Enabling fully predictive simulations using disruptive computational mechanics and novel diagnostics

A female engineer
Sandia Researcher Rekha Rao

Accurately capturing solidification of fluids and the development of residual stress is critical for fully predictive simulations for numerous applications in geoscience, nuclear safety, manufacturing, energy production, and bioscience. Researchers on this LDRD project developed, implemented, and demonstrated advanced constitutive models with yield stress to represent both fluid and solid behavior simultaneously. They also presented results from literature models and demonstrated the first finite element results for the Kamani Donley-Rogers model that was developed by Sandia Alliance partners at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Illinois).  

Predictions were compared to novel experimental results of gravitational settling of yield stress fluids in a Hele-Shaw cell. Both experiments and simulations showed solidification in regions of low applied stress near free surfaces and far from the inlet. These improved models for the birthing of residual stress will substantially improve predictions of Sandia’s encapsulation processes.  

This project resulted in five publications consisting of one in Physical Review Letters in 2021, two in the Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics (1) (2), and the Physics of Fluids in 2022, and one in the Journal of Rheology in 2023. Additionally, this Sandia team had numerous collaborators from industry (3M, Proctor and Gamble), the government (U.S. Army Engineering R&D Center), and Sandia Alliance partners from Illinois, University of New Mexico, Georgia Tech, and the University of Utah.  

Stress birth and death of a fluid-to-solid transaction: (left) fluid birth, and (right) the solid transaction.
Stress birth and death of a fluid-to-solid transaction: (left) fluid birth, and (right) the solid transaction.  

Sandia researchers linked to work 

  • Rekha Rao
  • Kevin Nicholas Long 
  • Victor Brunini 
  • Samuel R. Subia 
  • Anne Grillet 
  • Christine Cardinal Roberts 

Sponsored by

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Associated Publications

  • Long, K., Chung, C., Luo, C., Yakacki, C.M., Song, B., Yu, K., & Yu, K. (2024). Revealing the unusual rate-dependent mechanical behaviors of nematic liquid crystal elastomers. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 292(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2024.112712 Publication ID: 123604
  • Ballance, T., Lindsey, B., Saraphis, D., Khan, M.Y., Long, K., Kramer, S., Roberts, C., & Roberts, C. (2024). Model Validation of a Modular Foam Encapsulated Electronics Assembly with Controlled Preloads via Additively Manufactured Silicone Lattices [Conference Presenation]. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431998 Publication ID: 130920
  • Long, K., Brown, J.A., Clemmer, J.T., & Clemmer, J.T. (2023). Exploring pressure-dependent inelastic deformation and failure in bonded granular composites: An energetic materials perspective. Mechanics of Materials, 184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2023.104693 Publication ID: 123700
  • Lester, B., Long, K., Reedlunn, B., Scherzinger, W.M., Vignes, C., Cundiff, K.N., & Cundiff, K.N. (2023). Library of Advanced Materials for Engineering (LAMÉ) 5.16. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2430327 Publication ID: 125280
  • Janicki, T.D., Roberts, C., Cleaves, H.L., Brotherton, C.M., Rao, R.R., Rodgers, T., & Rodgers, T. (2023). Crystallization of trans-stilbene derivatives via bound-sphere kinetic Monte Carlo in SPPARKS (Stochastic Parallel PARticle Kinetic Simulator) [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2430443 Publication ID: 125520
  • Clemmer, J.T., Long, K., Brown, J.A., & Brown, J.A. (2023). Mesomechanics of Highly Filled, Polymer-Bonded Granular Composites [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2430749 Publication ID: 126572
  • Hamel, C., Kramer, S., Long, K., & Long, K. (2023). Calibrating Constitutive Models with Full-Field Data via Physics Informed Neural Networks [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2430550 Publication ID: 125868
  • Long, K., Brown, J.A., Clemmer, J.T., & Clemmer, J.T. (2023). Mesomechanics of Highly Filled Particle Reinforced Composites [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2430614 Publication ID: 126108
  • Long, K., Brown, J.A., Clemmer, J.T., & Clemmer, J.T. (2023). Mesomechanics of Highly Filled Particle Reinforced Composites Using A Bonded Particle Method [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2432151 Publication ID: 131396
  • Brown, J.A., Beckwith, F., Wolf, K.T., Cooper, M.A., Vignes, C., Long, K., & Long, K. (2023). The Role of Pressure-Dependent Viscoplasticity and Volumetric Dilatation in Energetic Materials at Intermediate Strain Rates [Conference Proceeding]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2432175 Publication ID: 131472
  • Hamel, C., Singh, A., Long, K., Cook, A.W., Alberdi, R., & Alberdi, R. (2023). Exploiting Buckling and Contact: Exploring a New Approach for Tackling Shape and Topology Optimization With Challenging Solid Mechanics Behavior [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431037 Publication ID: 127588
  • Kucala, A., Rao, R.R., Grillet, A.M., Kopatz, J.W., & Kopatz, J.W. (2023). Modeling Direct Ink Write using Finite Elements and cThruAMR [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431510 Publication ID: 129268
  • Long, K., Lester, B., Strong, K.T., Diebold, T.W., Dai, S.X., & Dai, S.X. (2023). Modeling of Glass-Ceramic Materials and Components [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431538 Publication ID: 129360
  • Hamel, C., Long, K., Kramer, S., & Kramer, S. (2023). Calibrating constitutive models with full-field data via physics informed neural networks [Conference Presenation]. Strain. https://doi.org/10.2172/2463049 Publication ID: 131712
  • Kopatz, J.W., Fox, B.P., Kunka, C., mc Jones, E., McCoy, C.A., Pautz, S.D., Rao, R.R., Riley, C.R., Sanborn, B., Wagner, J.L., Roberts, C., & Roberts, C. (2023). Damping Characteristics of Polyurea Nanocomposites Over an Extreme Range of Strain Rates [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431752 Publication ID: 130016
  • Rao, R.R., Cleaves, H.L., Grillet, A.M., Dey, B., McConnell, J., McMaster, A., Newell, P., Ortiz, W., Secor, R.B., Tjiptowidjojo, K., & Tjiptowidjojo, K. (2023). A level set approach for the computational study of a yield stress fluid filling a thin mold. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2022.104987 Publication ID: 123972
  • Rao, R.R., Ortiz, W., McConnell, J., Grillet, A.M., & Grillet, A.M. (2023). A level set approach for the computational study of a yield stress fluid filling a thin mold [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431499 Publication ID: 129240
  • Sanborn, B., Mistry, D., Song, B., Yu, K., Long, K., Yakacki, C.M., & Yakacki, C.M. (2023). High Strain Rate Compressive Behavior of 3D Printed Liquid Crystal Elastomers [Conference Presenation]. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003544 Publication ID: 113492
  • Cleaves, H.L., Rao, R.R., Roberts, C., Ahmad, M., Weston, ., & Weston, . (2022). Population Balance Modeling of Foams and Emulsions [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2006143 Publication ID: 121292
  • Rao, R.R., McConnell, J., Grillet, A.M., McMaster, A., Cleaves, H.L., Roberts, C., Ortiz, W., Secor, R., Newell, P., Dey, B., Rogers, S., Donley, G., Kamani, K., Griebler, J., & Griebler, J. (2022). Stress Birth and Death: Disruptive Computational Mechanics and Novel Diagnostics for Fluid-to-Solid Transitions. https://doi.org/10.2172/1893238 Publication ID: 80376
  • Rao, R.R., Cleaves, H.L., Ortiz, W., Roberts, C., Ahmad, M., & Ahmad, M. (2022). A Coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics/Population Balance Method to Understand Microstructure in Foams and Emulsions [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2005373 Publication ID: 118940
  • McConnell, J., Rao, R.R., Grillet, A.M., Ortiz, W., & Ortiz, W. (2022). Numerical simulation and experiments of yield stress fluids filling a thin mold [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2005409 Publication ID: 119076
  • Rao, R.R., Bolintineanu, D.S., Ortiz, W., Sankaran, S., Perdikaris, P., Hartt, W., Lindberg, S., Hamersky, M., & Hamersky, M. (2022). Viscoelastic Free Surface Flows: From Models to Experiments and Somewhere in Between [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2005414 Publication ID: 119096
  • Ahmad, M., Roberts, C., Uzay, C., Rao, R.R., Miers, J.C., Cleves, H., Halls, B.R., Usta, M., Ranjan, D., Aidun, C., & Aidun, C. (2022). Experimental Investigation of Fiber-Foam Rheology in Advanced Multiphase Forming Systems [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2005445 Publication ID: 119216
  • Lester, B., Strong, K.T., Diebold, T.W., Laing, J., Dai, S.X., Long, K., & Long, K. (2022). Experimentally Informed Model Development of Glass-Ceramic Materials [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2005488 Publication ID: 119388
  • Lester, B., Strong, K.T., Dai, S.X., Diebold, T.W., Long, K., & Long, K. (2022). Actuation Response of Glass-Ceramics [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2005696 Publication ID: 119920
  • Ballance, T., Lindsey, B., Saraphis, D., Long, K., Khan, M.Y., Kramer, S., Roberts, C., & Roberts, C. (2022). Model Validation of a Modular Foam Encapsulated Electronics Assembly with Controlled Preloads Via Additively Manufactured Silicone Lattices [Conference Paper]. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36999-5_21 Publication ID: 120052
  • Hamel, C., Kramer, S., Long, K., & Long, K. (2022). Calibrating Constitutive Models with Full Field Data via Physics Informed Neural Networks [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2005943 Publication ID: 120516
  • Lester, B., Long, K., Scherzinger, W.M., Vignes, C., Reedlunn, B., & Reedlunn, B. (2022). Library of Advanced Materials for Engineering (LAMÉ) 5.10. https://doi.org/10.2172/1886124 Publication ID: 80147
  • Kropka, J.M., Arechederra, G., Bachman, W.B., Gabaldon, G., McCoy, J., Long, K., Cundiff, K.N., & Cundiff, K.N. (2022). Chemical and Physical Aging in Epoxies [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2005289 Publication ID: 118608
  • Cundiff, K.N., Long, K., Kropka, J.M., Carroll, S., Groves, C., & Groves, C. (2022). Calibration of a nonlinear viscoelastic model to predict physical aging [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2004493 Publication ID: 117160
  • Rao, R.R., McConnell, J., Grillet, A.M., McMaster, A., Bhakta, R., Ortiz, W., & Ortiz, W. (2022). Computational models and experimental studies of mold filling in thin channels with yield stress fluids [Slides] [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003997 Publication ID: 115244
  • Kopatz, J.W., Riley, C.R., mc Jones, E., Sanborn, B., Wagner, J.L., Rao, R.R., Roberts, C., & Roberts, C. (2022). Thermomechanical Properties of Polyurea Nanocomposites Over Extreme Strain Rates [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003843 Publication ID: 114656
  • Bachman, W.B., Wang, Y., Rao, R.R., Kucala, A., Kruichak, J.N., & Kruichak, J.N. (2022). Study of alkaline carbonate cooling to mitigate Ex-Vessel molten corium accidents. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2022.111752 Publication ID: 80650
  • Lester, B., Vignes, C., Scherzinger, W.M., Long, K., Reedlunn, B., Cundiff, K.N., & Cundiff, K.N. (2022). Library of Advanced Materials for Engineering (LAM) 5.8. https://doi.org/10.2172/1871770 Publication ID: 80829
  • Hamel, C., Long, K., Roach, D.J., Cook, A.W., & Cook, A.W. (2022). Modeling The Influence of Printing Defects in Additively Manufactured Silicone Lattice Structures [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003442 Publication ID: 113096
  • Song, B., Martinez, T.L., Landry, D., Aragon, P., Long, K., & Long, K. (2022). Development of Bench-Top Intermediate-Strain-Rate Test Capability for Soft Materials [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003536 Publication ID: 113460
  • Hamel, C., Kramer, S., Long, K., & Long, K. (2022). Novel Physics-Informed Neural Network Approach for Large-Deformation Mechanics Constitutive Model Calibration [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003538 Publication ID: 113468
  • Brown, J.A., Beckwith, F., Wolf, K.T., Clemmer, J.T., Cooper, M., Long, K., Vignes, C., & Vignes, C. (2022). The role of pressure-dependent viscoplasticity and volumetric dilatation in energetic materials at intermediate strain rates [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003566 Publication ID: 113580
  • McConnell, J., Grillet, A.M., Rao, R.R., Ortiz, W., & Ortiz, W. (2022). Two- and three-dimensional simulations of an elastoviscoplastic material in a thin mold-filling geometry [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003670 Publication ID: 113980
  • Stershic, A.J., Lester, B., Long, K., & Long, K. (2022). Simplified Mechanism for Anisotropic Failure in Modular Material Models [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003684 Publication ID: 114032
  • Long, K., Hamel, C., & Hamel, C. (2022). Stabilized Hyperfoam Modeling of the General Plastics EF4003 (3 PCF) Flexible Foam. https://doi.org/10.2172/1870771 Publication ID: 80815
  • Rao, R.R., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Brown, J.A., Long, K., Noble, D.R., Tinsley, J., & Tinsley, J. (2022). Multiphysics modeling of chemically blown polyurethane foams during manufacturing [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003381 Publication ID: 112856
  • Kucala, A., Rao, R.R., Grillet, A.M., Kopatz, J.W., & Kopatz, J.W. (2022). Simulation of the direct ink write process using finite elements and cThruAMR [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003411 Publication ID: 112972
  • Song, B., Long, K., Sanborn, B., Chung, C., Yu, K., Yakachki, C., & Yakachki, C. (2022). Strain-rate-dependent mechanical behavior and energy dissipation in 3D printed liquid crystal elastomers [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2002184 Publication ID: 109700
  • Cleaves, H.L., Ortiz, W., Rao, R.R., Ahmad, M., Roberts, C., & Roberts, C. (2022). Population Balance Modeling of Foams and Emulsions [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2002360 Publication ID: 110384
  • Rao, R.R. (2022). Career Panel: Working at a National Lab [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2002361 Publication ID: 110388
  • Lester, B., Scherzinger, W.M., Long, K., Vignes, C., Reedlunn, B., & Reedlunn, B. (2022). Library of Advanced Materials for Engineering ((LAMÉ) 5.6. https://doi.org/10.2172/1856672 Publication ID: 80542
  • Sanborn, B., Mistry, D., Song, B., Yu, K., Long, K., Yackacki, C., & Yackacki, C. (2022). High Strain Rate Compressive Behavior of 3D Printed Liquid Crystal Elastomers [Conference Paper]. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17453-7_6 Publication ID: 108464
  • Luo, C., Chung, C., Yakacki, C.M., Long, K., Yu, K., & Yu, K. (2022). Real-Time Alignment and Reorientation of Polymer Chains in Liquid Crystal Elastomers. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 14(1), pp. 1961-1972. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c20082 Publication ID: 77148
  • Hamel, C., Long, K., Roach, D.J., Cook, A.W., & Cook, A.W. (2022). Modeling Influences of Printing Defects on Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Silicone Structures [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2001520 Publication ID: 107204
  • Lester, B., Long, K., Scherzinger, W.M., Reedlunn, B., Vignes, C., & Vignes, C. (2021). Library of Advanced Materials for Engineering (LAMÉ) 5.4. https://doi.org/10.2172/1837150 Publication ID: 77188
  • Mistry, D., Traugutt, N.A., Sanborn, B., Volpe, R.H., Chatham, L.S., Zhou, R., Song, B., Yu, K., Long, K., Yakacki, C.M., & Yakacki, C.M. (2021). Soft elasticity optimises dissipation in 3D-printed liquid crystal elastomers. Nature Communications, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27013-0 Publication ID: 76442
  • McConnell, J., McMaster, A., Grillet, A.M., Rao, R.R., Ortiz, W., & Ortiz, W. (2021). Numerical simulations of free-surface flows of a Carbopol solution [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1896362 Publication ID: 76563
  • Grillet, A.M., McConnell, J., McMaster, A., Bhakta, R., Rao, R.R., Newell, P., Ortiz, W., & Ortiz, W. (2021). Computational models and experimental studies of mold filling in thin channels with yield stress fluids [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1890891 Publication ID: 76096
  • Lester, B., Scherzinger, W.M., Long, K., Vignes, C., & Vignes, C. (2021). Library of Advanced Materials for Engineering (LAMÉ) 5.2. https://doi.org/10.2172/1819997 Publication ID: 75608
  • Cundiff, K.N., Long, K., Kropka, J.M., Carroll, S., Groves, C., & Groves, C. (2021). Constitutive Model Development for Aging Polymer Encapsulants (ASC P&EM FY2021 L2 Milestone 7836). https://doi.org/10.2172/1820028 Publication ID: 75587
  • Bolintineanu, D.S., Waymel, R., Collis, H., Long, K., Quintana, E.C., Kramer, S., & Kramer, S. (2021). Anisotropy evolution of elastomeric foams during uniaxial compression measured via in-situ X-ray computed tomography. Materialia, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101112 Publication ID: 73943
  • Lester, B., Long, K., & Long, K. (2021). A constitutive model for glass–ceramic materials. Mechanics of Materials, 158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2021.103849 Publication ID: 77822
  • Montgomery, S.M., Hilborn, H., Hamel, C., Kuang, X., Long, K., Qi, H.J., & Qi, H.J. (2021). The 3D printing and modeling of functionally graded Kelvin foams for controlling crushing performance. Extreme Mechanics Letters, 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2021.101323 Publication ID: 78193
  • Lester, B., Long, K., & Long, K. (2021). Constitutive and Application Modeling of Glass-Ceramic Materials [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1881700 Publication ID: 79316
  • Brown, J.A., Long, K., Rao, R.R., Roberts, C., Jones, B., Celina, M., Leonard, J.C., & Leonard, J.C. (2021). Multiphysics Modeling Of Long-Term Aging And Deformation Mechanisms In Polyurethane Foams [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1881719 Publication ID: 79332
  • McConnell, J., Rao, R.R., Ortiz, W., Newell, P., & Newell, P. (2021). Computational Models for Fluid-to-Solid Transitions in Yield Stress Fluids [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1878278 Publication ID: 79429
  • McConnell, J., Rao, R.R., Ortiz, W., Newell, P., & Newell, P. (2021). Computational Models for Fluid-to-Solid Transitions in Yield Stress Fluids [Conference Presenation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1888673 Publication ID: 79478
  • Ortiz, W., Rao, R.R., & Rao, R.R. (2021). Polyurethane Foam Manufacturing Models Using a FEM‐Level Set‐Population Balance Approach [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1878723 Publication ID: 79483
  • Rao, R.R., McConnell, J., Grillet, A.M., Dey, B., Newell, P., Ortiz, W., & Ortiz, W. (2021). Computational models and experimental studies of mold filling in thin channels with yield stress fluids [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1871800 Publication ID: 78737
  • Bachman, W.B., Wang, Y., Rao, R.R., Kucala, A., Kruichak, J.N., & Kruichak, J.N. (2021). Using Alkaline Carbonate to Mitigate Molten Corium in Severe Nuclear Reactor Accidents [Conference Paper]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1867127 Publication ID: 78361
  • Kramer, S., Bolintineanu, D.S., Long, K., Hamel, C., Frankel, A., Jones, R.E., Bachman, W.B., Swiler, L.P., Johnson, K.L., & Johnson, K.L. (2021). Mechanics of Materials Utilizing Machine Learning: Examples at Sandia National Laboratories [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1867564 Publication ID: 78396
  • Kramer, S., Waymel, R., Quintana, E.C., Bolintineanu, D.S., Long, K., Hamel, C., Miers, J.C., & Miers, J.C. (2021). Characterization of Elastomeric Polyurethane Foam of Various Densities [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1867993 Publication ID: 78418
  • Bolintineanu, D.S., Frankel, A., Hamel, C., Long, K., Kramer, S., & Kramer, S. (2021). Machine learned constitutive models for foam mechanics and powder rheology [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1863182 Publication ID: 78015
  • Kopatz, J.W., Sanborn, B., Wagner, J.L., Rao, R.R., Roberts, C., & Roberts, C. (2021). Thermomechanical Behavior of Polyurea Nanocomposites [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1866036 Publication ID: 78262
  • Luo, C., Chung, C., Traugutt, N.A., Yakacki, C.M., Long, K., Yu, K., & Yu, K. (2021). 3D Printing of Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams for Enhanced Energy Dissipation under Mechanical Insult. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 13(11), pp. 12698-12708. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c17538 Publication ID: 74989
  • Lester, B., Scherzinger, W.M., Long, K., Reedlunn, B., Vignes, C., & Vignes, C. (2021). Library of Advanced Materials for Engineering (LAMÉ) 5.0. https://doi.org/10.2172/1817324 Publication ID: 77514
  • Rao, R.R., Mondy, L.A., Roberts, C., Ortiz, W., & Ortiz, W. (2021). Computational Models of Polyurethane Foam Formation for Property Prediction [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1860459 Publication ID: 77817
  • Karlson, K.N., Long, K., Dike, J.J., & Dike, J.J. (2021). Material Models and Credibility for System Level Abnormal Mechanical ModSim Applications. https://doi.org/10.2172/1769547 Publication ID: 77304
  • Rao, R.R., Long, K., Brown, J.A., Roberts, C., Jones, B.H., Celina, M.C., Leonard, J.C., & Leonard, J.C. (2021). Multiphysics Modeling of Coupled Chemical-Thermal-Mechanical Phenomena in Chemically Blown Polyurethane Foams during Manufacturing & Aging [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1847462 Publication ID: 77350
  • McConnell, J., Rao, R.R., Grillet, A.M., Sutherland, J., Newell, P., Ortiz, W., & Ortiz, W. (2021). Numerical study of an elastoviscoplastic mold filling experiment [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1847464 Publication ID: 77352
  • Brown, J.A., Rao, R.R., Long, K., Roberts, C., Jones, B.R., Celina, M.C., Leonard, J.C., & Leonard, J.C. (2020). Multiphysics Modeling Of Long-Term Aging And Deformation Mechanisms In Polyurethane Foams [Conference Proceeding]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1835005 Publication ID: 72100
  • Rao, R.R., McConnell, J., Ortiz, W., Grillet, A.M., Robert, C., Newell, P., & Newell, P. (2020). Computational models for fluid-to-solid transitions in yield stress fluids [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1830993 Publication ID: 71677
  • Rao, R.R., McConnell, J., Ortiz, W., Grillet, A.M., Robert, C., Newell, P., & Newell, P. (2020). Computational models for fluid-to-solid transitions in yield stress fluids (flash version) [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1881718 Publication ID: 71800
  • Luo, C., Chung, C., Traugutt, N., Yakacking, C., Yu, K., Long, K., & Long, K. (2020). 3D Printing of Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams for Enhanced Energy Dissipation [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1825592 Publication ID: 71187
  • Rao, R.R., Mondy, L., Ortiz, W., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., & Soehnel, M. (2020). Bubble-size Experiments and Predictions for Polyurethane Foam using a Population Balance Equation [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1829227 Publication ID: 71493
  • Grillet, A.M., McMaster, A., Roberts, C., Leonard, J.C., Rao, R.R., & Rao, R.R. (2020). Local Arrest of Carbopol Gel in a Quasi Two-Dimensional Flow [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1829261 Publication ID: 71534
  • Salloum, M., Jin, H., Brown, J.A., Bolintineanu, D.S., Long, K., Karlson, K.N., & Karlson, K.N. (2020). Comparing field data using Alpert multi-wavelets. Computational Mechanics, 66(4), pp. 893-910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00466-020-01878-2 Publication ID: 74292
  • Long, K., Hamel, C., Waymel, R., Bolintineanu, D.S., Quintana, E.C., Kramer, S., & Kramer, S. (2020). Room Temperature Quasi-static Characterization and Constitutive Model Parametrization of Flexible Polyurethane Foams of Different Densities Loaded in Different Orientations. https://doi.org/10.2172/1673821 Publication ID: 100316
  • Lester, B., Long, K., Scherzinger, W.M., Vignes, C., Reedlunn, B., & Reedlunn, B. (2020). Library of Advanced Materials for Engineering (LAMÉ) 4.58. https://doi.org/10.2172/1673814 Publication ID: 71011
  • Hamel, C., Long, K., Waymel, R., Kramer, S., Neilsen, M.K., & Neilsen, M.K. (2020). An Isotropic Large Deformation Viscoplastic Damage Model for Flexible Foams Across a Range of Relative Densities [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1822286 Publication ID: 70921
  • Long, K., Hamel, C., Waymel, R., Bolintineanu, D.S., Quintana, E.C., Kramer, S., & Kramer, S. (2020). Constitutive Modeling of Anisotropic Flexible Foams [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1822629 Publication ID: 70971
  • Montgommery, S.M., Hilborn, H., Hamel, C., Kuang, X., Long, K., Qi, H.J., & Qi, H.J. (2020). The modelling and 3D printing of functionally graded foams for tunable crushing performance [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1824732 Publication ID: 71103
  • Lester, B., Long, K., & Long, K. (2020). Modeling of Glass-Ceramic Materials and Applications [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.26226/morressier.5f5f8e69aa777f8ba5bd601d Publication ID: 74819
  • Lester, B., Long, K., & Long, K. (2020). Glass-Ceramic Material Modeling: Theory Implementation and Application [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821077 Publication ID: 74856
  • Rao, R.R., Schunk, P.R., Roberts, S.A., Tjiptowidjojo, K., Ortiz, W., Martin, R., Cochrane, A., Secor, R., & Secor, R. (2020). Goma History and Capabilities Seminar [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1814577 Publication ID: 74595
  • Rao, R.R., Roberts, C., Ortiz, W., & Ortiz, W. (2020). Polyurethane foam process models using a population balance method [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1818853 Publication ID: 74742
  • Lester, B., Long, K., & Long, K. (2020). Modular Linear Thermoviscoelastic Model. https://doi.org/10.2172/1619910 Publication ID: 73486
  • Lester, B., Long, K., Scherzinger, W.M., Vignes, C., & Vignes, C. (2020). Library of Advanced Materials for Engineering (LAM) 4.56. https://doi.org/10.2172/1607844 Publication ID: 105732
  • Roberts, C., Long, K., Rao, R.R., Mondy, L., Soehnel, M., & Soehnel, M. (2020). Material Models for Polyurethane Foam Encapsulation and Aging [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1767370 Publication ID: 72731
  • Kramer, S., Bolintineanu, D.S., Quintana, E.C., Waymel, R., Long, K., & Long, K. (2020). Evolution of Microstructural Descriptors in Elastomeric Foam During Uniaxial Compression [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1768157 Publication ID: 72789
  • Waymel, R., Kramer, S., Bolintineanu, D.S., Quintana, E.C., Long, K., & Long, K. (2020). Exploring Microstructural Descriptors in Elastomeric Foams Using Digital Image Correlation and Statistical Analysis [Conference Poster]. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29986-6_6 Publication ID: 68934
  • Bachman, W.B., Wang, Y., Rao, R.R., Kucala, A., Kruichak, J.N., & Kruichak, J.N. (2019). Using Alkaline Carbonate to Mitigate Molten Corium in Severe Nuclear Reactor Accidents [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643378 Publication ID: 66917
  • Kramer, S., Bolintineanu, D.S., Long, K., Waymel, R., Quintana, E.C., Jones, R.E., Roberts, S.A., Newcomer, J.T., Stracuzzi, D.J., Swiler, L.P., & Swiler, L.P. (2019). Mechanics of Materials Utilizing Machine Learning: Examples at Sandia National Laboratories [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643105 Publication ID: 66123
  • Bachman, W.B., Wang, Y., Rao, R.R., Kucala, A., Kruichak, J.N., & Kruichak, J.N. (2019). Using Alkaline Carbonate to Mitigate Molten Corium in Severe Nuclear Reactor Accidents [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643241 Publication ID: 66198
  • Rao, R.R., Mondy, L., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Brunini, V., Noble, D.R., Celina, M.C., Ortiz, W., Tinsley, J., & Tinsley, J. (2019). Foam process models for polyurethane including blowing and curing kinetics [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1646450 Publication ID: 66451
  • Croom, B.P., Jin, H., Carroll, J.D., Long, K., Li, X., & Li, X. (2019). Particle clustering effects on damage mechanisms in elastomeric syntactic foams. Composites Part B: Engineering, 175(C). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107160 Publication ID: 60231
  • Rao, R.R., Grillet, A.M., Roberts, C., & Roberts, C. (2019). Diagnostics and Models for Birthing Stress. https://doi.org/10.2172/1568987 Publication ID: 65282
  • Rao, R.R., Ortiz, W., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., & Soehnel, M. (2019). Bubble-size Predictions for Polyurethane Foam using a Population Balance Equation [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642895 Publication ID: 65785
  • Roberts, C., Leonard, J.C., Maes, A., Grillet, A.M., Rao, R.R., & Rao, R.R. (2019). Simultaneous Raman and Rheology Measurements for Reaction and Stress Monitoring [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642941 Publication ID: 65803
  • Bachman, W.B., Wang, Y., Rao, R.R., Kucala, A., Ross, K., Kruichak, J.N., Chavez, W., & Chavez, W. (2019). A New Method to Contain Molten Corium in Catastrophic Nuclear Reactor Accidents. https://doi.org/10.2172/1573134 Publication ID: 65981
  • Lester, B., Long, K., & Long, K. (2019). Constitutive Modeling of Glass-Ceramic Materials [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643041 Publication ID: 66001
  • Lester, B., Long, K., & Long, K. (2019). Numerical Integration of Viscoelastic Models. https://doi.org/10.2172/1567985 Publication ID: 65267
  • Lu, Y., Carroll, J.D., Long, K., Long, R., & Long, R. (2019). Failure of brittle micro-spherical shells embedded in elastomer matrix under indentation. Composites Part B: Engineering, 173(C). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.081 Publication ID: 64150
  • Lester, B., Long, K., & Long, K. (2019). Glass-Ceramic Material Modeling. https://doi.org/10.2172/1762992 Publication ID: 102704
  • Rao, R.R., Mondy, L., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Long, K., Brunini, V., Noble, D.R., Celina, M., Tinsley, J., & Tinsley, J. (2019). Polyurethane Foam Process Modeling: Foaming and Curing in a Complex Mold [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1645873 Publication ID: 64653
  • Liu, Z., Clausen, J., Rao, R.R., Aidun, C.K., & Aidun, C.K. (2019). A unified analysis of nano-to-microscale particle dispersion in tubular blood flow. Physics of Fluids, 31(8). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110604 Publication ID: 70561
  • Liu, Z., Clausen, J., Rao, R.R., Aidun, C.K., & Aidun, C.K. (2019). Nanoparticle diffusion in sheared cellular blood flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 871, pp. 636-667. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.320 Publication ID: 67980
  • Rao, R.R., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Long, K., Noble, D.R., Tinsley, J., & Tinsley, J. (2019). Finite Element Modeling and Flow Visualization of Polyurethane Foaming and Curing in a Complex Mold [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1641396 Publication ID: 70137
  • Owen, S.J., Ernst, C.D., Brown, J.A., Lim, H., Long, K., Bachman, W.B., Moore, N.W., Battaile, C., Rodgers, T., & Rodgers, T. (2019). Mesh Generation for Microstructures. https://doi.org/10.2172/1762957 Publication ID: 102632
  • Roberts, C., Maes, A., Grillet, A.M., Rao, R.R., & Rao, R.R. (2019). Simultaneous Raman and Rheology Measurements forReaction and Stress Monitoring [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1640603 Publication ID: 68916
  • Jin, H., Mills, B., Carroll, J.D., Long, K., Croom, B., Li, X., & Li, X. (2019). Mutiscale XCT Scans to Study Damage Mechanism in Syntactic Foam [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1640584 Publication ID: 68956
  • Long, K., Kropka, J.M., & Kropka, J.M. (2019). Assessing Sandia?s Capability to Predict Long-Term Physical Aging of Glassy Polymers [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639762 Publication ID: 68064
  • Rao, R.R., Clausen, J., Wagner, J.L., Butler, K.S., Bolintineanu, D.S., Liu, L., Aidun, C., Martin, R., & Martin, R. (2019). Multiscale Modeling of Nanoparticle Transport in the Vasculature: Upscaling Red-Blood Cell Models to the Continuum Scale [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639568 Publication ID: 67750
  • Tenney, C.M., Long, K., Kropka, J.M., & Kropka, J.M. (2019). Predictions of Yield Strength Evolution Due to Physical Aging of 828 DGEBA/DEA using the Simplified Potential Energy Clock Model. https://doi.org/10.2172/1498246 Publication ID: 67245
  • Rao, R.R., Martin, R., Ortiz, W., Tjiptowidjojo, K., & Tjiptowidjojo, K. (2019). Finite element simulations of viscoelastic flow of blade coating using the log-conformation tensor. Computers and Fluids, 180(C), pp. 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2018.12.001 Publication ID: 61986
  • Kropka, J.M., Arechederra, G., Bachman, W.B., McCoy, J., Tenney, C.M., Long, K., & Long, K. (2019). Chemical and Physical Aging of Epoxies [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639226 Publication ID: 66965
  • Kucala, A., Rao, R.R., Erickson, L., Noble, D.R., & Noble, D.R. (2019). A computational model for molten corium spreading and solidification. Computers and Fluids, 178(C), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2018.11.009 Publication ID: 58683
  • Kropka, J.M., Arechederra, G., Bachman, W.B., McCoy, J., Tenney, C.M., Long, K., & Long, K. (2018). Chemical and Physical Aging of Epoxies [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1761174 Publication ID: 60534
  • Bachman, W.B., Wang, Y., Rao, R.R., Kucala, A., Kruichak, J.N., Chavez, W., & Chavez, W. (2018). Inectable Sacrificial Material Safety System to Mitigate Molten Corium in Containment [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1761358 Publication ID: 60643
  • Mondy, L., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Long, K., Brunini, V., Noble, D.R., Voskuilen, T., Kropka, J.M., Celina, M.C., Tinsley, J., & Tinsley, J. (2018). Models of polyurethane foam formation [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1574598 Publication ID: 60145
  • Long, K., Carroll, J.D., Casias, Z., Jin, H., Brown, J.A., Long, R., Lu, Y., & Lu, Y. (2018). Mechanical Behavior and Damage Mechanisms of Glass Microballoon Filled Elastomers [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1574606 Publication ID: 60154
  • Clausen, J., Liu, Z., Bolintineanu, D.S., Lechman, J.B., Wagner, J.L., Butler, K.S., Rao, R.R., Aidun, C., & Aidun, C. (2018). Analysis of nanoparticle transport in blood flow through microvascular bifurcations [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1806962 Publication ID: 60274
  • Kropka, J.M., Arechederra, G., Bachman, W.B., McCoy, J., Long, K., Tenney, C.M., & Tenney, C.M. (2018). Chemical and Physical Aging of Epoxies [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1594274 Publication ID: 59423
  • Long, K., Carroll, J.D., Casias, Z., Jin, H., Brown, J.A., & Brown, J.A. (2018). Mechanical Behavior and Damage Mechanisms of Glass Microballoon Filled Elastomers [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1594276 Publication ID: 59427
  • Rao, R.R., Wagner, J.L., Butler, K.S., Clausen, J., Martin, R., Liu, L., & Liu, L. (2018). Continuum Modeling of Nanoparticles Transport In Vivo Through Bifurcations [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1806913 Publication ID: 59529
  • Waymel, R., Quintana, E.C., Kramer, S., Long, K., Bolintineanu, D.S., & Bolintineanu, D.S. (2018). Using X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography and Digital Volume Correlation to Investigate the Microstructure of Elastomeric Foams [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1592680 Publication ID: 59775
  • Liu, Z., Zhu, Y., Rao, R.R., Clausen, J., Aidun, C.K., & Aidun, C.K. (2018). Nanoparticle transport in cellular blood flow. Computers and Fluids, 172(C), pp. 609-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2018.03.022 Publication ID: 63325
  • Rao, R.R., Long, K., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Johnson, K.L., & Johnson, K.L. (2018). Manufacturing Induced Residual Stress Development and Deformation in PMDI-10 Structural Foam. https://doi.org/10.2172/1466109 Publication ID: 63780
  • Bachman, W.B., Wang, Y., Rao, R.R., Kucala, A., Kruichak, J.N., & Kruichak, J.N. (2018). Injectable Sacrifical Material System to Contain Ex-Vessel Molten Corium in Nuclear Accidents [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1532639 Publication ID: 62941
  • Kucala, A., Rao, R.R., Erickson, L., Noble, D.R., & Noble, D.R. (2018). A Control Volume Finite Element Approach for Modeling Molten Corium Spreading and Solidification [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1570950 Publication ID: 63158
  • Rao, R.R., Ortiz, W., & Ortiz, W. (2018). A Comparison of Viscoelastic Level Set Formulations: Property Averaging versus Equation Averaging [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1806534 Publication ID: 63308
  • Brown, J.A., Carroll, J.D., Huddleston, B., Casias, Z., Long, K., & Long, K. (2018). A multiscale study of damage in elastomeric syntactic foams. Journal of Materials Science, 53(14), pp. 10479-10498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2263-y Publication ID: 64034
  • Kropka, J.M., Long, K., & Long, K. (2018). Predicting the counter-intuitive stress relaxation behavior of glass forming materials. Polymer, 145, pp. 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.050 Publication ID: 63981
  • Jin, H., Mills, B., Nelson, K., Carroll, J.D., Long, K., Brown, J.A., Croom, B., Li, X., & Li, X. (2018). Using X-ray Tomography and DVC to Study Damage Evolution in Syntactic Foam [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1529206 Publication ID: 62721
  • Brown, J.A., Long, K., & Long, K. (2018). Exemplar for simulation challenges: Large-deformation micromechanics of Sylgard 184/glass microballoon syntactic foams. https://doi.org/10.2172/1436920 Publication ID: 61951
  • Kropka, J.M., Long, K., & Long, K. (2018). Counter-Intuitive Stress Relaxation Behavior of Glass Forming Materials and the Ability of Rheologically Simple ?Material Clock? Nonlinear Viscoelastic Modeling to Represent it [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1499238 Publication ID: 60993
  • Bolintineanu, D.S., Lechman, J.B., Bond, S.D., Yarrington, C.D., Knepper, R., Kramer, S., Waymel, R., Quintana, E.C., Long, K., & Long, K. (2018). Data analysis of heterogeneous materials: applications to energetic materials and polymer foams [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1504826 Publication ID: 61330
  • Jin, H., Croom, B., Li, X., Carroll, J.D., Nelson, K., Long, K., Brown, J.A., & Brown, J.A. (2018). Using X-ray Tomography and DVC to Study Damage Evolution in Syntactic Foam [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1498218 Publication ID: 60856
  • Bachman, W.B., Wang, Y., Rao, R.R., Kucala, A., Kruichak, J.N., & Kruichak, J.N. (2018). Injectable Sacrifical Material System to Contain Ex-Vessel Molten Corium in Nuclear Accidents [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1648662 Publication ID: 58616
  • Bolintineanu, D.S., Rao, R.R., Lechman, J.B., Romero, J.A., Jove-Colon, C.F., Quintana, E.C., Bauer, S.J., Ingraham, M.D., & Ingraham, M.D. (2017). Simulations of the effects of proppant placement on the conductivity and mechanical stability of hydraulic fractures. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 100(C), pp. 188-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.10.014 Publication ID: 47387
  • Rao, R.R., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Long, K., Tinsley, J., & Tinsley, J. (2017). Validation Experiment: Foaming and Filling a Complex Clear Mold [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1489046 Publication ID: 54783
  • Rao, R.R., Long, K., Roberts, C., Celina, M.C., Brunini, V., Soehnel, M., Noble, D.R., Tinsley, J., Mondy, L., & Mondy, L. (2017). A finite element/level set model of polyurethane foam expansion and polymerization. Computers & Fluids. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1429725 Publication ID: 98100
  • Brown, J.A., Long, K., Carroll, J.D., Jin, H., & Jin, H. (2017). Modeling Damage Evolution in Glass Microballoon Filled Syntactic Foams Under Large-Strain Confined and Unconfined Compression [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1482296 Publication ID: 54127
  • Kropka, J.M., Ford, K., Long, K., & Long, K. (2017). Modeling Physical Aging with The Simplified Potential Energy Clock Model [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1482308 Publication ID: 54141
  • Rao, R.R., Long, K., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Johnson, K.L., Brunini, V., Noble, D.R., Voskuilen, T., Mondy, L., Tinsley, J., & Tinsley, J. (2017). A Bubble-Scale Continuum Approach to Foam Expansion and Bubble Pressurization [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1485017 Publication ID: 54499
  • Long, K., Rao, R.R., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Begay, S.L., Tinsley, J., & Tinsley, J. (2017). Inverse Mold Design To Accommodate Manufacturing Warpage in Chemically Blown PMDI Foams [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1485022 Publication ID: 54506
  • Long, K., Kropka, J.M., Stavig, M.E., Jones, B.H., & Jones, B.H. (2017). Cure Stress Measurements and Modeling Under Confined and Unconfined Conditions [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1485023 Publication ID: 54507
  • Owen, S.J., Brown, J.A., Long, K., Lim, H., Ernst, C.D., & Ernst, C.D. (2017). Hex Mesh Generation for Computational Materials Modeling [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1509955 Publication ID: 53409
  • Roberts, S.A., Headley, A., Long, K., Martinez, A.D., Roberts, C., Stavig, M.E., & Stavig, M.E. (2017). Thermal and mechanical response of battery insulation materials [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1477933 Publication ID: 53517
  • Rao, R.R., Clausen, J., Roberts, S.A., Lechman, J.B., Wagner, J.L., Butler, K.S., Bolintineanu, D.S., Brinker, C.J., Liu, L., & Liu, L. (2017). Continuum modeling of Nanoparticle Transport in the Vasculature [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1477917 Publication ID: 53541
  • Rao, R.R., Roberts, C., Kaczmarowski, A., Tjiptowidjojo, K., & Tjiptowidjojo, K. (2017). Encapsulation and Porous Imbibition Models of Curing Epoxy [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1480186 Publication ID: 53613
  • Long, K. (2017). The Mechanics of Glass Microballoon Filled Elastomeric Syntactic Foams [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1479038 Publication ID: 53660
  • Jin, H., Carroll, J.D., Long, K., Mills, B., Brown, J.A., Croom, B., Li, X., & Li, X. (2017). Damage Evolution Of GMBs in Syntactic Foam [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1481346 Publication ID: 53976
  • Rao, R.R., Clausen, J., Liu, L., Aidun, C., & Aidun, C. (2017). A Lattice-Bolzmann based multiscale approach for simulating nanoparticle transport in cellular blood flow [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1464092 Publication ID: 57848
  • Brown, J.A., Steck, D., Long, K., & Long, K. (2017). Effect of Microstructure Constraints on the Homogenized Elastic Constants of Elastomeric Sylgard/GMB Syntactic Foam. https://doi.org/10.2172/1376285 Publication ID: 58082
  • Kropka, J.M., Long, K., & Long, K. (2017). Counter-Intuitive Stress Relaxation Behavior of Glass Forming Materials and the Ability of Sandia?s ?Material Clock? Nonlinear Viscoelastic Model to Represent it [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1466533 Publication ID: 58134
  • Rao, R.R., Mondy, L.A., Long, K., Celina, M.C., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Wyatt, N.B., Brunini, V., & Brunini, V. (2017). The kinetics of polyurethane structural foam formation: Foaming and polymerization. AIChE Journal, 63(7), pp. 2945-2957. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.15680 Publication ID: 50633
  • Rao, R.R., Kucala, A., Noble, D.R., Wang, Y., Templeton, J.A., Bachman, W.B., & Bachman, W.B. (2017). Computational Models for Molten Corium Flow and Reaction with Concrete [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1506917 Publication ID: 57331
  • Brown, J.A., Long, K., & Long, K. (2017). Modeling the Effect of Glass Microballoon (GMB) Volume Fraction on Behavior of Sylgard/GMB Composites. https://doi.org/10.2172/1367414 Publication ID: 56224
  • Long, K., Fenton, K.R., Roberts, C., Wong, D., Grillet, A.M., Headley, A., Ingersoll, D., & Ingersoll, D. (2017). Open stack thermal battery tests. https://doi.org/10.2172/1411884 Publication ID: 55859
  • Long, K. (2017). Damage in Glass Microballoon Filled Syntactic Elastomeric Foams [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1456424 Publication ID: 55645
  • Long, K., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Troyer, K.L., Rao, R.R., & Rao, R.R. (2017). Inverse Mold Design To Accommodate Manufacturing Warpage in Chemically Blown PMDI Foams [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1456535 Publication ID: 55840
  • Long, K., Brown, J.A., & Brown, J.A. (2017). A Linear Viscoelastic Model Calibration of Sylgard 184. https://doi.org/10.2172/1365535 Publication ID: 56085
  • Kropka, J.M., Long, K., & Long, K. (2017). Counter-Intuitive Stress Relaxation Behavior of Glass Forming Materials and the Ability of Sandia?s ?Material Clock? Nonlinear Viscoelastic Model to Represent it [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1426542 Publication ID: 55295
  • Rao, R.R., Clausen, J., Lechman, J.B., Ferraro, M.E., Roberts, S.A., Noble, D.R., Wagner, J.L., Butler, K.S., Brinker, C.J., & Brinker, C.J. (2017). Towards Modeling Biodistribution of Nanoparticles in Vivo [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1455360 Publication ID: 54815
  • Long, K., Stavig, M.E., Roberts, C., Mondy, L.A., & Mondy, L.A. (2017). Mechanical Behavior of MinK and FiberFrax Board Insulation Materials Under Battery Packaging Relevant Conditions. https://doi.org/10.2172/1528800 Publication ID: 104120
  • Owen, S.J., Brown, J.A., Ernst, C.D., Lim, H., Long, K., & Long, K. (2017). Hexahedral Mesh Generation for Computational Materials Modeling [Conference Poster]. Procedia Engineering. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85039978498&origin=inward Publication ID: 56623
  • Jin, H., Carroll, J.D., Mills, B., Long, K., & Long, K. (2016). Damage Evolution Study and Volumetric Deformation Measurement of Sylgard [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1408961 Publication ID: 47729
  • Rao, R.R., Long, K., Mondy, L.A., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Johnson, K.L., Brunini, V., Noble, D.R., Voskuilen, T., & Voskuilen, T. (2016). Polyurethane Foam Expansion Polymerization and Bubble Pressurization [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1410142 Publication ID: 47793
  • Wyatt, N.B., Giron, N.H., Long, K., Celina, M.C., Neidigk, M., & Neidigk, M. (2016). Quantifying the Effects of Aging on the Viscoelastic Behavior of Flexible Polyurethane Foams [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1409900 Publication ID: 47815
  • Stavig, M.E., Kropka, J.M., Kaczmarowski, A.K., Long, K., & Long, K. (2016). Measuring The Cure Shrinkage of Epon(r) 828/T403 Epoxy Through Bi-Material Beam Analysis [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1410214 Publication ID: 47863
  • Brown, J.A., Long, K., Huddleston, B., Jin, H., Carroll, J.D., & Carroll, J.D. (2016). Micromechanics of Damage in Glass Microballoon Filled Syntactic Foams [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1420814 Publication ID: 47898
  • Rao, R.R., Roberts, C., Mondy, L.A., Soehnel, M., Johnson, K.L., Lorenzo, H.T., & Lorenzo, H.T. (2016). Modeling Manufacturing Impacts on Aging and Reliability of Polyurethane Foams. https://doi.org/10.2172/1330196 Publication ID: 47282
  • Huddleston, B., Long, K., & Long, K. (2016). Predicting Strain in Cure Shrinkage Induced Epoxy/Metal Bilayer Beam Bending [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1406853 Publication ID: 47351
  • Kropka, J.M., Long, K., & Long, K. (2016). Reliability of Aging Polymer Components. https://doi.org/10.2172/1562638 Publication ID: 52425
  • Ingraham, M.D., Bolintineanu, D.S., Rao, R.R., Mondy, L.A., Lechman, J.B., Quintana, E.C., Bauer, S.J., & Bauer, S.J. (2016). Final Report for LDRD: The Effect of Proppant Placement on Closure of Fractured Shale Gas Wells. https://doi.org/10.2172/1601327 Publication ID: 105416
  • Sasaki, D.Y., Ashley, C.E., Branda, S., Brinker, C.J., Carnes, E.C., Greene, A.C., Hernandez-Sanchez, B.A., Negrete, O.A., Rao, R.R., Sava Gallis, D.F., Ting, C., & Ting, C. (2016). NanoCRISPR Grand Challenge LDRD ? Targeted Delivery of Medical Countermeasures [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1529805 Publication ID: 51625
  • Rao, R.R., Mondy, L.A., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Long, K., Brunini, V., Noble, D.R., Voskuilen, T., Celina, M.C., & Celina, M.C. (2016). The fluid mechanics of polyurethane foam expansion and polymerization [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1376789 Publication ID: 51760
  • Rao, R.R., Long, K., Mondy, L.A., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Johnson, K.L., Brunini, V., Noble, D.R., Voskuilen, T., & Voskuilen, T. (2016). INCLUDING BUBBLE-SCALE INFORMATION IN CONTINUUM FOAM EXPANSION AND AGING MODELS [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1376831 Publication ID: 51802
  • Rao, R.R., Schunk, P.R., Hariprasad, D., Ortiz, W., Tjiptowidjojo, K., Secor, R., & Secor, R. (2016). 3D Viscoelastic Flow with Free and Moving Boundaries Using a Stabilized Finite Element Method [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1372203 Publication ID: 51125
  • Long, K., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Mondy, L.A., Johnson, K.L., Rao, R.R., & Rao, R.R. (2016). Depressurization and Warpage in Fast Curing Glassy PMDI Foams [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1372763 Publication ID: 51198
  • Huddleston, B., Long, K., Brown, J.A., & Brown, J.A. (2016). RVE Determination for the Microstructural Analysis of a Syntactic Foam [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1373176 Publication ID: 51340
  • Long, K., Huddleston, B., Stavig, M.E., Kropka, J.M., & Kropka, J.M. (2016). Measuring The Cure Shrinkage Epon(r) 828/T403 Epoxy Through Bi-Material Beam Analysis [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1368649 Publication ID: 50604
  • Ingraham, M.D., Bolintineanu, D.S., Quintana, E.C., Bauer, S.J., Rao, R.R., Grillet, A.M., Lechman, J.B., & Lechman, J.B. (2016). Laboratory Scale Hydraulic Fracture of Marcellus Shale [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1367783 Publication ID: 50818
  • Trembacki, B.L., Roberts, S.A., Mendoza, H., Long, K., Brunini, V., Grillet, A.M., Noble, D.R., & Noble, D.R. (2016). Mesoscale Modeling of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes: Computational Requirements and the Role of Polymeric Binders [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1368850 Publication ID: 50242
  • Long, K., Roberts, C., Mondy, L.A., Rao, R.R., & Rao, R.R. (2016). Depressurization and Warpage in Glassy PMDI Foams [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1581550 Publication ID: 49304
  • Long, K., Kropka, J.M., Stavig, M.E., Deng, H., Kaczmarowski, A.K., & Kaczmarowski, A.K. (2016). Measurements and Inverse Modeling of Cure Shrinkage in Filled and Unfilled Epoxies [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1365123 Publication ID: 49480
  • Ingraham, M.D., Bolintineanu, D.S., Rao, R.R., Bauer, S.J., Quintana, E.C., Lechman, J.B., & Lechman, J.B. (2016). Laboratory Scale Hydraulic Fracture of Marcellus Shale [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1365308 Publication ID: 49660
  • Kropka, J.M., Arechederra, G., McCoy, J., Long, K., & Long, K. (2016). Evolution of Yield Stress during Structural Relaxation for the DGEBA-DEA Epoxy Thermoset [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1346881 Publication ID: 48776
  • Kropka, J.M., Hoo, J., Arechederra, G., Reprogle, R., Wisler, B., McCoy, J., Long, K., & Long, K. (2016). Relaxation Characteristics of 828DEA Epoxy Over Long Time Periods [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1346883 Publication ID: 48778
  • Kropka, J.M., Long, K., & Long, K. (2016). Can Stress Relaxation Experiments be used to Assess Deformation Induced Mobility in Glassy Polymers? [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1346896 Publication ID: 48794
  • Rao, R.R., Mondy, L.A., Roberts, C., Soehnel, M., Long, K., Brunini, V., Noble, D.R., Celina, M.C., & Celina, M.C. (2016). THE FLUID MECHANICS OF POLYURETHANE FOAM EXPANSION AND POLYMERIZATION [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1341370 Publication ID: 46832
  • Ingraham, M.D., Bolintineanu, D.S., Rao, R.R., Bauer, S.J., Quintana, E.C., Lechman, J.B., & Lechman, J.B. (2016). Laboratory scale hydraulic fracture of marcellus shale [Conference Poster]. 50th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2016. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85010434742&origin=inward Publication ID: 48457
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April 10, 2023