Detonation in multilayer explosives: Effects of characteristic length scale of mixing

A graphic indicates testing measurements

Predicting explosive performance at length scales near the minimum needed for a detonation to propagate is often a challenge—surrounding materials, non-ideal interfaces, sample geometry, and local microstructure variations can all significantly impact explosive output. For accurate predictions of performance, reactive burn models are needed that can capture the details around the growth or failure of reactions leading to detonation, which requires detailed experimental information for model parameterization.

Researchers on this LDRD team developed a high throughput experimental setup utilizing laser-driven flyers with photon Doppler velocimetry diagnostics and an array of vapor-deposited explosive films to characterize both initiation thresholds and the growth of reactions leading to detonation. This data was used to parameterize new burn models, which are enabling predictions of explosive performance at small scales, including the effects of non-ideal interfaces.  

This work led to two publications in the Journal of Applied Physics (1) (2) in 2022 using high-throughput initiation experiments to calibrate predictive simulations.


Testing data is shown in three graphs.
Sandia’s high-throughput initiation experiment uses an array of laser driven flyers to impact small explosive samples (left), providing data on the growth of reactions leading to detonation (middle), which can be used to parameterize predictive simulations (right).

Sandia researchers linked to work

  • Robert Knepper
  • David Kittell
  • Alexander Tappan

Sponsored by

Image of LDRD_Icon-01

Associated Publications

D. Kittell, Michael Abere, C. Yarrington, David Adams, (2022). 3D simulations of spinlike flames in Co/Al multilayers with enhanced conduction losses Combustion and Flame https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111952 Publication ID: 79969

Robert Knepper, Stephen Rupper, Stephanie DeJong, Michael Marquez, D. Kittell, Randal Schmitt, Alexander Tappan, (2022). Investigating growth to detonation in vapor-deposited hexanitrostilbene and pentaerythritol tetranitrate films using high-throughput methods Journal of Applied Physics https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0080515 Publication ID: 80465

D. Kittell, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, (2022). Reactive burn model calibration using high-throughput initiation experiments at sub-millimeter length scales Journal of Applied Physics https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0082474 Publication ID: 80767

Christopher Perez, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Eric Forrest, Alexander Tappan, Mehdi Asheghi, Kenneth Goodson, Elbara Ziade, (2022). Non-Contact Mass Density and Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Organic Thin Films Using Frequency–Domain Thermoreflectance Advanced Materials Interfaces https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202101404 Publication ID: 76794

Neil Cole-Filipiak, Robert Knepper, Mitchell Wood, Krupa Ramasesha, (2021). Mode-Selective Vibrational Energy Transfer Dynamics in 1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) Thin Films Journal of Physical Chemistry A https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04800 Publication ID: 75464

Robert Knepper, D. Kittell, Stephen Rupper, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2021). High-Throughput Initiation: Experiments and Modeling https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1844827 Publication ID: 76078

Eric Forrest, Robert Knepper, Michael Brumbach, M. Rodriguez, Kim Archuleta, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2021). Engineering the Microstructure and Morphology of Explosive Films via Control of Interfacial Energy ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c10193 Publication ID: 72355

Julio Peguero, Eric Forrest, Robert Knepper, Michael Hargather, Alexander Tappan, Michael Marquez, Jonathan Vasiliauskas, Stephen Rupper, (2021). Refractive Imaging of Air Shock Above Microscale Defects in Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) Films Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202000029 Publication ID: 74737

D. Kittell, (2020). Addressing the Gap between Meso(grain) and Continuum Scales with Stochastic Burn Models and Probability Density Function Theory AIP Conference Proceedings https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1640823 Publication ID: 69218

Caitlin O’Grady, Michael Marquez, Stephen Rupper, Jonathan Vasiliauskas, Robert Knepper, Steven Son, Alexander Tappan, (2020). Investigating Typical Additive Manufacturing Defect Geometries using Physical Vapor Deposition Explosives as a Model System AIP Conference Proceedings https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1640832 Publication ID: 69234

N. Kerschen, D. Kittell, (2020). An improved temperature-dependent specific heat model for unreacted explosive equations of state AIP Conference Proceedings https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1641387 Publication ID: 70071

Caitlin O’Grady, Michael Marquez, Stephen Rupper, Jonathan Vasiliauskas, Robert Knepper, Steven Son, Alexander Tappan, (2020). Investigating Typical Additive Manufacturing Defect Geometries using Physical Vapor Deposition Explosives as a Model System https://doi.org/10.1063/12.0000893 Publication ID: 73320

Robert Knepper, D. Kittell, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2020). Shock Interactions in Multilayer Explosive Films https://doi.org/10.1063/12.0000900 Publication ID: 73047

Mary Alam, Ariana Beste, Laura Martin, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, (2020). Thin films for Characterization of Aging Using ATR/FTIR spectroscopy https://doi.org/10.1021/scimeetings.0c01170 Publication ID: 73122

Judith Brown, D. Kittell, Mitchell Wood, Aidan Thompson, Dan Bolintineanu, (2020). Multiscale modeling to study effects of microstructure in shocked hexanitrostilbene https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1767897 Publication ID: 72758

Christopher Miller, D. Kittell, C. Yarrington, Min Zhou, (2020). Prediction of Probabilistic Detonation Threshold via Millimeter-Scale Microstructure-Explicit and Void-Explicit Simulations Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201900214 Publication ID: 69226

Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, Shawn Stacy, Michael Marquez, Caitlin O’Grady, Jonathan Vasiliauskas, Stephen Rupper, James Ball, (2020). Advanced Manufacturing of Energetic Materials https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1760998 Publication ID: 70667

Elbara Ziade, Christopher Perez, Eric Forrest, Michael Marquez, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, (2019). Non-contact Density and Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Encased Organic Thin-Films and Thin-Film Explosives https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1643524 Publication ID: 66616

D. Kittell, Michael Abere, David Adams, (2019). 3D Simulations of Reaction Front Dynamics in a 1:1 Co/Al Reactive Multilayer System https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1643516 Publication ID: 66640

D. Kittell, (2019). ATA/1558 Interchange EOS for Shock https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1646359 Publication ID: 66788

Eric Forrest, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, Julio Peguero, M. Rodriguez, (2019). Functionally Grading Density in Thin Films of Energetic Materials for Detonation Wave Shaping https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1643581 Publication ID: 66560

Lyndsay Shand, Robert Knepper, Dan Bolintineanu, Lauren Wilson, D. Kittell, (2019). Nonstationary Spatial Methods for Microstructure Reconstruction https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1641429 Publication ID: 70175

Neil Cole-Filipiak, Michael Marquez, Robert Knepper, Robert Harmon, Deneille Wiese-Smith, Paul Schrader, Mitchell Wood, Krupa Ramasesha, (2019). Ultrafast Spectroscopic Studies of Vibrational Energy Transfer in Energetic Materials https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1640776 Publication ID: 69151

Neil Cole-Filipiak, Michael Marquez, Robert Knepper, Robert Harmon, Deneille Wiese-Smith, Paul Schrader, Mitchell Wood, Krupa Ramasesha, (2019). Ultrafast Spectroscopic Studies of Vibrational Energy Transfer in Energetic Materials https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1640777 Publication ID: 69152

N. Kerschen, D. Kittell, (2019). An Improved Temperatrue-Dependent Specific Heat Model for Unreacted Explosive Equations of State https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1640794 Publication ID: 69179

Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, Samuel Park, Randal Schmitt, Stephen Rupper, Jonathan Vasiliauskas, Caitlin O’Grady, Shawn Stacy, Michael Marquez, (2019). High-Throughput Initiation: Flyer and Thin-Film Explosive Characterization https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1640831 Publication ID: 69233

Robert Knepper, D. Kittell, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2019). Shock Interactions in Multilayer Explosive Films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1640726 Publication ID: 69080

Judith Brown, D. Kittell, Mitchell Wood, Aidan Thompson, Dan Bolintineanu, (2019). Multiscale modeling to determine the effect of porosity distribution on shocked hexanitrostilbene https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1640149 Publication ID: 68747

Judith Brown, D. Kittell, Mitchell Wood, Aidan Thompson, Dan Bolintineanu, (2019). Multiscale modeling to determine the effect of porosity distribution on shocked hexanitrostilbene https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1639905 Publication ID: 68356

Eric Forrest, Julio Peguero, Michael Hargather, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Michael Marquez, Jonathan Vasiliauskas, Stephen Rupper, (2018). Effect of Microscale Defects on Shock and Detonation Propagation in Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) Films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1594289 Publication ID: 59430

Leah Tuttle, Robert Schmitt, D. Kittell, Eric Harstad, (2018). Modeling Multi-Shock Scenarios with XHVRB https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1593649 Publication ID: 59456

Leah Tuttle, Ryan Marinis, Robert Schmitt, D. Kittell, Eric Harstad, (2018). Desensitization in Multi-Dimensional Scenarios https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1806972 Publication ID: 59550

Robert Kuether, Brooke Allensworth, Adam Backer, Elton Chen, Remi Dingreville, Eric Forrest, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Michael Marquez, Jonathan Vasiliauskas, Stephen Rupper, Michael Grant, Lauren Atencio, Tyler Hipple, Danae Maes, Jerilyn Timlin, Tian Ma, Rudy Garcia, Forest Danford, Laura Patrizi, Jennifer Galasso, Timothy Draelos, Thushara Gunda, Otoniel Venezuela, Wesley Brooks, Stephen Anthony, Bryan Carson, Michael Reeves, Matthew Roach, Erin Maines, Judith Lavin, Shaun Whetten, Laura Swiler, (2018). Posters for AA/CE Reception https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1592652 Publication ID: 59884

D. Kittell, C. Yarrington, Dan Bolintineanu, Jeremy Lechman, Mitchell Wood, Robert Knepper, Joseph Olles, Aidan Thompson, Ryan Wixom, (2018). Mesoscale Modeling of Explosives at Sandia National Laboratories: Past and Future Directions a GA Tech Graduate Seminar Series Lecture https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1592241 Publication ID: 58971

Alexander Tappan, C. Yarrington, Robert Knepper, (2018). Detonation corner turning in vapor-deposited explosives using the micromushroom test AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5044913 Publication ID: 57216

Leah Tuttle, Robert Schmitt, D. Kittell, Eric Harstad, (2018). Evaluation of XHVRB for capturing shock desensitization AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5044916 Publication ID: 57217

Robert Knepper, Eric Forrest, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2018). Effect of microstructure on the detonation behavior of vapor-deposited pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) films AIP Conference Proceedings https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1460268 Publication ID: 57219

C. Yarrington, Alexander Tappan, Paul Specht, Robert Knepper, (2018). Quasi-isentropic compression of vapor-deposited hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB): Experiments and analysis AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5044998 Publication ID: 58352

D. Kittell, Robert Schmitt, Leah Tuttle, Eric Harstad, (2018). Implementation of a CREST multistate reactive burn model in CTH for two solid high explosives https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1532450 Publication ID: 62912

Alexander Tappan, Michael Marquez, Jonathan Vasiliauskas, Stephen Rupper, Samuel Park, Robert Knepper, (2018). Detonation behavior in vapor-deposited 34-bis(4-nitro-125-oxadiazol-3-yl)-125-oxadiazole 2-oxide (BNFF) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1806675 Publication ID: 63175

Eric Forrest, Julio Peguero, Michael Hargather, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Michael Marquez, Jonathan Vasiliauskas, Stephen Rupper, (2018). Effect of Microscale Defects on Shock and Detonation Propagation in Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) Films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1532597 Publication ID: 62930

C. Yarrington, D. Kittell, Dan Bolintineanu, Jeremy Lechman, Mitchell Wood, Robert Knepper, Joseph Olles, Aidan Thompson, Ryan Wixom, (2018). Mesoscale Modeling of Explosives at Sandia National Laboratories: Past and Future Directions https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1532456 Publication ID: 62935

C. Yarrington, D. Kittell, Dan Bolintineanu, Jeremy Lechman, Mitchell Wood, Robert Knepper, Joseph Olles, Aidan Thompson, Ryan Wixom, (2018). Mesoscale Modeling of Explosives at Sandia National Laboratories: Past and Future Directions https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1532457 Publication ID: 62936

Leah Tuttle, Ryan Marinis, Robert Schmitt, D. Kittell, Eric Harstad, (2018). Desensitization in Multi-Dimensional Scenarios https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1532608 Publication ID: 62938

Leah Tuttle, Robert Schmitt, D. Kittell, Eric Harstad, (2018). Modeling Multi-Shock Scenarios with XHVRB https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1532609 Publication ID: 62939

Leah Tuttle, Ryan Marinis, Robert Schmitt, D. Kittell, Eric Harstad, (2018). Desensitization in Multi-Dimensional Scenarios https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1532610 Publication ID: 62940

Leah Tuttle, Robert Schmitt, D. Kittell, Eric Harstad, (2018). Modeling Multi-Shock Scenarios with XHVRB https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1532640 Publication ID: 62944

Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2018). Effects of confinement on the detonation behavior of vapor-deposited hexanitrostilbene (HNS) films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1531090 Publication ID: 62831

Samuel Park, Michael Armstrong, Ian Kohl, Joseph Zaug, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Sorin Bastea, Jeffrey Kay, (2018). Ultrafast Shock-Induced Reactions in Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Thin Films https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05387 Publication ID: 62856

D. Kittell, Robert Schmitt, Leah Tuttle, Eric Harstad, (2018). Implementation of a CREST multistate reactive burn model in CTH for two solid high explosives https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1531303 Publication ID: 62899

Joseph Olles, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, C. Yarrington, Rajen Patel, Vicotr Stepanov, (2018). Development of nano-TATB and comparison of detonation spreading with pressed ultra-fine TATB https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1525353 Publication ID: 62401

Robert Knepper, Eric Forrest, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2018). Effect of Microstructure on Detonation Behavior of Vapor-Deposited Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) Films https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5044978 Publication ID: 61997

Mitchell Wood, D. Kittell, C. Yarrington, Aidan Thompson, (2018). Shock Initiation at the Mesoscale: Bridging Atomistic and Continuum Simulation https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1524823 Publication ID: 62333

Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, (2018). There?s plenty of room in the middle — microenergeticsthe mesoscale and interfaces https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1524695 Publication ID: 62344

D. Kittell, C. Yarrington, Jeremy Lechman, M. Baer, (2018). Letter: Modeling reactive shock waves in heterogeneous solids at the continuum level with stochastic differential equations Physics of Fluids https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5031775 Publication ID: 61359

D. Kittell, C. Yarrington, Michael Hobbs, Michael Abere, David Adams, (2018). A diffusion-limited reaction model for self-propagating Al/Pt multilayers with quench limits Journal of Applied Physics https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5025820 Publication ID: 60388

Dan Bolintineanu, Jeremy Lechman, Stephen Bond, C. Yarrington, Robert Knepper, Sharlotte Kramer, Robert Waymel, E. Quintana, Kevin Long, (2018). Data analysis of heterogeneous materials: applications to energetic materials and polymer foams https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1504826 Publication ID: 61330

C. Yarrington, Alexander Tappan, Paul Specht, Robert Knepper, (2018). Quasi-Isentropic Compression of Vapor-Deposited HNAB — Experiments and Analysis https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5044998 Publication ID: 60761

Alexander Tappan, C. Yarrington, Robert Knepper, (2018). Detonation Corner Turning in Vapor-Deposited Explosives Using the Micromushroom Test https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5044913 Publication ID: 60926

Robert Knepper, Eric Forrest, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2018). Effect of Microstructure on the Detonation Behavior of Vapor-Deposited Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) Films https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5044978 Publication ID: 58574

Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2017). Physical Vapor Deposition of Explosive Materials https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1478156 Publication ID: 53560

Leah Tuttle, Robert Schmitt, D. Kittell, Eric Harstad, Ryan Marinis, (2017). Evaluation of XHVRB for Capturing Explosive Desensitization in CTH https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1478723 Publication ID: 53645

Samuel Park, Michael Armstrong, Ian Kohl, Joseph Zaug, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Sorin Bastea, Jeffrey Kay, (2017). Ultrafast Shock Interrogation and Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Shocked Thin-Film Explosives https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1481247 Publication ID: 53963

Jeffrey Kay, Samuel Park, Ian Kohl, Robert Knepper, (2017). Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Shock-Induced Reactions in Energetic Materials https://doi.org/10.2172/1395647 Publication ID: 53171

Alexander Tappan, Michael Marquez, Jonathan Vasiliauskas, Stephen Rupper, Caitlin O’Grady, James Ball, Ryan Wixom, C. Yarrington, Robert Knepper, (2017). Detonation in vapor-deposited explosives https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1470684 Publication ID: 58366

C. Yarrington, Alexander Tappan, Paul Specht, Robert Knepper, (2017). Quasi-Isentropic Compression of Vapor-Deposited HNAB — Experiments and Analysis https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5044998 Publication ID: 58253

Mitchell Wood, D. Kittell, C. Yarrington, Aidan Thompson, (2017). Multiscale Analysis of Cavity Collapse in High Explosives https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1508720 Publication ID: 58022

Leah Tuttle, Robert Schmitt, D. Kittell, Eric Harstad, (2017). Evaluation of XHVRB for Capturing Shock Desensitization https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5044916 Publication ID: 58317

Mitchell Wood, D. Kittell, C. Yarrington, Aidan Thompson, (2017). Shock Waves and Defects in Energetic Materials a Match Made in MD Heaven https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1460153 Publication ID: 57159

Caitlin O’Grady, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Michael Marquez, (2017). Micro-Sandwich Test of Vapor-Deposited Hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1507510 Publication ID: 57423

Joseph Olles, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, C. Yarrington, (2017). Growth to detonation in hexanitrostilbene (HNS) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1462938 Publication ID: 57693

Eric Forrest, Robert Knepper, Michael Brumbach, Kim Archuleta, Michael Marquez, Hy Tran, Alexander Tappan, (2017). Influence of surface contamination on the microstructure and morphology of vapor-deposited pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1460259 Publication ID: 57193

Darcie Farrow, Michael Abere, Stephen Rupper, Samuel Park, Alexander Tappan, David Adams, (2017). Emissivity corrected pyrometry of reactive multilayers https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1460260 Publication ID: 57194

Joshua Ostrander, Martin Zanni, Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Jeffrey Kay, Darcie Farrow, (2017). Energy Transfer Between Coherently Delocalized States in Thin Film PETN Revealed by 2D IR Spectroscopy https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1460261 Publication ID: 57195

Samuel Park, Michael Armstrong, Joseph Zaug, Ian Kohl, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Sorin Bastea, Jeffrey Kay, (2017). Ultrafast Shock Interrogation of Polycrystalline Energetic Materials https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1460264 Publication ID: 57200

Joseph Olles, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, C. Yarrington, Rajen Patel, Victor Stepanov, (2017). Comparison of detonation spreading in pressed ultra-fine and nano-TATB https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1506584 Publication ID: 57228

Joseph Olles, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, Todd Reedy, James Ball, M. Ritchey, (2017). Characterizing the initiation performance of CL-20 based detonators https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1476787 Publication ID: 56959

Joseph Olles, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, James Ball, M. Ritchey, Todd Reedy, (2017). Characterizing the initiation performance of CL-20 based detonators https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1457880 Publication ID: 56157

D. Kittell, C. Yarrington, Mitchell Wood, Aidan Thompson, (2017). Multiscale Analysis and Comparison of Cavity Collapse in High Explosives https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1367289 Publication ID: 56444

Michael Marquez, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, (2017). Physical Vapor Deposition of Explosive Materials https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1457984 Publication ID: 56308

Mitchell Wood, D. Kittell, C. Yarrington, Aidan Thompson, (2017). Shock Waves and Defects in Energetic Materials a Match Made in MD Heaven https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1507631 Publication ID: 55321

C. Yarrington, Aidan Thompson, D. Kittell, Mitchell Wood, (2017). L2 Milestone: Multiscale Analysis and Comparisons of Cavity Collapse in High Explosives https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1456388 Publication ID: 55550

Joshua Ostrander, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Jeffrey Kay, Martin Zanni, Darcie Farrow, (2017). Energy Transfer between Coherently Delocalized States in Thin Films of the Explosive Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) Revealed by Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy Journal of Physical Chemistry B https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b09879 Publication ID: 54944

Robert Knepper, Ryan Wixom, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2017). Near-failure detonation behavior of vapor-deposited hexanitrostilbene (HNS) films AIP Conference Proceedings https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1257558 Publication ID: 43927

Alexander Tappan, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, (2017). Geometry effects on detonation in vapor-deposited hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) AIP Conference Proceedings https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1257575 Publication ID: 43949

Jeffrey Kay, Ryan Wixom, Brook Jilek, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, David Damm, (2017). Spectroscopic analysis of time-resolved emission from detonating thin film explosive samples AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4971460 Publication ID: 44502

Mellisa Heller, Alexander Tappan, (2017). Europa Lander Material Selection Considerations https://doi.org/10.2172/1340635 Publication ID: 52900

Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2017). Physical vapor deposition of explosive materials: Microstructure and Detonative Behavior https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1417452 Publication ID: 52817

Mellisa Heller, Tyler Voskuilen, John Hewson, Todd Lane, Aaron Ison, Matthew Napier, Alexander Tappan, Prabal Nandy, Maryla Olszewska-Wasiolek, (2017). Europa Lander Alternative Sterilization Techniques Trade Study https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1418110 Publication ID: 52897

Ryan Wixom, Brook Jilek, Hongyou Fan, Robert Knepper, David Damm, Samuel Park, Ian Kohl, Darcie Farrow, (2017). Matter in Extreme Conditions: Probing Shock-Induced Reactions in Explosive Materials https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1418115 Publication ID: 52910

Joseph Olles, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, C. Yarrington, (2016). Growth to detonation in hexanitrostilbene (HNS) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1415102 Publication ID: 48342

Mellisa Heller, Matthew Napier, Aaron Ison, Tyler Voskuilen, John Hewson, Alexander Tappan, Todd Lane, Maryla Olszewska-Wasiolek, Prabal Nandy, (2016). JPL/SNL Europa Lander Project Termination Sterilization Subsystem (TSS) Thermal Feasibility https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1406955 Publication ID: 47485

D. Kittell, C. Yarrington, (2016). A physically-based Mie–Grüneisen equation of state to determine hot spot temperature distributions Combustion Theory and Modelling https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2016.1201145 Publication ID: 45200

C. Yarrington, Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, Ryan Wixom, (2016). Modeling the Critical Thickness Experiment for HNS https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1398320 Publication ID: 52421

D. Kittell, (2016). Analysis and Simulation of Small Scale Microwave Interferometer Experiments on Non-Ideal Explosives https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1561835 Publication ID: 51810

Darby Hoss, Robert Knepper, Peter Hotchkiss, Alexander Tappan, Bryan Boudouris, Stephen Beaudoin, (2016). An evaluation of complementary approaches to elucidate fundamental interfacial phenomena driving adhesion of energetic materials Journal of Colloid and Interface Science https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.03.024 Publication ID: 49096

Joseph Olles, Ryan Wixom, Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, C. Yarrington, (2016). Velocimetry used to determine growth to detonation in hexanitrostilbene (HNS) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1367738 Publication ID: 50797

Ryan Wixom, Joseph Olles, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, C. Yarrington, (2016). Observing growth to detonation in HNS using photonic Doppler velocimetry https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1368884 Publication ID: 50310

Alexander Tappan, Michael Marquez, James Ball, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, (2016). Detonation Failure in Vapor-Deposited Hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1368902 Publication ID: 50334

Samuel Park, Stephen Rupper, David Enos, Mary Alam, Laura Martin, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Kevin Leung, Christopher Kliewer, Darcie Farrow, (2016). In situ study of Surface-mediated Explosive Degradation Using Heterodyne IR-Vis Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1368736 Publication ID: 50382

Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Ryan Wixom, Alexander Tappan, (2016). Effects of confinement on near-failure detonation behavior in vapor-deposited hexanitrostilbene (HNS) and hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1368812 Publication ID: 50198

Darcie Farrow, Ian Kohl, Mary Alam, Laura Martin, Stephen Rupper, Hongyou Fan, Kaifu Bian, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Jeffrey Kay, (2016). Measuring and modeling the electronic structure of explosives at the explosive/air interface https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1368877 Publication ID: 50269

Caitlin O’Grady, Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, (2016). Micro-Sandwich Test of Vapor-Deposited Hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1368701 Publication ID: 50282

C. Yarrington, D. Kittell, Alexander Tappan, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, (2016). HNS Critical Thickness Reactive Burn Modeling https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1367001 Publication ID: 49777

Joseph Olles, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, C. Yarrington, (2016). Velocimetry used to determine growth to detonation in hexanitrostilbene (HNS) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1581538 Publication ID: 49499

Mary Alam, Robert Knepper, Barney Doyle, Elizabeth Auden, Ian Kohl, Darcie Farrow, Kevin Leung, David Enos, Laura Martin, Michael Marquez, Stephen Rupper, (2016). In situ study of surface-mediated explosive degradation using Heterodyne IR-Vis Sum Frequency Generation (HSFG) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1422139 Publication ID: 48703

Darcie Farrow, Laura Martin, Stephen Rupper, Mary Alam, Ian Kohl, Sean Kearney, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Jeffrey Kay, (2016). Measuring HOMO/LUMO gap of explosive film at air interface using UV/Vis ATR https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1346796 Publication ID: 48761

Jeffrey Kay, Ryan Wixom, Brook Jilek, Robert Knepper, Darcie Farrow, Ian Kohl, David Damm, (2016). Probing mechanisms of shock-induced reactions in explosive materials https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1422154 Publication ID: 46874

Darcie Farrow, Ian Kohl, Mary Alam, Laura Martin, Stephen Rupper, Hongyou Fan, Kaifu Bian, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Jeffrey Kay, (2015). Measuring and modeling the electronic structure of explosives at the explosive/air interface https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1336287 Publication ID: 41952

Darcie Farrow, Robert Knepper, Barney Doyle, Elizabeth Auden, Ian Kohl, Mary Alam, Kevin Leung, David Enos, Laura Martin, Michael Marquez, Stephen Rupper, (2015). In situ study of surface-mediated explosive degradation using Heterodyne IR-Vis Sum Frequency Generation https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1505679 Publication ID: 45688

Ryan Wixom, Joseph Olles, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, C. Yarrington, (2015). Characterization of HNS and PETN initiation via thin-film cutbacks https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1877826 Publication ID: 45694

Ryan Wixom, C. Yarrington, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Joseph Olles, Matthew Zelenok, (2015). Characterizing the build-up to detonation in PETN and HNS with small-scale PDV cutback experiments https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1327231 Publication ID: 45696

Darcie Farrow, Darcie Farrow, Ian Kohl, Ian Kohl, Stephen Rupper, Stephen Rupper, Mary Alam, Mary Alam, Laura Martin, Laura Martin, Hongyou Fan, Hongyou Fan, Kaifu Bian, Kaifu Bian, Robert Knepper, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Michael Marquez, Jeffrey Kay, Jeffrey Kay, (2015). Pressure dependence of electronic states in secondary explosives: comparison between bulk and air/explosive interface https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1530969 Publication ID: 44835

Darcie Farrow, Ian Kohl, Stephen Rupper, Mary Alam, Laura Martin, Hongyou Fan, Kaifu Bian, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Jeffrey Kay, (2015). Pressure dependence of electronic states in secondary explosives: comparison between bulk and air/explosive interface https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1263973 Publication ID: 44385

Alexander Tappan, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, (2015). Geometry Effects on Detonation in Vapor-Deposited Hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1279659 Publication ID: 44706

Robert Knepper, Ryan Wixom, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2015). Near-Failure Detonation Behavior of Vapor-Deposited Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) films https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4971472 Publication ID: 44500

Tzu-Ray Shan, Aidan Thompson, C. Yarrington, D. Kittell, Ryan Wixom, (2015). Atomistic Simulation of Initiation in Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1263501 Publication ID: 44050

Darcie Farrow, Mary Alam, Laura Martin, Hongyou Fan, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Sean Kearney, (2015). Pressure dependence of Raman spectra to validate DFT EOS of Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1331570 Publication ID: 44087

Jeffrey Kay, Ryan Wixom, Brook Jilek, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, (2015). Spectroscopic Analysis of Time-Resolved Emission from Detonating Explosive Samples https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1257562 Publication ID: 43933

C. Yarrington, Ryan Wixom, D. Kittell, Aidan Thompson, Tzu-Ray Shan, (2015). Grain Scale Modeling — Impact of Constitutive Models https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1257685 Publication ID: 43978

Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Brook Jilek, Matthew Zelenok, Jeffrey Kay, Darcie Farrow, James Ball, (2015). Time-Resolved Optical Measurements of Shock-Induced Chemistry in Energetic Materials https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1248677 Publication ID: 42944

Jeffrey Kay, Ryan Wixom, Brook Jilek, Darcie Farrow, Sean Kearney, Robert Knepper, (2015). Probing Mechanisms of Shock-Induced Reactions in Explosive Materials https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1531283 Publication ID: 42088

Darcie Farrow, Ian Kohl, Hongyou Fan, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Sean Kearney, Jeffrey Kay, (2015). Pressure dependence of electronic states in secondary explosives https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1504191 Publication ID: 41391

Brook Jilek, Ian Kohl, Darcie Farrow, Junji Urayama, Robert Knepper, Gregg Radtke, Sean Kearney, (2014). Unreacted Equations of State of Sylgard and Hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) Determined by Ultrafast Time Domain Interferometry https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1319747 Publication ID: 39209

Jonathan Coleman, Christopher Apblett, William Yelton, Robert Knepper, (2014). Electrochemical Fabrication of Energetic Thin Films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1241744 Publication ID: 38867

Bradley Jared, Christopher Kozuch, Alexander Tappan, Adam Cook, Joseph Bishop, David Adams, Michael Maguire, David Robinson, Aaron Hall, Lawrence Carrillo, Abraham Sego, Nicholas Leathe, Nathan Fuller, Joshua Robbins, Brett Clark, (2014). Abstracts for Additive Mfg JOWOG https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1241756 Publication ID: 38885

Alexander Tappan, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, (2014). Critical detonation thickness in vapor-deposited hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) films with different preparation conditions https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1315029 Publication ID: 37509

Brook Jilek, Ian Kohl, Darcie Farrow, Junji Urayama, Robert Knepper, Gregg Radtke, Sean Kearney, Mike Armstrong, Jonathan Crowhurst, James Lewicki, Kayla Coleman, Joseph Zaug, (2014). Unreacted Hugoniot of Sylgard and HNAB via UTDI https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1496679 Publication ID: 37586

Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2014). Effects of Confinement on Detonation Behavior of Vapor-Deposited Hexanitroazobenzene Films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1496554 Publication ID: 37590

Alexander Tappan, Ryan Wixom, Robert Knepper, (2014). Critical detonation thickness in vapor-deposited hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) films with different preparation conditions https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1496700 Publication ID: 37624

Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2014). Effects of Confinement on Detonation Behavior of Vapor-Deposited Hexanitroazobenzene Films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1315095 Publication ID: 37469

D. Kittell, Jesus Mares, Steven Son, (2014). Measuring time-resolved detonation velocity using wavelet analysis and microwave interferometry https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1315338 Publication ID: 37470

Brook Jilek, Ian Kohl, Darcie Farrow, Junji Urayama, Robert Knepper, Gregg Radtke, Sean Kearney, Michael Armstrong, Jonathan Crowhurst, James Lewicki, Kayla Coleman, Joseph Zaug, (2014). Unreacted Equations of State of Sylgard and Hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) Determined by Ultrafast Time Domain Interferometry https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1319653 Publication ID: 37473

Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2013). Effects of confinement conditions on the detonation properties of vapor-deposited hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1115279 Publication ID: 34325

Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, James Ball, (2013). Critical detonation thickness in vapor-deposited hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) films with different preparation conditions https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1295815 Publication ID: 34387

Alexander Tappan, James Ball, Jill Miller, (2013). DBX-1 (copper(I)-5-nitrotetrazolate) reactions at sub-millimeter diameters https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1295818 Publication ID: 33726

Alexander Tappan, James Ball, Jill Miller, (2013). DBX-1 (copper(I)-5-nitrotetrazolate) reactions at sub-millimeter diameters https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1295819 Publication ID: 33739

Robert Knepper, Robert Reeves, David Adams, (2012). Transition from steady to unsteady reaction propagation with variations in bilayer spacing in reactive multilayer foils https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1294592 Publication ID: 31072

Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, Ryan Wixom, Michael Marquez, J. Ball, Jill Miller, (2012). Critical detonation thickness in vapor-deposited pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) films AIP Conference Proceedings https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1288572 Publication ID: 23320

Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Mark Rodriguez, M. Alam, Laura Martin, M. Marquez, (2012). Crystallization behavior of vapor-deposited hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) films AIP Conference Proceedings https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1288570 Publication ID: 22880

Robert Knepper, Michael Marquez, Alexander Tappan, (2012). Effects of Confinement Conditions on the Detonation Properties of Vapor-Deposited Hexanitroazobenzene Films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1117157 Publication ID: 28519

Alexander Tappan, James Ball, (2012). Inkjet Printing of Energetic Materials: Sub-Micron Al/MoO3 and Al/Bi2O3 Thermite https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1294186 Publication ID: 27677

Alexander Tappan, James Ball, (2011). Inkjet Printing of Energetic Materials https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1118431 Publication ID: 25516

Robert Knepper, Ryan Wixom, Alexander Tappan, Michael Marquez, (2011). Crystallization Kinetics and Microstructure Evolution of Vapor-Deposited Hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) Films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1288573 Publication ID: 25342

Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Mark Rodriguez, Mary Alam, Laura Martin, Michael Marquez, (2011). Crystallization Behavior of Vapor-Deposited Hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) Films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1288569 Publication ID: 23867

Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, Ryan Wixom, Michael Marquez, James Ball, Jill Miller, (2011). Critical Detonation Thickness in Vapor-Deposited Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) Films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1288571 Publication ID: 23868

Robert Knepper, Alexander Tappan, Ryan Wixom, (2010). Controlling the microstructure of vapor-deposited pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) films Proceedings – 14th International Detonation Symposium, IDS 2010 https://www.osti.gov/biblio/988535 Publication ID: 17409

Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, Ryan Wixom, Jill Miller, Michael Marquez, J. Ball, (2010). Critical thickness measurements in vapor-deposited Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) films Proceedings – 14th International Detonation Symposium, IDS 2010 https://www.osti.gov/biblio/983669 Publication ID: 17419

Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, Ryan Wixom, Melvin Baer, Michael Marquez, James Ball, Jill Miller, (2010). Detonation in Deposited Explosives Near the Critical Thickness https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1278845 Publication ID: 18712

Alexander Tappan, Marc Basiliere, J. Ball, Shane Snedigar, Gary Fischer, Jonathan Salton, (2010). Linear actuation using milligram quantities of CL-20 and TAGDNAT Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics https://www.osti.gov/biblio/989997 Publication ID: 16415

Ryan Wixom, Alexander Tappan, Mark Rodriguez, Mary Alam, Michael Marquez, (2010). Microstructure evolution in vapor-deposited Hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) films https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1020449 Publication ID: 18595

Alexander Tappan, Vernon Hodges, Eric Jones, Mark Rodriguez, Michael Hobbs, (2010). Reactive metal-metal multilayers https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1011649 Publication ID: 18063

Alexander Tappan, Robert Knepper, Ryan Wixom, Jill Miller, Michael Marquez, James Ball, (2010). Critical thickness measurements in vapor-deposited Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) films https://www.osti.gov/biblio/992778 Publication ID: 17843

Alexander Tappan, Ryan Wixom, (2010). Controlling the microstructure of vapor-deposited Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) films https://www.osti.gov/biblio/991827 Publication ID: 17730

Alexander Tappan, Ryan Wixom, Wayne Trott, Gregory Long, Robert Knepper, Aaron Brundage, David Jones, (2009). Microenergetic shock initiation studies on deposited films of PETN AIP Conference Proceedings https://www.osti.gov/biblio/973675 Publication ID: 16514

Aaron Brundage, Ryan Wixom, Alexander Tappan, G. Long, (2009). Mesoscale simulations of shock initiation in energetic materials characterized by three-dimensional nanotomography AIP Conference Proceedings https://www.osti.gov/biblio/973674 Publication ID: 16534

Alexander Tappan, James Ball, Shane Snedigar, Gary Fischer, Jonathan Salton, (2009). Linear Actuation Using Milligram Quantities of CL-20 and TAGDNAT https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1142036 Publication ID: 16598

Alexander Tappan, Matthew Farrow, Mial Warren, (2009). Investigations of the small-scale thermal behavior of sol-gel thermites https://doi.org/10.2172/947823 Publication ID: 15723

Mark Rodriguez, Michael Hobbs, Joel McDonald, Vernon Hodges, Mark Grubelich, David Ingersoll, Eric Jones, Alexander Tappan, (2008). Research of exothermic nanolaminates and their structure-property relationships https://www.osti.gov/biblio/946987 Publication ID: 14536

Alexander Tappan, Eric Welle, (2008). Lead Azide Reactions at Sub-Millimeter Diameters https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1143206 Publication ID: 14198

Alexander Tappan, Joel McDonald, David Adams, Eric Jones, (2008). Characterization of Reactive Ti/2B Multilayer Films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1143104 Publication ID: 14199

Alexander Tappan, Gregory Long, Eric Welle, Anita Renlund, Joel McDonald, Bradley Jared, Joseph Michael, (2008). Microenergetics: Characterization of sub-millimeter PETN films https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1143025 Publication ID: 14200

Alexander Tappan, (2008). The effect of microscale confinement diameter on the combustion of an Al/MoO3 thermite https://www.osti.gov/biblio/943887 Publication ID: 14085

Ryan Wixom, Alexander Tappan, Eric Welle, Gregory Long, Joseph Michael, Aaron Brundage, (2008). FIB/SEM Nanotomography: 3-Dimensional Microstructural Characterization of Explosives https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1707808 Publication ID: 13975

Alexander Tappan, Gregory Long, Eric Welle, Anita Renlund, Joseph Michael, Joel McDonald, Bradley Jared, Aaron Brundage, (2008). Microenergetics : characterization of sub-millimeter PETN films https://www.osti.gov/biblio/943881 Publication ID: 13631

Alexander Tappan, Eric Welle, (2008). Lead azide reactions at sub-millimeter diameters https://www.osti.gov/biblio/943885 Publication ID: 13529

Alexander Tappan, (2007). Microenergetics: Combustion and detonation at sub-millimeter scales AIP Conference Proceedings https://www.osti.gov/biblio/990004 Publication ID: 10942

Alexander Tappan, (2007). Micro- and Meso-Scale Detonics of Explosives https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1719013 Publication ID: 11725

Alexander Tappan, (2007). EuroPyro2007 Presentation: Hotplate Studies https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1146745 Publication ID: 11385

Alexander Tappan, Stephen Marley, Eric Welle, Aaron Brundage, Jeremy Palmer, Robert Pahl, Marcia Cooper, Evan Dudley, (2007). Micro- and Meso-Scale Detonics of Explosives 79871 https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1147257 Publication ID: 11205

Alexander Tappan, (2007). Combustion synthesis in gasless pyrotechnics at millimeter geometries https://www.osti.gov/biblio/990006 Publication ID: 10945

Sarah Glass, Mial Warren, Kamilla Schwing, Alexander Tappan, (2007). Stressed glass technology for actuators and removable barrier applications https://doi.org/10.2172/920791 Publication ID: 10426

Alexander Tappan, (2007). Microenergetics: Combustion and Detonation at Sub-Millimeter Scales https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1147844 Publication ID: 10331

Matthew Moorman, Alex Robinson, Ronald Manginell, Alexander Tappan, Kevin Linker, (2007). Microfabricated Chip for Calibration of Field Instruments https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1267218 Publication ID: 9156

Matthew Moorman, Ronald Manginell, Alexander Tappan, Alex Robinson, Kevin Linker, (2007). Microfabricated Chip for Calibration of Field Instruments https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1267219 Publication ID: 9167

Eric Welle, Alexander Tappan, Robert Pahl, Jeremy Palmer, Ross Muenchausen, (2006). Diameter effects on detonation performance of HNS and CL-20 Proceedings of the 13th International Detonation Symposium, IDS 2006 https://www.osti.gov/biblio/947776 Publication ID: 7439

Alexander Tappan, Aaron Brundage, Gregory Long, Anita Renlund, Stanley Kravitz, John Nogan, Brian Wroblewski, Jeremy Palmer, Melvin Baer, (2006). Microenergetic research involving a coupled experimental and computational approach to evaluate microstructural effects on detonation and combustion at sub-millimeter geometries Proceedings of the 13th International Detonation Symposium, IDS 2006 https://www.osti.gov/biblio/943851 Publication ID: 7539

Alexander Tappan, Melvin Baer, Aaron Brundage, Gregory Long, Anita Renlund, Jeremy Palmer, Melvin Baer, (2006). MICROENERGETIC RESEARCH INVOLVING A COUPLED EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH TO EVALUATE MICROSTRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON DETONATION AND COMBUSTION AT SUB-MILLIMETER GEOMETRIES https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1264556 Publication ID: 7818

Alexander Tappan, Robert Pahl, Anita Renlund, William Sweatt, Frederick McCormick, (2006). Optical Pyrometry Temperature Measurement of Miniature Charges of MIC Nanocomposite Thermite https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1264622 Publication ID: 7560

Melvin Baer, Jaime Castaneda, Alexander Tappan, Joseph Cesarano, (2006). Shock-Induced Reaction in a Nitromethane-Impregnated Geometrically Regular Sample Configuration https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1725990 Publication ID: 7589

Robert Pahl, Jeremy Palmer, Alexander Tappan, Eric Welle, (2006). Microstructural effects on detonation performance of CL-20 and HNS https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1264596 Publication ID: 7628

Melvin Baer, Jaime Castaneda, Alexander Tappan, Joseph Cesarano, (2006). Shock-induced reaction in a nitromethane-impregnated geometrically regular sample configuration https://www.osti.gov/biblio/947775 Publication ID: 7441

Sean Madden, Alexander Tappan, Peter Jung, Stephen Marley, Eric Welle, Robert Pahl, (2006). Rapid data analysis methodologies for streak camera images : measurement of detonation velocity and DDT distance of lead azide at sub-millimeter diameters https://www.osti.gov/biblio/947769 Publication ID: 7384

Alexander Tappan, Robert Pahl, Anita Renlund, William Sweatt, Frederick McCormick, (2006). Optical pyrometry temperature measurement of miniature charges of MIC nanocomposite thermite https://www.osti.gov/biblio/947770 Publication ID: 7072

Wayne Trott, Melvin Baer, Jaime Castaneda, Alexander Tappan, (2005). Shock-induced explosive chemistry in a deterministic sample configuration https://doi.org/10.2172/875610 Publication ID: 6144

Gregory Long, Anita Renlund, Stanley Kravitz, Alexander Tappan, (2004). Microenergetic materials processing and testing https://www.osti.gov/biblio/882047 Publication ID: 3074

Alexander Tappan, Alexander Tappan, Gregory Long, Anita Renlund, Stanley Kravitz, (2002). Microenergetic materials :microscale energetic material processing and testing https://www.osti.gov/biblio/913499 Publication ID: 1759

Alexander Tappan, Anita Renlund, Jill Miller, (2000). LDRD final report : raman spectroscopic measurements to monitor the HMX beta-delta phase transition https://doi.org/10.2172/975257 Publication ID: 1042

Merlin Decker, (2000). Mechanical Properties of Cold Gas-Dynamic Spray Nickel https://doi.org/10.2172/766967 Publication ID: 973

Merlin Decker, Mark Smith, (2000). Thermal spray and cold spray analysis of density, porosity, and tensile Specimens for use with LIGA applications https://doi.org/10.2172/752018 Publication ID: 201

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April 10, 2023