MOSFETs and MNOS nonvolatile memories. Latch-up may also be stimulated by heavy ions. This report covers work done on the effects of heavy particle radiation on PN junctions, CMOS inverters, CMOS latch, MOSFET and non-volatile memories. 15 refs., 3 figs.

In this study, we explored several ways of extending SP-100 reactor technology to higher power levels. One approach was to use the reference SP-100 pin design and increase the fuel pin length and the number of fuel pins as needed to provide higher capability. The impact on scaling of a modified and advanced SP-100 reactor technology was also explored. Finally, the effect of using alternative power conversion subsystems, with SP-100 reactor technology was investigated. One of the principal concerns for any space-based system is mass; consequently, this study focused on estimating reactor, shield, and total system mass. The RSMASS code (Marshall 1986) was used to estimate reactor and shield mass. Simple algorithms developed at NASA Lewis Research Center were used to estimate the balance of system mass. Power ranges from 100 kWe to 10 MWe were explored assuming both one year and seven years of operation. Thermoelectric, Stirling, Rankine, and Brayton power conversion systems were investigated. The impact on safety, reliability, and other system attributes, caused by extending the technology to higher power levels, was also investigated. 6 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.

Outlier samples can have very detrimental effects on the performances of multivariate calibration methods, as these methods are generally not very robust. Often, the software implementations of these methods do not check for outliers. If outliers are not detected, invalid predictions may result. This paper illustrates some simple exploratory procedures for detecting outliers with examples from near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopy using partial least-squares regression as the calibration method. 8 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.

The experiments described here indicate when one of Nature's best fractals -- the Brownian trail -- becomes nonfractal. In most ambient fluids, the trail of a Brownian particle is self-similar over many decades of length. For example, the trail of a submicron particle suspended in an ordinary liquid, recorded at equal time intervals, exhibits apparently discontinuous changes in velocity from macroscopic lengths down to molecular lengths: the trail is a random walk with no velocity memory'' from one step to the next. In ideal Brownian motion, the kinks in the trail persist to infinitesimal time intervals, i.e., it is a curve without tangents. Even in real Brownian motion in a liquid, the time interval must be shortened to {approximately}10{sup {minus}8}s before the velocity appears continuous. In sufficiently rarefied environments, this time resolution at which a Brownian trail is rectified from a curve without tangents to a smoothly varying trajectory is greatly lengthened, making it possible to study the kinetic regime by dynamic light scattering. Our recent experiments with particles in a plasma have demonstrated this capability. In this regime, the particle velocity persists over a finite step length'' allowing an analogy to an ideal gas with Maxwell-Boltzmann velocities; the particle mass could be obtained from equipartition. The crossover from ballistic flight to hydrodynamic diffusion was also seen. 8 refs., 1 fig.

The MELCOR computer code, which has been developed at Sandia National Laboratories for the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission as a tool for calculating realistic estimates of severe accident consequences and source terms, has been used to analyze a series of containment issues for station blackout sequences for the Grand Gulf Nuclear Power Plant. The results indicate that there is a limited time interval in which the drywell atmosphere would be flammable, and that this would only occur if the vacuum breaker were to stick open within a narrow time window. If burning does occur during this time, it appears quite likely that it would not pose a threat to the drywell wall. The main conclusion from this study is that the drywell atmosphere is not very likely to be flammable for a station blackout sequence. 1 ref. (S.J.)

The influence of postweld heat treatment (PWHT) on the structure, mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of pulsed, Nd: YAG laser welds in a Ti-14.8 wt % Al-21.3 wt % Nb titanium aluminide has been investigated. Significant microstructure variations within the fusion zone (FZ) of all heat-treated welds were attributed primarily to the influence of local compositional fluctuations on decomposition of the metastable-{beta} microstructure present in the as-welded FZ. An increase in PWHT temperature promoted a decrease in the maximum FZ hardness and an increase in the longitudinal-weld bend ductility. Correspondingly, the proportion of ductile tearing to cleavage fracture within the FZ increased with an increase in PWHT temperature. 8 refs., 6 figs.

A matched chirp transform (MCT) method for detecting a dispersive electromagnetic pulse is described. The unique feature of this transform is that it gives a distribution of signal amplitude over time rather than frequency, and thereby simplifies signal detection and identification in the case described here. In the MCT method, the incoming signal is matched to a set of signal segments that chirp in accordance with an expected model of the dispersive medium. The performance of the MCT method is compared with that of a standard periodogram method of frequency measurement. 6 refs., 5 figs.

In this paper we have studied the stochasticity of the triple-channel configuration. Further studies on the evolution of the ion-hose instability are under way but incomplete at present. 3 refs., 6 figs.

In previous RADLAC-II beam propagation experiments, stable propagation over a Nordsieck length, in full pressure Albuquerque air (p {approximately}640 Torr) was observed. In these experiments, high transverse momentum resulted in a large equilibrium radius and thus a long betatron wavelength. Following the completion of the RADLAC-II upgrade, a new set of experiments with a small diameter (d {approximately}2 cm), high current (I {approximately}40 kA), low transverse momentum ({beta}{perpendicular} {approximately}0.2) should be possible. The development of time-resolved diagnostics, data analysis codes, and the formulation of output from theoretical calculations in a format as seen by these diagnostics in the lab continues to be a major source of effort in the program. 2 figs.

The final link in the High-Power Microwave (HPM) coupling chain is the distribution of energy on printed-circuit (pc) boards. This distribution is a critical part of the total problem, because the bottom line for damage or upset is what occurs at the component level. Like ports-of-entry (POE's), board coupling paths have their own transfer functions. Since most pc boards are not designed to operate at microwave frequencies, these transfer functions can be very complicated. In addition, active elements on the board are likely to make this part of the problem non-linear. 3 refs., 5 figs.

This paper reports the changes caused by fast neutrons and 200 MeV protons in the electrical properties of high electron mobility transistors (HEMT). A larger gate voltage was required after irradiation with neutron fluences in the 1E14 to 2E15 n/cm{sup 2} range and 200 MeV proton fluences in the 1E14 to 1E15 p/cm{sup 2} range than was required prior to irradiation to obtain the same value of I{sub ds}. The increase in gate voltage required to compensate for a fluence of 1E15 protons/cm{sup 2} was up to four times as great as that required to compensate for the same fluence of neutrons. All devices showed microwave gain (s21) after exposure to 6E14 particles/cm{sup 2} if the gate bias was adjusted to maintain the pre-irradiation value of I{sub ds}. Gamma irradiation at 5E7 rads(GaAs) had no detectable effect on the devices. 8 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.

Concerns about low-{gamma} relativistic electron beams (REB) being initially injected into the RLA and about energy spreads due to degradation of the accelerating cavity repeating pulse shapes have resulted in our designing a new 4-MV, 20-kA injector, improving the 24-switch trigger system for the ET-2 cavity, and identifying critical factors in the cavity design that affect the pulse shape. We summarize the Metglas inductively isolated, stacked cavity injector design and report on the improvements (completed and proposed) for the ET-2 cavity pulsed power. 7 refs., 6 figs.

Three prototype zinc/bromine batteries were evaluated a Sandia during the last year. The objectives of these tests were to determine performance, cycle life, durability of the auxiliary components, and failure mechanisms. All three were deliverables from a Sandia development contract with Energy Research Corporation (ERC). The test results were communicated to ERC along with suggestions for improving battery design and reliability. 3 figs., 2 tabs.

Zinc/bromine flow batteries are being developed for vehicular and utility load leveling applications by Johnson Controls Co. and Energy Research Corp. under DOE sponsorship. Problems that have been encountered with the zinc/bromine battery are loss of coulombic efficiency brought about by permeation of bromine through the separator and limited life caused by attack of the bromine-containing electrolyte on plastic parts, particularly the flow frame. In this paper, we show that large decreases in the bromine transport rates through microporous separators can be achieved with only a minimal loss of conductivity and identify a chemically stable replacement for PVC, a flowframe material. 4 figs., 1 tab.

The working group on electrical breakdown in vacuum was charged with considering all possible mechanisms by which electrical breakdown might occur either through the vacuum or along insulator bushings in large area electron beam emitter assemblies. It was understood that present systems need to be scaled up, by an order of magnitude or more in both beam area and total energy, to meet demands for higher power and larger size machines, and that increases in the e-beam current density and transport efficiency are also sought. A consideration of the consequences of such a scale-up was pertinent to many of the topics listed in the working-group agenda. Our group attempted to address each of these topics. 18 refs.

Whenever a new elastomer is formulated or an old formulation is modified, it is important to estimate the material's anticipated lifetime in various use environments. For extended lifetimes (years) this often requires the application of accelerated aging techniques which typically involve the modelling of results obtained at higher-than-ambient environmental stress levels. For many practical applications of elastomers, air is present during environmental exposures -- this usually implies that important oxidation effects underly the degradation of the material. Unfortunately, exposure of elastomers to air during aging often results in inhomogeneously oxidized samples, a complication which impacts attempts both to understand the oxidation process and to extrapolate accelerated exposures to long-term conditions. As has been clear for many years, in order to confidently extrapolate shorter-term accelerated simulations to long-term, air-aging conditions, one must be able to monitor and quantitatively understand diffusion-limited oxidation effects. In this review we will highlight some of the recent developments in both experimental techniques and theoretical modelling of relevance to this goal. 28 refs., 12 figs.

The discrete ordinates (S{sub N}) method, first developed for stellar atmospheres, has been used extensively on various other radiation transport problems. In reactor analysis the method is generally used to generate parameters for design models based on more approximate but less expensive methods (such as diffusion theory) so that the spatial-spectrum coupling is represented accurately on a microscopic reaction rate level. It has a decisive advantage over Monte Carlo methods in computing the pin and assembly power profiles. In shielding problems where the penetration of the radiation can be deep, the method is used widely in design calculations. In oil-well logging problems which also involve deep penetration and have a stringent accuracy requirement on the detector responses, the method complements the Monte Carlo techniques. Recently, the discrete ordinates method with appropriate cross sections has been used in coupled photon-electron transport problems. In this paper the basic method is briefly reviewed, its applications illustrated, its merits and pitfalls discussed, and the recent advances in the attendant numerical techniques which have enhanced the capabilities of the method are enumerated. 28 refs., 1 fig.

During severe light water reactor accidents like Three-Mile Island (TMI-2), the reactor core can suffer considerable damage. Of interest here are melt progression, oxidation and gas phase natural convection in the reactor core after the fuel rods suffer a significant loss of geometry. This study describes a two-dimensional porous medium model that considers the motion of three fields: vapor, melt, and solid. A base case solution is described and the effects of oxidation, melt relocation, and Fe-Zr interactions are discussed. 16 refs., 7 figs.

Materials Control techniques are utilized to provide assurance that nuclear materials are being handled properly. In the event that materials are improperly handled or potentially malevolent activities utilizing nuclear materials are initiated, the materials control approach should provide a real-time indication to allow a rapid mitigating response. The appropriate response can range from correcting an inadvertent error to preventing an intentional insider-perpetrated incident. This paper is directed at the use of materials control techniques to deter and detect insider malevolence. 1 fig.

A two-part polyurethane foam has been tested in the laboratory and in the field to assess its utility in controlling lost circulation encountered when drilling geothermal wells. A field test was conducted in The Geysers in January, 1988, to evaluate the chemical formulation and downhole tool used to deploy the chemicals. Although the tool apparently functioned properly in the field test, the chemicals failed to expand sufficiently downhole, instead forming a dense polymer that may be ineffective in sealing loss zones. Subsequent laboratory tests conducted under simulated downhole conditions indicate that the foam chemical undergo sever mixing with water in the wellbore, which disturbs the kinetics of the chemical reaction more than was previously contemplated. The results indicate that without significant changes in the foam chemical formulation or delivery technique, the foam system will be ineffective in lost circulation control except under very favorable conditions. 4 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.

Results of fixed-bed hydropyrolysis and low temperature hydrogenation tests with a selection of coals and dispersed catalysts are described. Tar yields greater than 60% have been achieved in hydropyrolysis using sulphided molybdenum (Mo) with Mo concentrations as low as 0.1% daf coal for a number of bituminous coals. The hydrogenation tests indicated that the threshold temperature with these catalysts for oil generation from bituminous coals is 350{degree}C. 16 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.

We have developed a fast parallel version of an existing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) simulation program, SRIM. On a 1024-processor NCUBE hypercube it runs an order of magnitude faster than on a CRAY X-MP or CRAY Y-MP processor. This speed advantage is coupled with an order of magnitude advantage in machine acquisition cost. SRIM is a somewhat large (30,000 lines of Fortran 77) program designed for uniprocessors; its restructuring for hypercube provides new lessons in the task of altering older serial programs to run well on modern parallel architectures. We describe the techniques used for parallelization, and the performance obtained. Several novel parallel approaches to problems of task distribution, and direct output were required. These techniques increase performance and appear to have general applicability for massive parallelism. We describe the hierarchy necessary to dynamically manage (i.e., load balance) a large ensemble. The ensemble is used in a heterogeneous manner, with different programs on different parts of the hypercube. The heterogeneous approach takes advantage of the independent instruction streams possible on MIMD machines. 18 refs., 7 figs., 4 tabs.

The Buckshot code is a gridless particle simulation code which is used extensively at Sandia to study relativistic electron beam propagation in the ion-focused regime. The present version of the code evaluates the force on a particle by summing over all the other particles, thus the execution time is proportional to N{sup 2} where N is the number of simulation particles. A new gridless field solver has been developed with time scaling of N log N and the breakeven point between the old and new code is around N = 64 on the Cray X-MP computer. For N = 1000, the new solver is about nine times faster than the old version. The new solver is based on a solution of the two-dimensional Poisson equation which if Fourier decomposed in the azimuthal direction and the solution of the radial equation is represented by integrals over the charge density. These integrals are then replaced by sums over the simulation particles which are assumed to be point particles. The near-field singularity is removed by the Fourier decomposition so long as the number of Fourier modes is much less than the number of simulation particles. The algorithm is written in such a way that the field due to a given species is Fourier decomposed with respect to the center of mass of that species, thus it is possible to study linear and nonlinear ion hose physics with a very small number of azimuthal modes. Typically M = 2 is found to be sufficient for most IFR problems. The old and new solvers have been compared and the agreement is excellent. 2 refs., 3 figs.

It has been shown that a constant axial magnetic field does not affect the growth rate of the ion hose instability. However, if the field is allowed to vary in time, on the ion motion time scale, it is expected that particle orbits will be affected in a way that will result in a time varying beam wavelength. This can lead to detuning of the instability. Results of the rigid model with a time varying field of strength similar to the channel strength, show a significant decrease in the growth of the instability. Also, simulations using the BUCKSHOT code confirm the small effect of a steady magnetic field on hose growth and show a significant decrease in growth with a time varying field. 3 figs.

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has been involved in the evaluation of the sodium/sulfur technology for several years. Until recently, the effort concentrated on the performance of single cells. Recently, the evaluation of 4-cell string was initiated. The majority of the activity during the past two years has focused on cells from Chloride Silent Power, Limited (CSPL). To date, four groups of PB cells and 4-cell strings, which consisted of PB cells, have been evaluated. The first group of ten cells delivered to Sandia were on test for approximately one year. The majority of these cells failed due to corrosion problems in the sulfur seal. However, two cells completed over 800 cycles, and one of these cells completed nearly 1600 cycles. 4 figs., 1 tab.

A high detectivity infrared photodiode was constructed using an InAs{sub 0.15}Sb{sub 0.85}/InSb strained-layer superlattice (SLS). The surface passivated device exhibited detectivities {ge} 1 {times} 10{sup 10} cm{radical}Hz/W at wavelengths {le} 10 {mu}m. This device demonstrates the feasibility of a long wavelength, photovoltaic infrared detector technology based on InAsSb SLSs. 8 refs., 4 figs.

The Borehole Directional Radar System is a high-power, high- resolution tool that is being developed to locate lithologic layers of fractures away from a wellbore. The prototype is a 50-kW peak- power pulsed directional radar system that determines fracture location by transmitting powerful radar pulses, 8 nanoseconds in length, in a known direction from a borehole. The frequency spectrum of the pulses ranges up to the VHF band, which is between 30 and 300 MHz. The transmitter and receiver rotate in place, permitting the tool to scan for fractures in all directions from the borehole. Because discontinuities in the rock interrupt and reflect radar signals, signals that return to the tool's receiving antenna indicate fractures. The distance of the fracture from the borehole is determined by the time delay of the return signal. The radio frequency signal is sampled and transmitted to the surface by wireline at audio frequencies, and then reconstructed at the surface using a personal computer. The key to the tool's potential is its ability to accurately measure distance and direction of a lithologic discontinuity underground. This paper presents field test results that show the capabilities of the tool for locating lithological discontinuities up to 10.5 m (34.5 ft) away from a wellbore. Unique features of the system are discussed. Potential applications of the system are described, such as locating gas and oil reservoirs below a salt dome and possibly detecting a blow-out well with or without casing. 10 refs., 8 figs.

An empirical scaling relationship between the mean electric field and the breakdown time has been found. Many divergent sets of data were used from breakdown experiments on power lines, laser-triggered switches, trigatrons, e-beam triggered gaps, sharp-point electrode to plane gaps, and uniform field gaps. This relationship builds on the Felsenthal and Proud data and extends their breakdown time delay (formative time) data by three orders of magnitude and into the region of interest for triggered gas switching. The data indicates that electrically triggered gaps, laser-triggered gaps, and untriggered gaps are governed by the same time-delay processes. Predictions can be made of trigger gap geometry, trigger delays, and trigger polarity effects. Breakdown delays of sub-centimeter-long to at least 8-meter-long gaps in air with either high or low field-enhanced electrodes are described by this equation. In addition, this relationship appears to be valid for a variety of gases and even accurately predicts the breakdown delay of mixtures of air and SF/sub 6/. 13 refs., 12 figs., 1 tab.

Recovery of impact loaded samples is extremely difficult owing to the highly destructive post-shock environment. A variety of techniques have been introduced to accomplish this task for both organic and inorganic samples. The design principles underlying these techniques and the practical limitations encountered in applications are described. 3 figs.

Over the past several decades, many researchers have contributed to present understanding of the flashover of electrically stressed insulators in vacuum, and a wealth of theories have been proposed to explain the many surprising attributes of this complex breakdown mechanism. Surface flashover appears to comprise at least two distinct phenomena which can be distinguished as being cathode-initiated or anode-initiated, with the former having received by far the most attention. Several models describing cathode-initiated flashover have been built on the pioneering work of Boersch and coworkers, published in 1963, and credit the breakdown mechanism to the action of an intense secondary-electron-emission avalanche on the insulator surface. Other researchers consider the electron avalanche to be only partially, if at all, responsible, and invoke various hot-carrier effects in the insulator bulk, the surface interfacial region, or in a layer of gas adsorbed on the insulator surface. Anode-initiated flashover, which contends with the cathode-initiated variety for the breakdown of insulators of conventional design, is thought to involve bulk breakdown in a way related to treeing failure. In spite of the considerable effort applied to understanding vacuum surface flashover, no single theory appears capable of explaining all the data, and new and often unexpected observations continue to be made. 42 refs., 6 figs.

The need for ever-increasing miniaturization of airborne instrumentation through the use of surface mounted components closely placed on printed circuit boards highlights problems with traditional board cleaning methods. The reliability of assemblies which have been cleaned with vapor degreasing and spray cleaning can be seriously compromised by residual contaminants leading to solder joint failure, board corrosion, and even electrical failure of the mounted parts. In addition, recent government actions to eliminate fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and chlorinated hydrocarbons from the industrial environment require the development of new cleaning materials and techniques. This paper will discuss alternative cleaning materials and techniques and results that can be expected with them. Particular emphasis will be placed on problems related to surface-mounted parts. These new techniques may lead to improved circuit reliability and, at the same time, be less expensive and less environmentally hazardous than the traditional systems. 5 refs.

The Recirculating Linear Accelerator (RLA) uses ion-focusing to provide the radial confinement of the beam. At the ends of the ion- channel racetrack, a ramped vertical magnetic field will be required to keep the beam in the channel. A sector field, whose strength increases with distance from the channel axis, has been proposed to provide an energy bandwidth for the transport system. This manuscript reports on design studies for coil systems that produce the required fields. It also describes particle simulations in the combined IFR-B-field transport system to address the issues of energy bandwidth and emittance growth. 4 refs., 6 figs.

Are single event upsets an important vulnerability or lethality issue for strategic systems Neutron-induced single events have become a part of the vulnerability analysis for nuclear weapon environments, but there has been no serious consideration of proton-induced single events from neutron particle beam environments. Is this appropriate This paper examines this concept.

As a result of the popularity of using HyperCard to rapidly prototype equipment and computer interfaces on Macintosh personal computers, the need ensued to evaluate prototype usability by collecting subjects' interactive performance data in real-time. Sandia National Laboratories, in collaboration with Stone Design Software, has developed ProtoTymer, a HyperCard stack that can time and record users' interactive sessions with prototypes developed using HyperCard. While operating in the background, ProtoTymer records the times, locations, and targets (objects clicked) of a subject's inputs during an interactive session. At the conclusion of the session, the resultant data file can be reviewed, summarized, printed, or transferred to a spreadsheet for statistical or graphical analysis. This paper describes ProtoTymer's design approach, features, limitations, and considerations for future versions. 2 refs., 4 figs.

TORE SUPRA is a fairly large supra conducting Tokamak (R = 2.350 m and r = 0.800 m) and has an original goal to withstand a large power removal (25 MW) during a 30 second long pulse. The monitoring of the plasma density and of the particle balance will be partially controlled by the pump limiter system. Depending on the amount of convected plasma power on these limiter and of the upgrading of the total injected power, the limiters are designed to remove in excess of 8 MW at steady state. 3 refs., 4 figs.

We compare the hydrogen assisted cracking resistance of wrought PH 13-8 Mo stainless steel alloyed with 0.4 to 1.0 wt.% palladium to the conventional alloy when aged to yield strengths of 1170--1250 MPa. Pd is found both in solid solution in the martensitic phase and also in the form of randomly distributed, incoherent PdAl precipitates in the modified alloy. Interfacial segregation of Pd to grain boundaries and lath boundaries is not observed. Intergranular hydrogen cracking is suppressed with Pd in slow strain rate tests conducted during electrochemical hydrogen charging of precharged samples. Hydrogen permeation analyses indicate that hydrogen ingress is not inhibited by Pd but that bulk diffusion rates are lowered relative to the conventional alloy. These results are consistent with the creation of a strong hydrogen trap, most likely the uniformly distributed PdAl phase, which lowers the levels of interfacially segregated hydrogen. 15 refs.

From an interplay between theory based on the effective-medium scheme and experiments, an extremely simple picture has evolved which is capable of describing a vast number of experimental quantities related to interaction of hydrogen with metals, especially the trapping of hydrogen at defects. It is shown that the trap strengths are determined mainly by the interstitial electron density, and any open structures in the lattice leads to a trap, with the vacancies and voids being the strongest traps. It is also found theoretically and experimentally that up to six hydrogen atoms can be accommodated in a vacancy, and the change in trap strengths with occupancy has been determined. Recent results for the trapping of deuterium to defects in Pd are discussed. 29 refs., 5 figs.

Recent experimental works on the effect of dose rate on the total dose failure threshold of MOS devices have shown that the failure level is strategic environments may be less than the failure level measured in the laboratory by a factor of 3 to 10. This difference in dose rate response raises concerns about using laboratory sources to predict the radiation hardness in strategic environments. A solution to the problem of determining the total dose hardness of piece parts is to perform lot acceptance testing at relevant dose rates such that the time dependent effects can be directly observed. A low cost method of measuring the total dose hardness of piece parts in the laboratory at requisite dose rates is presented. 11 refs., 5 figs.

The propulsion working fluid for the containment closure used at the Nevada Test Site consists of a mixture of a driver gas and the hot detonation products from the shaped charge that cuts the wall of the storage vessel. Nitrogen had always been used as the driver gas. However, helium gas, because of its superior propulsion characteristics, has enabled us to design considerably heavier and stronger gates. Operational times can be equal to or less than operational times when nitrogen gas was used. Assume, maintaining the same functional time, that an appreciably stronger steel/aluminum composite gate is designed and developed. The gate consists of two 3/4-in.-thick, high-strength 4340 circular steel plates imbedded in the two sides of the 7075-T73 aluminum forging. Mechanical circular keys are used to ensure the effective transfer of horizontal shear loads from aluminum to steel. Three point bending experiments on small composite beams were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the mechanical keying system. Also explored was structural adhesive used as a bonding and shear transfer mechanism. 4 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.

The Seismic Verification Program at Sandia focuses on designing and building seismic monitoring systems which could be deployed within the Soviet Union. To support this effort, Sandia also is involved in developing and testing seismic components, and in evaluating system performance and new monitoring techniques. Seismic studies conducted under the latter task concentrate on analyzing regional seismic signals, recorded within 2000 km of the source. In-country monitoring stations would be able to exploit these regional signals to improve on the capabilities of external stations at teleseismic ranges. The principal advantages which regional signals offer are greater amplitudes and broader frequency bands. However, such signals are more complex and less well understood than teleseismic records. Ongoing studies at Sandia will help define the performance which can be expected from an in-country network. Other studies are testing new monitoring concepts which may further improve in-country capabilities. This presentation gives a brief overview of some of these projects.

Two important areas of hydrogen combustion with uncertainties are identified: (1) high-temperature combustion and (2) flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT). The uncertainties associated with high-temperature combustion may affect phenomena in a least four different accident scenarios: the in-cavity oxidation of combustible gases produced by core-concrete interactions, the combustion of hydrogen following high pressure melt ejection, the possibility of local detonations, and combustion in the BWR Mark I and Mark II secondary containments. The uncertainty in the area of DDT has increased importance due to recent experimental results that show that the detonability limit is nominally at or near the flammability limit for some mixture conditions. How these uncertainties may affect various accident scenarios is discussed and recommendations are made to reduce these uncertainties. 35 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.

In this work high frequency SPICE models were developed to simulate the hysteresis and saturation effects of toroidal shaped ferrite core inductors and transformers. The models include the nonlinear, multi-valued B-H characteristic of the core material, leakage flux, stray capacitances, and core losses. The saturation effects were modeled using two diode clamping arrangements in conjunction with nonlinear dependent sources. Two possible controlling schemes were developed for the saturation switch. One of the arrangements used the current flowing through a series RC branch to control the switch, while the other used a NAND gate. The NAND gate implementation of the switch proved to be simpler and the parameters associated with it were easier to determine from the measurements and the B-H characteristics of the material. Lumped parameters were used to simulate the parasitic effects. Techniques for measuring these parasitic are described. The models were verified using manganese-zinc ferrite-type toroidal cores and they have general applicability to all circuit analysis codes equivalent function blocks such as multipliers, adders, and logic components. 7 refs., 22 figs.

Knowledge of coal molecular structure is important in the understanding of coal reactivity. Computer-aided Molecular Design (CAMD) has been used to create and study three-dimensional models of several postulated coal structures (Given, Wiser, Solomon, and Shinn). Using molecular dynamics calculations, the minimum-energy conformations for each structural model have been compared. The physical densities of the minimum-energy conformations have been calculated, and are in agreement with experimental evidence. The frequencies of cross-linking hydrogen bonds have been evaluated for these structures. Finally, we have also begun to use CAMD to study model polymeric compounds, whose structure and reactivity may give new insights into coal conversion processes. 15 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

Transient burning of TiH/sub X//KClO/sub 4/ in a closed system is formulated including the effect of condensed species. Thermodynamic properties are evaluated using both BLAKE and TIGER computer codes. Three different equations of state for gaseous species are used and their effect on the burning rate is evaluated. For more accurate transient burning analysis, a pressure dependent covolume for gaseous species is generated. The effect of pressure dependent covolume as well as the condensed species on transient burning is evaluated. Both parameters are found to be important when the burning rate at high loading densities in a closed system is considered. At high loading densities, condensed species become important not only because of the their effect on thermodynamic properties but also due to the volume occupied by these species. 11 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.

The influence of coal structure on primary conversions and oil yields in thermolytic extraction with different H-donor and non-H-donor solvents and in dry catalytic hydrogenation has been investigated. Pre-soaking of coal/H-donor solvent slurries at 250/degree/C increased conversions and the level of hydrogen transfer at short contact times (SCT, /le/ 10 min) with 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene demonstrating the importance of solvent accessibility. However, contrary to other studies, prior removal of THF-extractable material (mobile phase) from one bituminous coal actually gave rise to higher conversions to pyridine - solubles for non-donor polynuclear aromatic compounds (PAC), such as naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene. These findings highlight the difficulties in relating primary conversions to coal characteristics. In contrast, oil yields have been found to broadly increase with decreasing rank on both H-donor solvent extraction with a process solvent and dry catalytic hydrogenation. However, in SCT tetralin extraction where poor physical contact between coal and solvent exists, neither total conversion nor oil yield correlated with rank. 27 refs., 6 figs., 4 tabs.

After a decade of photovoltaic system research, most system related issues have been successfully resolved. Current system research activities are now oriented toward maintaining and updating the comprehensive database on system performance established by previous research efforts, integrating new components into system designs, and transferring the accumulated information to industry and users of the technology. This paper presents a brief overview of the status of system research in the United States, emphasizing three key activities - field evaluation, balance-of-system hardware development, and technology transfer. 5 refs., 2 tabs.