Publications

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Cambio is an application intended to automatically read and display any spectrum file of any format in the world that the nuclear emergency response community might encounter. Cambio also provides an analysis capability suitable for HPGe spectra when detector response and scattering environment are not well known. Why is Cambio needed: (1) Cambio solves the following problem - With over 50 types of formats from instruments used in the field and new format variations appearing frequently, it is impractical for every responder to have current versions of the manufacturer's software from every instrument used in the field; (2) Cambio converts field spectra to any one of several common formats that are used for analysis, saving valuable time in an emergency situation; (3) Cambio provides basic tools for comparing spectra, calibrating spectra, and isotope identification with analysis suited especially for HPGe spectra; and (4) Cambio has a batch processing capability to automatically translate a large number of archival spectral files of any format to one of several common formats, such as the IAEA SPE or the DHS N42. Currently over 540 analysts and members of the nuclear emergency response community worldwide are on the distribution list for updates to Cambio. Cambio users come from all levels of government, university, and commercial partners around the world that support efforts to counter terrorist nuclear activities. Cambio is Unclassified Unlimited Release (UUR) and distributed by internet downloads with email notifications whenever a new build of Cambio provides for new formats, bug fixes, or new or improved capabilities. Cambio is also provided as a DLL to the Karlsruhe Institute for Transuranium Elements so that Cambio's automatic file-reading capability can be included at the Nucleonica web site.

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Popular nuclear spectral analysis applications typically use either the results of a peak search or of the best match of a set of linear templates as the basis for their conclusions. These well-proven methods work well in controlled environments. However, they often fail in cases where the critical information resides in well-masked peaks, where the data is sparse and good statistics cannot be obtained, and where little is known about the detector that was used. These conditions are common in emergency analysis situations, but are also common in radio-assay situations where background radiation is high and time is limited. To address these limitations, non-linear fitting techniques have been introduced into an application called ''Cambio'' suitable for public use. With this approach, free parameters are varied in iterative steps to converge to values that minimize differences between the actual data and the approximating functions that correspond to the values of the parameters. For each trial nuclide, a single parameter is varied that often has a strongly non-linear dependence on other, simultaneously varied parameters for energy calibration, attenuation by intervening matter, detector resolution, and peak-shape deviations. A brief overview of this technique and its implementation is presented, together with an example of its performance and differences from more common methods of nuclear spectral analysis. © Akadémiai Kiadó, 2009.

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This report describes the capabilities, methodologies, and uses of the Cambio computer application, designed to automatically read and display nuclear spectral data files of any known format in the world and to convert spectral data to one of several commonly used analysis formats. To further assist responders, Cambio incorporates an analysis method based on non-linear fitting techniques found in open literature and implemented in openly published source code in the late 1980s. A brief description is provided of how Cambio works, of what basic formats it can currently read, and how it can be used. Cambio was developed at Sandia National Laboratories and is provided as a free service to assist nuclear emergency response analysts anywhere in the world in the fight against nuclear terrorism.

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