Publications

Crozier, P., Berger-Vergiat, L., Dement, D.C., Develder, N., Hu, J.J., Knaus, R.C., Lee, D.H., Matula, N., Overfelt, J.R., Sakievich, P., Smith, T.A., Williams, A.B., Prokopenko, A., Moser, R., Melvin, J., Sprague, M., Bidadi, S., Brazell, M., Brunhart-Lupo, N., … Vijayakumar, G. (2022). ExaWind: Then and now [Conference Poster]. 10.2172/2432174

Sprague, M.A., Brazell, M., Brunhart-Lupo, N., Mullowney, P., Rood, J., Sharma, A., Thomas, S., Vijayakumar, G., Crozier, P., Berger-Vergiat, L., Cheung, L., Develder, N., Hu, J.J., Knaus, R.C., Lee, D.H., Matula, N., Overfelt, J.R., Sakievich, P., Smith, T.A., … Melvin, J. (2022). ExaWind: Exascale Predictive Wind Plant Flow Physics Modeling [Conference Poster]. 10.2172/2002480

Crozier, P., Adcock, C., Ananthan, S., Berger-Vergiat, L., Brazell, M., Brunhart-Lupo, N., Henry de Frahan, M.T., Hu, J.J., Knaus, R.C., Melvin, J., Moser, B., Mullowney, P., Rood, J., Sharma, A., Thomas, S., Vijayakumar, G., Williams, A.B., Wilson, R., Yamazaki, I., & Sprague, M.A. (2021). Harnessing exascale for whole wind farm high-fidelity simulations to improve wind farm efficiency [Conference Presentation]. 10.2172/1897371

Thompson, A.P., Aktulga, H.M., Berger, R., Bolintineanu, D.S., Brown, W.M., Crozier, P., In 'T Veld, P.J., Kohlmeyer, A., Moore, S.G., Nguyen, T.D., Shan, R., Stevens, M.J., Tranchida, J., Trott, C.R., & Plimpton, S.J. (2021). $\mathrm{LAMMPS}$ - a flexible simulation tool for particle-based materials modeling at the atomic, meso, and continuum scales. Computer Physics Communications, 271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2021.108171

Sprague, M., Ananthan, S., Binyahib, R., Brazell, M., de Frahan, M.H., King, R.A., Mullowney, P., Rood, J., Sharma, A., Thomas, S.A., Vijayakumar, G., Crozier, P., Berger-Vergiat, L., Cheung, L., Dement, D.C., Develder, N., Glaze, D.J., Hu, J.J., Knaus, R.C., … Sitaraman, J. (2021). ExaWind: Exascale Predictive Wind Plant Flow Physics Modeling [Conference Poster]. 10.2172/1863503

Sprague, M., Ananthan, S., Brazell, M., Glaws, A., de Frahan, M., King, R., Natarajan, M., Rood, J., Sharma, A., Sirydowicz, K., Thomas, S., Vijaykumar, G., Yellapantula, S., Crozier, P., Berger-Vergiat, L., Cheung, L., Glaze, D.J., Hu, J.J., Knaus, R.C., … Sitaraman, J. (2019). ExaWind: Exascale Predictive Wind Plant Flow Physics Modeling [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1764343

Crozier, P., Sprague, M., & Ananthan, S. (2019). ECP FY19 AD Project Review [Slides]. 10.2172/1561440

Sprague, M., Ananthan, S., Gruchalla, K., Lawson, M., Rood, J., Swirydowicz, K., Thomas, S., Vijayakumar, G., Crozier, P., Dohrmann, C.R., Hu, J.J., Williams, A.B., Turner, J., Prokopenko, A., Moser, R., & Melvin, J. (2018). ExaWind: Exascale Predictive Wind Plant Flow Physics Modeling [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1591992

Glass, M.W., Crozier, P., Howard, M., Kieweg, S., & Ray, J. (2018). SNL ASC/ATDM FY19 SPARC L2 Milestone Initial Review: Credibility Performance and Scalability [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643833

Sprague, M., Crozier, P., & Ananthan, S. (2018). ECP FY18 AD Project Review; ECP Project ExaWind (WBS 1.2.1.07) [PowerPoint]. 10.2172/1734509

Crozier, P., Howard, M., Rider, W.J., Freno, B.A., Bova, S.W., & Carnes, B.R. (2017). Advanced Technology and Mitigation (ATDM) SPARC Re-Entry Code Fiscal Year 2017 Progress and Accomplishments for ECP. 10.2172/1398336

Crozier, P., Clausen, J., Domino, S.P., Fisher, T.C., Noble, D.R., & Voskuilen, T. (2015). Sierra Thermal Fluids use of Trilinos [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1576152

Crozier, P. (2015). Sierra Thermal/Fluids Release 4.36 [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1252929

Turner, D.Z., Reu, P.L., & Crozier, P. (2015). Evaluation of various interpolants available in DICE. 10.2172/1170515

Barrett, R.F., Crozier, P., Doerfler, D.W., Heroux, M.A., Lin, P.T., Thornquist, H.K., Trucano, T.G., & Vaughan, C.T. (2015). Assessing the role of mini-applications in predicting key performance characteristics of scientific and engineering applications. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 75, pp. 107-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2014.09.006

Hopkins, M.M., Crozier, P., & Moore, C.H. (2014). Comparison of Aleph and BOLSIG+ Results for Electron-Nitrogen Chemistry. 10.2172/1561682

Thompson, A.P., Schultz, P.A., Crozier, P., Moore, S.G., Swiler, L.P., Stephens, J.A., Trott, C.R., Foiles, S.M., & Tucker, G.J. (2014). Automated Algorithms for Quantum-Level Accuracy in Atomistic Simulations: LDRD Final Report. 10.2172/1158668

Moore, S.G., & Crozier, P. (2014). Extension and evaluation of the multilevel summation method for fast long-range electrostatics calculations. Journal of Chemical Physics, 140(23). 10.1063/1.4883695

Hopkins, M.M., Boerner, J.J., Moore, S.G., Crozier, P., & Musson, L.C. (2014). Simulation of microscale breakdown after vacuum seal failure [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1146169

Moore, S.G., Crozier, P., Moore, C.H., Bettencourt, M.T., & Hopkins, M.M. (2013). Automatic Coarsening of the Particle Interaction Mesh in a Hybrid PIC-DSMC Simulation [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1115116

Moore, C.H., Hopkins, M.M., Boerner, J.J., Crozier, P., & Moore, S.G. (2013). Paschen Concepts in Non-Uniform Gas [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1116426

Hopkins, M.M., Boerner, J.J., Moore, C.H., Crozier, P., Moore, S.G., Bettencourt, M.T., & Hooper, R. (2013). Computational Efficiency for Kinetic Simulation of Vacuum Arcs [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1116438

Greathouse, J.A., Nenoff, T.M., Gallis, D.F.S., Crozier, P., & Rodriguez, M.A. (2013). Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Nuclear Applications [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1109058

Hopkins, M.M., Boerner, J.J., Moore, C.H., & Crozier, P. (2013). Addressing Challenges to Simulating Breakdown and Arc Evolution in Vacuum and Low Pressure Systems [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1110253

Moore, S.G., Crozier, P., Moore, C.H., Bettencourt, M.T., & Hopkins, M.M. (2013). Automatic Coarsening of the Particle Interaction Mesh in a Hybrid PIC-DSMC Simulation [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1111367

Moore, S.G., & Crozier, P. (2013). LAMMPS implementation of the Multilevel Summation Method (MSM) for long-range electrostatics calculations [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1106509

Hopkins, M.M., Hooper, R., Boerner, J.J., Moore, C.H., Barnat, E., Crozier, P., Moore, S.G., Bettencourt, M.T., Campbell, R.B., & Musson, L.C. (2013). Challenges to Simulating Vacuum Arc Discharge [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1115246

Hopkins, M.M., Boerner, J.J., Moore, C.H., Crozier, P., Campbell, R.B., Musson, L.C., & Bettencourt, M.T. (2013). Accommodating Large Temporal Spatial and Particle Weighting Demands for Simulating Vacuum Arc Discharge [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1106697

Hopkins, M.M., Boerner, J.J., Crozier, P., Musson, L.C., & Campbell, R.B. (2013). 1D PIC-DSMC Simulation of Microscale Breakdown in Gaps with a Non-Uniform Background Gas Density [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1083681

Gallis, D.F.S., Rodriguez, M.A., Greathouse, J.A., Crozier, P., & Nenoff, T.M. (2013). Preferential Gas Adsorption in Cu-BTC: a Combined Molecular Modeling and Crystallographic Determination [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1073447

Hopkins, M.M., Boerner, J.J., Crozier, P., Musson, L.C., & Campbell, R.B. (2013). PIC Simulation of Microscale Breakdown in Gaps Filled with a Non-Uniform Background Neutral Gas Density [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1145244

Barrett, R.F., Crozier, P., Doerfler, D.W., Hammond, S., Heroux, M.A., Lin, P.T., Trucano, T.G., Vaughan, C.T., & Williams, A.B. (2012). Assessing the predictive capabilities of mini-applications [Conference]. Proceedings - 2012 SC Companion: High Performance Computing, Networking Storage and Analysis, SCC 2012. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84876551353&origin=inward

Crozier, P., Boerner, J.J., Hopkins, M.M., Moore, C.H., & Musson, L.C. (2012). Breakdown voltage calculations using PIC-DSMC [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1061094

Hopkins, M.M., Barnat, E., Crozier, P., Bettencourt, M.T., Moore, C.H., Hooper, R., & Musson, L.C. (2012). The Path to Full Geometry 3D Vacuum Arc Simulation [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1116300

Hopkins, M.M., Crozier, P., Barnat, E., Boerner, J.J., Hooper, R., Bettencourt, M.T., & Musson, L.C. (2012). 1D PIC-DSMC Microscale Breakdown Simulations [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1072466

Hopkins, M.M., Crozier, P., Boerner, J.J., & Musson, L.C. (2012). 1D PIC-DSMC Simulations of Breakdown in Microscale Gaps [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1072685

Hopkins, M.M., Crozier, P., Hooper, R., Boerner, J.J., Musson, L.C., & Bettencourt, M.T. (2012). 1D PIC-DSMC Simulations of Breakdown in Microscale Gaps [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1116613

Hopkins, M.M., Boerner, J.J., Barnat, E., Crozier, P., Bettencourt, M.T., Musson, L.C., Hooper, R., & Moore, C.H. (2012). 3D vacuum arc breakdown simulation : [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1104785

Hopkins, M.M., Crozier, P., Hooper, R., Boerner, J.J., Musson, L.C., & Bettencourt, M.T. (2012). PIC-DSMC Simulations of Breakdown in Microscale Gaps [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1073337

Crozier, P. (2012). A brief survey of the LAMMPS particle simulation code:introduction case studies and future development [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1064223

Hopkins, M.M., Crozier, P., Hooper, R., Boerner, J.J., Musson, L.C., & Bettencourt, M.T. (2012). 1D PIC-DSMC Simulations of Breakdown in Microscale Gaps [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1140709

Hammond, S., Ang, J.A., Barrett, R.F., Laros, J.H., Doerfler, D.W., Heroux, M.A., Trott, C.R., & Crozier, P. (2012). Early Experiences with Heterogeneous Compute [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1064134

Hopkins, M.M., Hooper, R., Crozier, P., Bettencourt, M.T., Boerner, J.J., & Musson, L.C. (2012). 1D Breakdown Simulations and Development of an Energy Conserving Implicit PIC-DSMC Method [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1658752

Hopkins, M.M., Boerner, J.J., Barnat, E., Crozier, P., Bettencourt, M.T., Moore, C.H., Hooper, R., & Musson, L.C. (2012). Building Blocks for 3D Vacuum Arc Discharge [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1067530

Crozier, P. (2012). How to get Paschen curves from Aleph and Bolsig%2B [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1067677

Barrett, R.F., Doerfler, D.W., Crozier, P., Heroux, M.A., Lin, P.T., Thornquist, H.K., Trucano, T.G., & Vaughan, C.T. (2012). Characterize the Role of the Mini-Applications in Predicting Key Performance Characteristics of Real Applications [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1650485

Hopkins, M.M., Crozier, P., Barnat, E., & Boerner, J.J. (2012). State of 3D vacuum arc discharge simulation via PIC-DSMC [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1294533

Timko, H., Crozier, P., Hopkins, M.M., Matyash, K., & Schneider, R. (2012). Why Perform Code-to-Code Comparisons: A Vacuum Arc Discharge Simulation Case Study [Conference]. Contributions to Plasma Physics. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84860591745&origin=inward

Crozier, P. (2011). HPC molecular simulations using LAMMPS [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1111636

Hopkins, M.M., Crozier, P., Musson, L.C., Hughes, T., Hooper, R., & Barnat, E. (2011). Ingredients for 3D Vacuum Arc Discharge Simulation [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1106327

Crozier, P. (2011). A brief survey of the LAMMPS particle simulation code: introduction case studies and future development [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1106532

Shainer, G., Ayoub, A., Lui, P., Liu, T., Kagan, M., Trott, C.R., Scantlen, G., & Crozier, P. (2011). The development of Mellanox/NVIDIA GPUDirect over InfiniBand - A new model for GPU to GPU communications [Conference]. Computer Science - Research and Development. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=80051667116&origin=inward

Gallis, D.F.S., Garino, T.J., Krumhansl, J.L., Rademacher, D.X., Crozier, P., & Greathouse, J.A. (2011). Iodine Waste Form Development and Technology [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1107541

Gallis, D.F.S., Rodriguez, M.A., Greathouse, J.A., & Crozier, P. (2011). Volatile Gas Capture in Nanoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1108298

Gallis, D.F.S., Rodriguez, M.A., Greathouse, J.A., & Crozier, P. (2011). Volatile Gas Adsorption in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1108316

Gallis, D.F.S., Rodriguez, M.A., Crozier, P., & Greathouse, J.A. (2011). A Molecular Trap for Iodine Gas: an Insight into the Capture of I2%40ZIF-8. Science. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1108823

Crozier, P. (2011). Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations of gas uptake in microporous materials using LAMMPS [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1120653

Crozier, P. (2011). Using GPUs for faster LAMMPS particle simulations [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1120584

Crozier, P., & Magyar, R.J. (2011). A two-temperature model of radiation damage in a-quartz [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1109383

Hopkins, M.M., Boerner, J.J., Crozier, P., & Hughes, T. (2011). Dynamic Particle Weighting and Velocity Distributions [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1109243

Hjalmarson, H.P., Magyar, R.J., Crozier, P., & Hartman, F. (2011). Physics of intense, high energy radiation effects. 10.2172/1008110

Crozier, P. (2011). Performance modeling of microsecond scale biological molecular dynamics simulations on heterogeneous architectures. Concurrency and Computation:Practice and Experience. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1110552

Hampton, S.S., Alam, S.R., Crozier, P., & Agarwal, P.K. (2010). Optimal utilization of heterogeneous resources for biomolecular simulations [Conference]. 2010 ACM/IEEE International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, SC 2010. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=78650811801&origin=inward

Hopkins, M.M., Crozier, P., & Hughes, T. (2010). Progress Toward Robust Dynamic Particle Reweighting [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1675225

Crozier, P. (2010). Arc simulations with Aleph : code-to-code verification exercises & embarrassing (but valuable) physics bug discoveries [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1026930

Crozier, P. (2010). Efficient short-range force calculations on GPUs [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1020513

Crozier, P. (2010). Arc simulations using Aleph [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1278830

Barnat, E., Crozier, P., Boerner, J.J., Hughes, T., & Hooper, R. (2010). Challenges simulating low temperature collisional plasmas [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1012449

Crozier, P. (2010). Attaining microsecond biological molecular dynamics simulations on hybrid processors [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/984121

Brown, W., Crozier, P., & Plimpton, S.J. (2010). Porting LAMMPS to GPUs [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/991007

Crozier, P., Hopkins, M.M., Boerner, J.J., & Hughes, T. (2010). Arc simulations using Aleph a DSMC/PIC code [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1124425

Crozier, P., Ismail, A.E., & Foiles, S.M. (2009). The effect of electron-ion coupling on radiation damage simulations of a pyrochlore waste form. 10.2172/974414

Hughes, T., Hopkins, M.M., Boerner, J.J., Crozier, P., Hooper, R., Hopkins, P.L., Musson, L.C., & Williams, A.B. (2009). Instability-driven ionization in a low-pressure helium discharge [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1141411

Doerfler, D.W., Crozier, P., Edwards, H.C., Williams, A.B., Rajan, M., Keiter, E.R., & Thornquist, H.K. (2009). Improving performance via mini-applications. 10.2172/993908

Greathouse, J.A., Crozier, P., & Foiles, S.M. (2009). Damage Cascade Simulations with Electronic Degrees of Freedom [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1141913

Crozier, P., & Stevens, M.J. (2009). Examining interactions between lipid bilayers using all-atom simulations. Journal of Chemical Physics. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1142502

May, E., Crozier, P., & Brozik, S.M. (2008). Computational sensing and in vitro classification of GMOs and biomolecular events [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1321922

Heroux, M.A., Williams, A.B., & Crozier, P. (2008). HPC Application Performance Analysis and Prediction [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1142301

Crozier, P., & Brozik, S.M. (2008). Computational sensing and in vitro classification of GMOs and biomolecular events [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1321921

Crozier, P. (2008). Exploring Initial Kv1.2 Channel Fluctuations Under Varying Transmembrane Potentials. Biophysical Journal. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1142542

Cygan, R.T., Jiang, Y., Alam, T.M., Brinker, C.J., Bunker, B.C., Leung, K., Nenoff, T.M., Nyman, M.D., Ockwig, N., Orendorff, C., Rempe, S., Singh, S., Criscenti, L., Stevens, M.J., Thurmer, K., van Swol, F.B., Varma, S., Crozier, P., Feibelman, P.J., … Huber, D.L. (2008). Exploiting interfacial water properties for desalination and purification applications. https://doi.org/10.2172/942190

May, E., Dolan, P., Crozier, P., & Brozik, S.M. (2008). Computational Sensing and In Vitro Classification of GMOs and Biomolecular aEvents [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1706535

Crozier, P., & Stevens, M.J. (2008). Examining long-range forces between lipid bilayers using all-atom simulations. Biophysical Journal. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1143317

Crozier, P. (2008). How we use MPI to perform scalable parallel molecular dynamics [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1143123

Hjalmarson, H.P., Hartman, F., Wills, A.E., & Crozier, P. (2008). The Physics of Intense High Energy Ionizing Radiation Effects on Insulators and Semiconductors [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1712613

Crozier, P., Plimpton, S.J., & Thompson, A.P. (2008). A brief survey of the LAMMPS MD code: intro case studies and future development [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1712928

Crozier, P. (2007). Electrokinetic effects in silica channels high concentration or high ionic strength regime. J. Phys. Chem. B.. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1147555

Crozier, P., & Plimpton, S.J. (2007). Substructured Molecular Dynamics using Multibody Dynamics Algorithm. International Journal of Nonlinear Mechanics. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1147588

Dolan, P., Crozier, P., & Brozik, S.M. (2007). De novo Design of Computational Biosensors for Detection and Classification of Biomolecular Events. IEEE Sensors Journal. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1147438

May, E., Dolan, P., Crozier, P., & Brozik, S.M. (2007). An integrated microsystem platform for computational sensing of biomolecular events [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/913231

Crozier, P. (2007). Interactions Between and Within Membranes [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1148013

Crozier, P., Grest, G.S., Ismail, A.E., Lehoucq, R., Plimpton, S.J., & Stevens, M.J. (2006). Substructured multibody molecular dynamics. 10.2172/902881

Crozier, P., Plimpton, S.J., Stevens, M.J., & Lehoucq, R. (2006). Substructured Multibody Molecular Dynamics [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1729782

May, E., Dolan, P., Crozier, P., & Brozik, S.M. (2006). Quantitative assessment of SNP discrimination for computational molecular beacons [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/884709

Crozier, P., & Stevens, M.J. (2006). Molecular dynamics simulation of rhodopsin photoisomerization [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/886641

Plimpton, S.J., Crozier, P., & Vaughan, C.T. (2005). Red Storm performance of molecular dynamics modeling [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/970265

Crozier, P. (2005). Opening a highly secured binding pocket : targeted molecular dynamics studies of Rubisco. Proposed for publication in Chemical Physics.. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/990974

Crozier, P. (2004). Atomistic simulations of biologically realistic transmembrane potential gradients. Proposed for publication in Journal of Chemical Physics., 121(22). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1826056

Stevens, M.J., & Crozier, P. (2003). Molecular dynamics simulation of dark-adapted rhodopsin in an explicit membrane bilayer : coupling between local retinal and larger scale conformational change. Proposed for publication in Journal of Molecular Biology.. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/917161

Frink, L.J., Rempe, S., Means, S.A., Stevens, M.J., Crozier, P., Martin, M.G., Sears, M.P., & Hjalmarson, H.P. (2002). Predicting Function of Biological Macromolecules: A Summary of LDRD Activities: Project 10746. 10.2172/805869