Publications

This report contains a summary of boiler efficiency measurements which can be applied to evaluate the performance of steam-generating boilers via both the direct and indirect methods. This methodology was written to assist industries in calculating the boiler efficiency for determining the applicability and value of thermal industrial heat, as part of the efforts of the Solar Thermal Design Assistance Center (STDAC) funded by Sandia National Laboratories. Tables of combustion efficiencies are enclosed as functions of stack temperatures and the amount of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the gas stream.

Physical and chemical phenomena that will affect the behavior of radionuclides released from fuel in the Annular Core Research Reactor during a hypothetical, core disruptive accident are described. The phenomena include boiling of water on heated clad, metal-water reactions, vapor nucleation to form aerosol particles, coagulation of aerosol particles, aerosol deposition within bubbles rising through the shield pool, vapor dissolution in the shield pool, and revaporization of radionuclides from the shield pool. A model of these phenomena is developed and applied to predict the release of radionuclides to the confinement building of the Annular Core Research Reactor. It is found that the shield pool provides overall decontamination factors for particulate of about 2.8 {times} 10{sup 5} and decontamination factors for noble gases of about 2.5--3.7. These results are found to be sensitive to the predicted clad temperature and bubble behavior in the shield pool. Slow revalorization of krypton, xenon and iodine from the shield pool is shown to create a prolonged, low-intensity source term of radioactive material to the confinement atmosphere.

A technique was developed for the solder attachment of coaxial cable leads to the silver-bearing thick film electrodes on piezoelectric ceramics. Soldering the cable leads directly to the thick film caused bonds with low mechanical strength due to poor solder joint geometry. A barrier coating of 1.5 {mu}m Cu/1.5 {mu}m Ni/1.0{mu}m Sn deposited on the thick film layer improved the strength of the solder joints by eliminating the absorption of Ag from the thick film which was responsible for the improper solder joint geometry. The procedure does not require special preparation of the electrode surface and is cost effective due to the use of non-precious metal films and the batch processing capabilities of the electron beam deposition technique.

The two-dimensional transient flow over a backward-facing step is numerically simulated using the spectral-element computational fluid dynamics code NEKTON. The simulated geometry corresponds to that of Kaiktsis et al. (1991) and Armaly et al. (1983), and flow is examined at Reynolds numbers of 500 and 800. A systematic grid refinement study is performed by varying both the element size and the order of the polynomial representation within the elements. For both values of the Reynolds number, it is observed that low-resolution cases exhibit sustained chaotic temporal behavior but that high-resolution cases evolve toward asymptotically steady flow by a monotonic decay of the transient. The resolution required to obtain asymptotically steady behavior is seen to increase with Reynolds number. These results suggest that the recently reported transition to chaotic flow at Reynolds numbers around 700 is an artifact of inadequate spatial resolution. The cause of resolution-dependent temporal behavior of spectral-element methods is explored.

Along with the third-order nonlinear susceptibility, χ(3), the magnitude of the optical absorption in the transparent window below the principal absorption edge is an important parameter for conjugated polymers used in active integrated optical devices. Photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) is an ideal technique for determining the absorption coefficients of thin films of 'transparent' materials. We have used PDS to measure the optical absorption spectra of the conjugated polymers, poly(1,4-phenylene-vinylene) (and derivatives) and polydiacetylene-4BCMU, in the spectral region from 0.55 to 3 eV. We find that the shape of the absorption edge varies considerably from polymer to polymer, with polydiacetylene-4BCMU having the steepest absorption edge. The minimum absorption coefficients measured varied somewhat with sample age and quality, but were typically in the range 1-10 cm-1. In the region below 1 eV, overtones of C-H stretching modes dominate the absorption behavior. We also observe that irradiation of all of these polymers with light above ∼ 2.5 eV produces enhanced absorption below the fundamental edge. In the absence of light, these excitations decay with characteristic times of 10-1000 s and in some cases they may determine the effective IR transparency in the energy range 1.0-1.8 eV. © 1992.

An inductively heated experiment, SURC-2, using prototypic U0{sub 2}-ZrO{sub 2} materials was executed as part of the Integral Core-Concrete Interactions Experiments Program. The purpose of this experimental program was to measure and assess the variety of source terms produced during core debris/concrete interactions. These source terms include thermal energy released to both the reactor basemat and the containment environment, as well as flammable gas, condensable vapor and toxic or radioactive aerosols generated during the course of a severe reactor accident. The SURC-2 experiment eroded a total of 35 cm of basaltic concrete during 160 minutes of sustained interaction using 203.9 kg of prototypic U0{sub 2}-ZrO{sub 2} core debris material that included 18 kg of Zr metal and 3.4 kg of fission product simulants. The meltpool temperature ranged from 2400--1900{degrees}C during the first 50 minutes of the test followed by steady temperatures of 1750--1800{degrees}C during the middle portion of the test and increased temperatures of 1800--1900{degrees}C during the final 50 minutes of testing. The total erosion during the first 50 minutes was 15 cm with an additional 7 cm during the middle part of the test and 13 cm of ablation during the final 50 minutes. Comprehensive gas flowrates, gas compositions, and aerosol release rates were also measured during the SURC-2 test. When combined with the SURC-1 results, SURC-2 forms a complete data base for prototypic U0{sub 2}-ZrO{sub 2} core debris interactions with concrete.

This manual is a user`s guide to the SE3253 and SE3254 versions of the 5AH10 Battery Maintenance Tester, a charger/discharger and test system for the 24-Cell 5-Ah Nickel-Cadmium Battery Pack. The manual provides information on rack equipment, power, communications, theory of operations, user interface, and operating procedures. Copies of users manuals for all equipment comprising the Battery Maintenance Tester are included as appendices.

The unique requirements and contraints of space nuclear systems require careful consideration in the development of a safety policy. The Nuclear Safety Policy Working Group (NSPWG) for the Space Exploration Initiative has proposed a hierarchical approach with safety policy at the top of the hierarchy. This policy allows safety requirements to be tailored to specific applications while still providing reassurance to regulators and the general public that the necessary measures have been taken to assure safe application of space nuclear systems. The safety policy used by the NSPWG is recommended for all space nuclear programs and missions.

This paper presents the results of a reliability analysis for a solar central receiver power plant that employs a salt-in-tube receiver. Because reliability data for a number of critical plant components have only recently been collected, this is the first time a credible analysis can be performed. This type of power plant will be built by a consortium of western US utilities led by the Southern California Edison Company. The 10 MW plant is known as Solar Two and is scheduled to be on-line in 1994. It is a prototype which should lead to the construction of 100 MW commercial-scale plants by the year 2000. The availability calculation was performed with the UNIRAM computer code. The analysis predicted a forced outage rate of 5.4% and an overall plant availability, including scheduled outages, of 91%. The code also identified the most important contributors to plant unavailability. Control system failures were identified as the most important cause of forced outages. Receiver problems were rated second with turbine outages third. The overall plant availability of 91% exceeds the goal identified by the US utility study. This paper discuses the availability calculation and presents evidence why the 91% availability is a credible estimate. 16 refs.

Interagency panels evaluating nuclear thermal propulsion development options have consistently recognized the need for constructing a major new ground test facility to support fuel element and engine testing. This paper summarizes the requirements, configuration, and design issues of a proposed ground test complex for evaluating nuclear thermal propulsion engines and fuel elements being developed for the Space Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (SNTP) program. 2 refs.

The US Department of Energy`s Nuclear Plant Lifetime Improvement Program is investigating the use of prognostic monitoring to extend the operational lifetime of specific equipment. Benefits of these achievements will include safer and more reliable nuclear Plants, reduced maintenance costs, and increased lifetime of equipment. This report describes the development and application of a monitoring system designed to predict starting system performance of Emergency Diesel Generators. The monitor system is evaluated on two different engines, each using a different method of starting.

Portable acoustic wave sensor (PAWS) systems are being developed for real-time, on-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOC`s). These systems are built around acoustic wave (SAW) devices coated with viscoelastic polymers. Two independent responses of the SAW sensor, wave velocity and wave attenuation, are measured to provide information about the chemical species sorbed by the coating. Rapid, reversible detection of gas phase volatile organics has been demonstrated for process monitoring and waste minimization in environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM) applications and for documenting contaminant concentrations in remediation efforts.

The Hard Rock Penetration program is developing technology to reduce the costs of drilling and completing geothermal wells. Current projects include: lost circulation control, rock penetration mechanics, instrumentation, and industry/DOE cost shared projects of the Geothermal Drilling organization. Last year, a number of accomplishments were achieved in each of these areas. A new flow meter being developed to accurately measure drilling fluid outflow was tested extensively during Long Valley drilling. Results show that this meter is rugged, reliable, and can provide useful measurements of small differences in fluid inflow and outflow rates. By providing early indications of fluid gain or loss, improved control of blow-out and lost circulation problems during geothermal drilling can be expected. In the area of downhole tools for lost circulation control, the concept of a downhole injector for injecting a two-component, fast-setting cementitious mud was developed. DOE filed a patent application for this concept during FY 91. The design criteria for a high-temperature potassium, uranium, thorium logging tool featuring a downhole data storage computer were established, and a request for proposals was submitted to tool development companies. The fundamental theory of acoustic telemetry in drill strings was significantly advanced through field experimentation and analysis. A new understanding of energy loss mechanisms was developed.

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is in the final stages of developing a Universal Authenticated Item Monitoring System (AIMS). When completed, AIMS will provide applicable agencies in the US government, and those in the International arena, with a secure and convenient method of monitoring the physical status of selected items. The benefit derived from this development activity will be the commercial availability of an item monitoring system with the capability for ``quick set-up`` monitoring, as well as long-term unattended monitoring. The AIMS includes a variety of sensors, a robust and authenticated radio frequency (RF) communication link, a Receiver Processing Unit (RPU), and an inspector-friendly personal computer (PC) interface for collecting, sorting, viewing and archiving pertinent event histories. The system will provide the capability to monitor selected items in a real-time mode, a remotely interrogated mode, and a stand-alone, unattended data collection mode. The sensor suite under development includes advanced motion sensors, interior volumetric intrusion sensors, Re-usable, In-situ Verifiable Authenticated (RIVA) fiber-optic seal sensors, generic utility sensors (to accommodate contact closure inputs), and radiation and environmental sensors. A new generation authentication algorithm recently has been developed that provides a high degree of system security 121. The AIMS has potential safeguards applications in the areas of arms control and treaty verification military asset control, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Euratom safeguards verification activities, as well as domestic nuclear safeguard activities. Commercial applications could include high-value inventory control and security systems. This paper describes the second-generation AIMS along with its recently expanded sensor suite and enhanced data collection capabilities.

In a joint effort conducted by Sandia National Laboratories, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI), an authentication system has been installed at the Fast Critical Assembly (FCA) facility in Tokai-mura, Japan. The purpose of this authentication system is to provide the IAEA with an independent means of authenticating the operator-provided Advanced Containment and Survellance (AC/S) system already in place at the facility. Authentication Controllers were installed at the AC/S Portal Monkor and Penetration Monitor to collect data and to randomly test sensor functions between IAEA inspections. During each inspection the authentication data is collected with an Inspector`s portable computer and printed for comparison to the data recorded by the AC/S system. Installation of the authentication equipment took place in November 1991 and a three-month field test began in December 1991. This paper will describe the authentication system, the operator interface, and the preliminary results of the field tests.

A public-key Treaty Data Authentication Module (TDAM) based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Digital Signature Standard (DSS) has been developed to support treaty verification systems. The TDAM utilizes the Motorola DSP56001 Digital Signal Processor as a coprocessor and supports both the STD Bus and PC-AT Bus platforms. The TDAM is embedded within an Authenticated Data Communication Subsystem (ADCS) which provides transparent data authentication and communications, thereby concealing the details of securely authenticating and communicating compliance data and commands. The TDAM has been designed according to the NIST security guidelines for cryptographic modules. Public-key data authentication is important for support of both bilateral and multi-lateral treaties. 8 refs.

Parametric weld size predictions, in which weld size and shape are predicted given a knowledge of material and process parameters, offer a great deal of benefit to the welding engineer. This is so because the technique promises to replace expensive and time-consuming lab or shop activity followed by destructive examination with simple numeric or nomographic calculations. The work to be presented here uses a simple two-dimensional axisymmetric spot-on-plate computer simulation in which thermal diffusivity vs temperature is varied.

The change in the world military posture and the reduction in military personnel require the flexible and rapid deployment of priority defense assets. Air Force security personnel and operators must maintain the ability to secure these deployed assets and receive advanced warning of threats. The Air Force will meet this need through the Dispersed Integrated Security System (DISS). The system will be rapidly deployable, relocatable, support mission flexibility, and be capable of intrusion detection, area and alarm display, night assessment, and wireless data communications. Wireless links, as obtained through radio, are quickly deployed and cost less than their hardwire counterpart when labor cost and equipment reuse are considered. DISS communications systems will be flexible and have broad application. By integrating commercial components and using menu-driven setup procedures, low cost, versatile, easy-to-use communication systems will be implemented to meet Air Force user requirements and provide desired capabilities.

It has long been United States Government (USG) policy to actively support nuclear nonproliferation efforts, as evinced in the 1970 US ratification of the Nuclear I Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and the 1978 US Voluntary Treaty with the IAEA (INFCIRC/288). Under INFCIRC 288, US facilities without direct national security involvement are eligible for International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. Throughout the past decade, the IAEA has selected one or two US facilities for implementation of IAEA safeguards at a given time. The facilities selected have generally been those which allowed the IAEA to test new or advanced safeguards techniques, facilities which were prototypical or similar to other nuclear facilities which they will have to safeguard in other countries, or facilities which have been engaged in international commerce in nuclear materials. The US is now actively addressing issues of the interim and permanent disposal of nuclear waste and spent nuclear fuel -- the back end of the open US nuclear fuel cycle. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) of 1982 designated the US Department of Energy (DOE) to be responsible for the long term storage and isolation from the biosphere of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level waste (HLW) and created the DOE Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM) to develop, construct, and manage the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management System (CRWMS). Refinements to the NWPA occurred in 1987 in the Nuclear Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1987. CRWMS facilities will be eligible for IAEA safeguards. They are likely to be selected because they will be among the first SNF and HLW disposal operations worldwide.

As the US nuclear stockpile is reduced, large numbers of nuclear components must be placed in storage. The necessity for periodic inventories of these components as well as the act of placement of the components in storage areas could result in increased radiation exposure to operations personnel. The use of robotics can significantly reduce or even eliminate such exposure. An automated system is being designed in a project at Sandia Laboratories to allow an operator to remotely stack and retrieve component containers in storage areas using a robotic loader and a portable control console. The operator need not enter the storage area. Operator commands for the loader would be implemented through a supervisory architecture that would insure that the loader did not violate safety constraints. Individual aspects of the loader`s activities would be automated to reduce possible operator errors for many repetitive tasks. The loader will be outfitted with appropriate sensors so that the supervisory controller can enforce safe operations. The system will be configured so that monitoring of components for accountability can be accomplished.

To achieve the goal of remediating waste sites throughout its complex and of bringing its facilities into full compliance by the year 2019, the DOE has established the Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management (E). Within E, the Office of Technology Development (OTD) has been created to develop technologies that will support DOE`s cleanup goal. The OTD is accelerating remediation technology application by leveraging the expenditure of available funds through international technology development and demonstration projects. These projects will address EM`s environmental restoration and waste management needs. For this reason, the OTD has created the International Technology Exchange Program (ITEP) whose primary objective is to effect collaboration among governments, industries, and educational institutions to identify worldwide technologies suitable for this purpose. These technologies should also meet US commercial needs. The ITEP will also serve as a mechanism for transferring technologies developed under DOE sponsorship to US industry for ultimate application in the international arena.

Short communication.

The US Department of Energy (DOE) has committed to the remediation of waste sites throughout its complex, and has recognized that it can accelerate its technology development efforts and leverage the expenditure of available funds through an international cooperation among government entities, private industry, and educational institutions. To support the technology transfer of environmental information, the DOE has sponsored the development of EnviroTRADE - an international information system that will facilitate the exchange of environmental restoration and waste management technologies worldwide. During DOE`s fiscal year 1992, a beta prototype is being developed by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). During fiscal year 1993 and beyond, the full system will be developed and networked among international users. The system will contain profiles on both environmental restoration/waste management needs and foreign/domestic technologies. Users will be able to identify matches between worldwide needs and available or emerging technologies. Where matches between needs and existing technologies are not found, the system will identify the potential for development of new and innovative technologies to address environmental problems. EnviroTRADE will also provide general information on international environmental restoration and waste management organizations, sites, activities, and contacts.

As part of the update of the Safety analysis Report (SAR) for the Annular Core Research Reactor (ACRR), operational limiting events under the category of inadvertent withdrawal of an experiment while at power or during a power pulse were determined to be the most limiting event(s) for this reactor. This report provides a summary of the assumptions, modeling, and results in evaluation of: Reactivity and thermal hydraulics analysis to determine the amount of fuel melt or fuel damage ratios; The reactor inventories following the limiting event; A literature review of post NUREG-0772 release fraction experiment results on severe fuel damages; Decontamination factors due to in-pool transport; and In-building transport modeling and building source term analysis.

As part of the Direct Optical Initiation (DOI) program, an assessment of the possibility of introducing lightning energy into an exclusion region via an Optical Barrier Feedthrough (OBF) is being carried out. One postulated penetration mechanism is the tracking of current past the OBF on the surface of the dielectric optical fiber itself. During September and October of 1991, a series of tests was conducted on a closed metallic cylindrical test object representing the electrical exclusion region of a weapon. Median-level (30-kA) and severe (200-kA) simulated lightning return strokes, singly, doubly, and in combination with a moderate continuing current, were attached directly to the exterior portion of a fiber optic cable, which penetrated through a hole of controlled size into the interior of the exclusion region. The thickness of the barrier surrounding the hole was 0.06 in. Attempts were made to measure any conducted current flowing on the fiber at distances of 1 and 4 inches from the interior surface of the stainless steel top of the cylinder. Test parameter variations included diameter of the penetration hole (475 and 500 microns), length of the exterior portion of the cable and whether or not its jacket was present, and the applied test currents. It is concluded that no signal above measurement noise was recorded on any of the data shots that made up the test series. Measurement resolution was of the order of several amperes. Based on the highest recorded response of 8.5 A, corresponding to a 200-kA input, the OBF can be characterized by a direct-strike lightning attenuation factor of approximately 5 {times} lO{sup {minus}5} or better. Based on the more typically observed noise level of a few amps, the attenuation is commensurately greater.