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Protection of 100% Inverter-dominated Power Systems with Grid-Forming Inverters and Protection Relays – Gap Analysis and Expert Interviews

Muenz, Ulrich; Bhela, Siddharth; Xue, Nan; Banerjee, Abhishek; Reno, Matthew J.; Kelly, Daniel; Farantatos, Evangelos; Haddadi, Aboutaleb; Ramasubramanian, Deepak; Banaie, Amin

This report summarizes a gap analysis resulting from a literature review and expert interviews conducted by subject matter experts from Sandia National Laboratory, Siemens, and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in Spring 2023. The gap analysis consists of two main parts: The fault-ride through (FRT) behavior of grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBR) and the response of state-of-the-art protection relays to the fault currents and voltages from GFM IBRs.