Publications Details

Laser Measurements and Modeling of Shock Tunnel Freestream Velocity and Multispecies Thermal Nonequilibrium

Jans, Elijah R.; Lynch, Kyle P.; Wagnild, Ross M.; Swain, William E.; Downing, Charley R.; Kearney, Sean P.; Wagner, Justin L.; Goldenstein, Christopher S.; Gilvey, Jonathan J.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and nitric oxide molecular tagging velocimetry (NO-MTV) were used to characterize the freestream in Sandia’s Hypersonic Shock Tunnel (HST) using a burst-mode laser operated at 100 kHz. Experiments were performed at nominal freestream velocities of 3 and 4 km/s using both air and N2 test gas. The CARS diagnostic provides nonequilibrium characterization of the flow by measuring vibrational and rotational temperatures of N2 and O2, which are compared to NO temperatures from separate laser absorption experiments. Simultaneous, collinear freestream velocities were measured using NO MTV along with pitot pressure measurements. This extensive freestream dataset is compared to nonequilibrium CFD that is capable of modeling species-specific, vibrational temperatures throughout the nozzle expansion. Significant nonequilibrium between vibrational and rotational temperatures was measured at each flow condition. N2 exhibits the most nonequilibrium, followed by O2 and NO. The CFD model captures this trend, although it consistently overpredicts N2 and O2 vibrational temperatures. At 3 km/s, the modeled NO nonequilibrium is underpredicted, whereas it is overpredicted at 4 km/s. Good agreement is seen between CFD and the velocity and rotational temperature measurements. Experiments with water added to the test gas yielded no discernable difference in vibrational relaxation.