The Rankine Hugoniot equation relating the conversion of momentum across a shock front and the empirical relationship for shock velocity as a function of particle velocity are used to calculate the impact pressures for selected materials. The shock velocity and particle velocities are then calculated as a function of impact pressures. The calculated data are graphically presented sets of three figures for the selected materials as follows: Impact pressure as a function of impact velocity, impact pressure as a function of particle velocity, impact pressure as a function of shock velocity. Given the projectile impact velocity and material Hugoniot information, this graphical representation of the data allows for a fast approximation of the impact pressure particle velocity, and shock velocity in the target material. 9 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.
Operational procedures for the Space Systems Department and Space Sensors Department are described. Departmental policies and procedures from design of systems for space applications through qualification for spaceflight are summarized. 1 fig.
This document contains a report of the work performed in the Solar Industrial Process Heat Project during the period FY 1984 to FY 1986. The work involved seventeen experiments funded by the Department of Energy. The report contains a description of each of the active experiments and a discussion of their system performance, operation, and maintenance experience during the last three years of the project. Emphasis is placed on energy production and on economic considerations. It also contains a brief statement of the status of the solar equipment for systems no longer in operation. The project was sponsored by the Systems Test and Evaluation Branch of the Division of Solar Thermal Technology, Department of Energy. 24 refs., 35 figs., 24 tabs.
A preliminary investigation of shock compression and release properties has been performed on four ceramics: silicon carbide, titanium diboride, boron carbide and zirconium dioxide. Eight planar impact experiments using thin discs of similar ceramic as impactor and target have been completed. The particle velocity history at the interface between the back of the target ceramic and a lithium fluoride window material was acquired with a laser velocity interferometer (VISAR). These wave profiles indicate that each of these materials responds in a unique way to shock loading. Peak impact stresses in these experiments range between 20 and 50 GPa, leading to pronounced permanent deformation behavior of these materials. Dynamic compression and release stress-strain behavior of the ceramics, formulated with numerical iteration methods, is compared with compressive strength properties determined from the experimental data. The current experiments provide data for these ceramic materials which can be used to evaluate computational material models in wave propagation codes. 23 refs., 25 figs., 4 tabs.
This report describes the development, fabrication, and testing of a high-g piezoelectric accelerometer that uses PVF/sub 2/ as the piezoelectric transducer. The accelerometer is designed to continuously measure accelerations up to 1000,000 g. The device is packages in a 3/8'' hex head bolt and can include a built-in hybrid buffer to provide a low-output impedance analog signal. Included in this report are fabrication procedures, mechanical drawings, and software listings for test data analysis programs. 30 refs., 21 figs.
This paper discusses the following topics: semicustom integrated circuits; radiation effects and hardness; circuit design considerations; the design cycle; fault analysis and design for test; and circuit layout.
The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) cavern fluid velocity model for natural convection uses the Modified Local Similarity (MLS) method to analyze the boundary layer behavior. In order to use the MLS approach, boundary layer velocity and temperature profiles are calculated in terms of local similarity variables based on the natural convection equations. Modifications were made to the local similarity equations enabling consideration of turbulent flow and mixed convection conditions. The details of these changes are addressed in this report. 80 refs., 43 figs., 3 tabs.
Flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) studies have been conducted in a 19.4-cm high, 14.5-cm wide, and 2. 242-m long channel (MINIFLAME) that is a 1:12.6 scale model of the 136-m{sup 3} FLAME facility. Tests were conducted with two levels of hydrogen concentration -- 20% and 30%, with and without obstacles in the channel, and with three levels of transverse top venting -- 0%, 13%, and 50%. The flame acceleration results in MINIFLAME are qualitatively similar to those in FLAME; however, the small-scale results are more benign quantitatively. The results show that insufficient venting, 13% venting in this case, can promote flame acceleration due to turbulence produced by the flow through the vents in smooth channels. However, with obstacle-generated turbulence in the channel, 13% top venting was found to be beneficial. Flame acceleration resulting in DDT was shown to occur in as little as 35 liters of mixture. Comparison of the DDT data with obstacles in MINIFLAME and FLAME supports d/{lambda} scaling of DDT, where {lambda} is the detonation cell width of the mixture and d is the characteristic open diameter of the channel. In the MINIFLAME and FLAME tests, DDT occurred for d/{lambda} greater than approximately three. Comparison with other experiments shows that the value of d/{lambda} for DDT is not constant but depends on the obstacle type, spacing, and channel geometry. The comparison of MINIFLAME and FLAME experiments extends the use of d/{lambda} scaling to different geometries and larger scales than previous studies. Small-scale-model testing of flame acceleration and DDT with the same combustible mixture as the full-scale prototype underpredicts flame speeds, overpressures, and the possibility of DDT. 18 refs., 16 figs.
The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is a joint design and R D project involving the USA, the Soviet Union, Japan and the European Community. These international partners are working together on the design of a fusion tokamak reactor that will operate in the D-T ignition regime. This report compiles the contributions to ITER made by Sandia National Laboratories in the area of design and R D for plasma facing components, such as the first wall and divertor. The following topics are discussed: divertor fabrication issues, divertor thermal-hydraulic analysis, separatrix sweeping effects, divertor tile 2-D stress analysis, electromechanical disruption effects, runaway electron and intense energy deposition analyses, lifetime analysis and tritium retention in plasma facing materials. Material properties for pyrolytic graphite and beryllium are presented. Use of pyrolytic graphite as the plasma facing material allows for operation with thicker graphite armor at the design heat flux level of 10 MW/m/sup 2/. The design of a divertor coated with plasma sprayed beryllium is presented as an attractive alternative to pyrolytic graphite armor tiles. Finally, the Sandia research and development plan for ITER is discussed. 82 figs.
Recent technological advances in the field of electronics have made video imaging a viable substitute for the traditional Polaroid/trademark/ picture used to create photo ID credentials. New families of hardware and software products, when integrated into a system, provide an exciting and powerful toll which can be used simply to make badges or enhance an access control system. This report is designed to make the reader aware of who is currently in this business and compare their capabilities.
This document describes twelve different kinds of charts which have been designed to help manage the performance of the Engineering Information Management (EIM) computer systems at Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque. Operational data generated by the two major software systems, Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) and Integrated Database Management System (IDMS), are summarized to visually portray actual service levels and meaningful system performance characteristics. To demonstrate the potential utility of the resulting performance reports, summarized data in illustrative charts are evaluated from a managerial point of view. The resulting graphs can stimulate relevant analyses for modeling the impact of forecasted workloads on system service level objectives and identifying problems or trends that need the attention of system tuners. 15 figs.
An overview of the DOE nuclear weapons research, development, and testing program is given along with a description of the program objectives and the roles and responsibilities of the various involved organizations. The relationship between the DoD and DOE is described and the division of responsibilities for weapon development as well as the coordinated planning and acquisition activities are reviewed. Execution of the RD T program at the nuclear weapons laboratories is outlined. 24 refs., 3 figs.
This report describes an integrated network management tool designed to minimize the time and effort required to diagnose and resolve data communications problems at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque. A workstation is utilized to consolidate several functions necessary for diagnosing these problems, thus reducing the amount of hardware required for troubleshooting. Functions include managing data PBX and PACX switches, accessing circuit database information on a VAX, and monitoring alarms. In addition to consolidating functions, enhanced capability is provided for simplifying the complex procedure of troubleshooting data PBX problems. The first two sections of this report give an introduction and overview of the network management applications and the last section provides details of operation. 17 figs.
This report covers the initial characterization of two new dc magnetron sputtering systems which were acquired for the purpose of modernizing our capability for the deposition of tantalum nitride, titanium, and palladium thin films for HMC applications. These systems were purchased to replace two old metallization systems which had been used in this application for more than a decade. Parametric studies were carried out to characterize the systems. Operating conditions were established for the deposition of tantalum nitride films in one system and for the deposition of Ti/Pd films in the other system. These conditions were shown to produce films with properties equal to or better than were being achieved with the equipment being replaced. In addition, the new equipment was found to be simpler and easier to operate than the old systems. The data obtained during the course of this characterization study are presented. 15 refs., 44 figs., 8 tabs.
Preliminary atomic Xe laser results are presented for e-beam excitation at pump rates between 40 W/cm/sup 3/ and 1 kW/cm/sup 3/ and for pump times between 50 /mu/s and 1 ms. 44 refs., 15 figs., 2 tabs.
A computer code for calculating hydraulic fracture height and width in a stressed-layer medium has been modified for easy use on a personal computer. HSTRESS allows for up to 51 layers having different thicknesses, stresses and fracture toughnesses. The code can calculate fracture height versus pressure or pressure versus fracture height, depending on the design model in which the data will be used. At any pressure/height, a width profile is calculated and an equivalent width factor and flow resistance factor are determined. This program is written in FORTRAN. Graphics use PLOT88 software by Plotworks, Inc., but the graphics software must be obtained by the user because of licensing restrictions. A version without graphics can also be run. This code is available through the National Energy Software Center (NESC), operated by Argonne National Laboratory. 14 refs., 21 figs.
With the advent of automated photographic badge making systems and automated access control systems, the need for new badge making strategies has become evident. In order to determine the suitability of the polyester/polyethylene badge packet for application to both the currently widely used Polaroid (TM) photographic process and the emerging automated photographic badge making process, Sandia National Laboratories procured samples of this type of badge packet from four different suppliers and evaluated them. The evaluation packet was designed to accommodate either process as well as an automated access control system (in this case, a system based on magnetic stripe technology). The evaluation consisted of environmental, mechanical, chemical and magnetic tests to determine reliability and durability. These tests included a flex test at /minus/20/degree/F, 76/degree/F and 125/degree/F; a washing machine test; a magnetic stripe wear test; an outdoor test; and a high magnetic field exposure test. These tests were designed to simulate conditions the badge might encounter during normal use. 5 tabs.
Prototype systems have been established which prove the concept and utility of supporting distributed access to shared Product Test Data from Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and General Electric Neutron Devices (GEND) using existing network communications facilities. It is essential, however, that adequate control (audit and isolation) be present as intrinsic characteristics of this connectivity in the production environment. A plan has emerged to put into place a configuration which provides required network functionality, yet preserves the necessary control. This configuration supports further development of a Product Data Network containing a Distributed Data System. We anticipate a complete ''black hat'' assessment of the final plan and configuration which results from these efforts. 3 figs.
Sandia conducts impact testing for a variety of structures. In this slapdown test, one end of the cask impacts the hard concrete target, then the structure rotates so that the other end of the cask impacts the target. During an impact test, metal to metal contact may occur within the structure and produce high frequency, high amplitude shock inputs. The high frequency portion of this transient vibration has been observed to excite the accelerometer resonance even though this resonance exceeds 350 kHz. The amplitude of the resonating accelerometer response can be so large that the data are clipped and are rendered useless. If the data are not clipped, a digital filter must be applied to eliminate the undesired accelerometer resonant response. If possible, it is more desirable to prevent excitation of the accelerometer resonance, This may be accomplished by mechanically isolating the accelerometer from the high frequency excitation without degrading the transducer response in the bandwidth of interest which is usually 10 kHz or less. To achieve this desirable isolation, two mounting configurations were designed and characterized. The objective of this paper is to describe the evaluation technique and to discuss the shock isolation properties of each mounting configuration. One configuration was actually used in a field test of bomb impacting a target. 4 figs.
A number of problems have been experienced by Sandia secretaries and others in the preparation of equations. This report is a self- paced/''how-to'' manual designed to provide detailed explanations on the preparation of equations using Mass-11 and the typewriter and is suitable for either classroom training or on-the-job use.
A computer controlled servo-hydraulic mechanical test system has been configured to conduct automated fatigue crack growth testing. This provides two major benefits: it allows continuous cycling of specimens without operator attention over evenings and weekends; and complex load histories, including random loading and spectrum loading, can be applied to the specimens to simulate cyclic loading of engineering structures. The software is written in MTS Multi-User Basic to control test machine output and acquire data at predetermined intervals. Compact tension specimens are cycled according to ASTM specification E647-86. Fatigue crack growth is measured via specimen compliance during the test using a compliance/crack length calibration determined earlier by visual crack length measurements. This setup was used to measure crack growth rates in 6063 aluminum alloy for a variety of cyclic loadings, including spectrum loads. Data collected compared well with tests run manually. 13 figs.
A liquid-metal pool-boiler solar receiver has been proposed to link a paraboloidal-dish concentrator to a Stirling heat engine operating in the temperature range 700--800/degree/C. Preliminary to the construction of a full-scale receiver of this type, a bench-scale version using liquid sodium was designed, built and tested. Conclusions drawn from the test included: (1) boiling instability will occur in the full-scale receiver unless special measures are taken, (2) boiling was stabilized in the bench-scale receiver after the addition of ''artificial cavities'', but other stabilizing influences may also have been present, (3) ''hot restarts'' can under some circumstances lead to unacceptably-high incipient-boiling superheats, (4) no thermal-fatigue damage was evident after 100 hours of boiling interspersed with 24 cooldown periods, (5) 0.01-inch-diameter sheathed thermocouples used to provide an estimate of heated-wall temperature survived over 100 hours at 830/degree/C, and (6) other instrumentation and control techniques that were tested were shown to be appropriate for future full-scale receiver tests. 27 refs., 24 figs., 4 tabs.
A program has been written that allows us to predict the trace-to- trace cross-coupling on printed circuit boards for many geometries of practical interest. It combines multiconductor transmission line analysis with circuit analysis in the time domain. Multiple sections of uniform lines, of varying number and characteristics, can be interconnected by passive circuit elements. These circuit elements may represent physical components or the effects of discontinuities in the lines. These predictions were compared with measurements for simple geometries, with good agreement in both waveshape and amplitude. The major discrepancies were in the amplitudes of fast rising spikes and are probably due to the fact that the predictions did not account for the increasing attenuation at high frequencies. 10 refs., 12 figs.
This report presents preliminary analyses of the Nunnally mass launcher. The Nunnally launcher is much like ones described in US Patents 1,370,200; 1,421,435; and 1,422,427 which were issued to A.L.O. Fauchon-Villeplee in the period 1917--1922. A discussion of why a high conductivity projectile impulsively accelerated in a uniform transverse B-field does not experience a drag force, even for very large magnetic Reynolds numbers (R/sub m/ = 10/sup 2/ /minus/ 10/sup 4/) is also presented. 1 ref., 7 figs.