Publications

The effects of total-dose irradiation on PbO-ZrO{sub 2}-TiO{sub 2} ferroelectric capacitors have been studied in detail. It is shown that significant total-dose degradation of ferroelectrics can occur at dose levels greater than 1 Mrad(Si). 6 refs., 5 figs.

PIC's (Power Integrated Circuits) are becoming increasingly important because they allow integration of high-voltage and high-current power transistors, precision linear control circuitry, and low-voltage logic gates on the same monolithic chip. Integration of power and control functions provide benefits in reduced weight and size, enhanced reliability, and lower costs over conventional designs using these same components packaged separately. However, commercial PIC technologies, including AT T's commercial BCDMOS technology, are susceptible to failure in radiation environments. The relative lack of radiation hardness of the AT T BCDMOS technology was previously reported at this conference. Radiation hardening of PIC technologies is significantly more difficult than for other IC technologies, primarily because of the integration of many different types of devices into the technology. To facilitate integration, different devices share processing sequences. Thus, no one device can be optimized independently of the remaining devices. Since each device has its own distinct radiation response, this adds another set of constraints on the optimization of the overall technology from the point of view of device performance and radiation response. The high-voltage requirements further complicates efforts to harden a PIC technology. Modifying one device to optimize one aspect of its performance can severely impact all the other devices in the technology. 4 refs., 5 figs.

The objective of this work is the development of numerical models of rock fragmentation by blasting that can be applied to oil shale recovery. Specifically, these models should be used to improve mining efficiency, evaluate alternative mining strategies and provide a basis for evaluating the blast design for in situ retort construction. 11 refs., 7 figs.

Studies of falling-ball rheometry in concentrated suspensions, embodying a combination of analysis experiment, and numerical simulation, are discussed. Experiments involve tracking small balls falling slowly through otherwise quiescent suspensions of neutrally buoyant particles. A theory has been developed relating the average ball velocity to the macroscopic suspension viscosity, and, for dilute suspensions, agreement is obtained with Einstein's sheared suspension viscosity. Detailed trajectories of the balls, obtained either with new experimental techniques or by numerical simulation, are statistically interpreted in terms of the mean settling velocity and the dispersion about that mean. We show that falling-ball rheometry, using small balls relative to the suspended particles, can be a means of measuring the macroscopic zero-shear viscosity without disturbing the original microstructure significantly; therefore, falling-ball rheometry can be a powerful tool to study the effects of microstructure on the macroscopic properties of suspensions. 25 refs.

Joining ceramics to metals requires solutions to both scientific and practical engineering problems. Scientific issues include understanding the fundamental nature of adhesion at metal-ceramic interfaces, predicting interfacial reactions, and understanding the relation between chemical bonding and mechanical stresses at the interface on the atomic level. Engineering a specific ceramic-metal joint requires finding the optimum among what may be inherently incompatible properties. The following review briefly outlines some of the different methods for joining ceramics. Following that, some fundamental aspects of ceramic joining are presented. The paper concludes with examples of ceramic bonding in several engineering ceramic systems.

The assumptions, approximations, and uncertainty in the 1-MeV equivalent silicon damage methodology are reviewed. A new silicon displacement kerma function, based on ENDF/B-VI cross sections, is presented and its shape is experimentally confirmed. The issue of an associated 1-MeV equivalent reference kerma value is discussed. 19 refs., 4 figs.

By recirculating a relativistic electron beam (REB) in phase with a repeating accelerating voltage, it is possible to construct compact, efficient, high voltage gradient, linear induction accelerators (LIA). Concerns about energy spreads due to degradation of our 1.1-MV, 34-ns duration accelerating activity repeating pulse shapes have resulted in our improving the 24-switch trigger system for the ET-2 cavity, and identifying critical factors in the cavity design that affect the pulse shape. We summarize the improvements (completed and proposed) for the existing ET-2 cavity pulsed power and the status of our design analysis and modelling for the new four-pass accelerating cavities that could produce a 20-MeV REB for RLA. 14 refs., 24 figs.

Long term reliability of solder joints in thick film Au hybrid microcircuits require either minimization of the solid state growth of intermetallics or verification that if present, they do not compromise component performance. Intermetallic compounds such as AuIn{sub 2} or AuSn{sub 4} arise from the solid state reaction between Au thick films and 50Pb--50In or 63Sn--37Pb solder alloys, respectively; they are undesirable due to their brittle mechanical behavior caused by lack of a sufficient number of independent slip systems for plastic deformation. In addition, they may alter the resistivity of a circuit and thereby alter electronic performance. This paper will present a brief overview of the Au thick film inks/solder alloy systems whose intermetallic growth kinetics have been characterized at SNL, Albuquerque for hybrid microcircuit electronic applications. 6 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.

Examination of the durability of zirconia-coated rigid disks in various environments reveals a sensitivity to the presence of water vapor during sliding. Vacuum and dry air yield contact durabilities of 300 to 400 m, while in 50% relative humidity air the contact life increases to about 20 km. The durability of amorphous carbon-coated disks was also found to be more sensitive to the presence of moisture than to oxygen. The dominant factors affecting wear are believed to be oxidation of metallic debris and interaction of the overcoat layer with water vapor. Tests with ferrite read/write sliders on carbon-coated disks suggest that the pin-on-disc test is a valid simulation of the tribological behavior of this system. Carbon film thickness measurements indicate that the carbon film remains intact without appreciable thinning until the point of failure. 25 refs., 12 figs., 1 tab.

A method is presented for smoothing and differentiating noisy data given on a rectangular grid. The method makes use of a one-dimensional smoothing algorithm to construct the solution to an associated two-dimensional problem. Smoothing parameter selection is automated using a technique that does not require prior knowledge of the amount of noise in the data. Numerical examples are provided demonstrating the application of the method. 4 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.

Drillhole H-12 was drilled where hydraulic data were needed to better establish flow characteristics existing south-southeast of the WIPP site. The fluid-bearing zones of interest are the Magenta and Culebra dolomite units of the Rustler Formation. Dissolution of halite in the Rustler Formation has occurred in the uppermost member, but has not yet begun in the lower halite-bearing members. Cuttings and cores were taken at selected intervals and geophysical logs were run over the entire depth of the hole. 3 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.

Research has shown that long-term hourly insolation data are necessary to properly size stand-alone photovoltaic systems. Even if these data are available, their direct use requires extensive computing capabilities and is not practical on a routine basis. This paper describes a three-step model that generates realistic long-term hourly insolations from average monthly insolations. The model executes rapidly on a personal computer and generates the hourly data needed to properly size stand-alone systems. The approach used to develop this model was unique in that system performance predictions rather than statistical properties were used to verify that the synthetic data were representative of actual data. Results of verification tests show that array sizes resulting from the synthetic data are within 6% of the array sizes resulting from actual hourly data for any system with at least two days of energy storage. 5 figs., 4 tabs.

Sandia designed, built, and tested prototypes of a new photovoltaic concentrator module, the Sandia Baseline Module 3 (SBM3). The SBM3 is intended to be a high-efficiency module that can be readily adapted for commercial production. It consists of a 2 by 12 parquet of lenses arranged with 24 cells in an aluminum housing. The geometric concentration ratio is 185. The cells were made at the University of New South Wales and employ prismatic covers designed by ENTECH. The module features a new concept in cell assemblies in that the cells are soldered directly to a copper heat spreader, eliminating the expensive ceramic wafer and heat sink that have been used in previous designs. Electrical isolation was accomplished by anodizing the electrophoretically coating the aluminum housing. Lessons learned during construction and testing of the SBM3 are presented, along with the outdoor performance characteristics of prototype modules and results from qualification testing. 7 refs., 11 figs.

The Sandia Sorption Data Management System (SSDMS II) stores and retrieves trace element sorption data. The data management system has potential applications in performance assessment studies of transuranic high- and low-level, and toxic waste sites. The current version stores information describing the degree of sorption, the compositions of rocks and solutions used in the sorption experiment, and the experimental procedures. This User's Manual describes SSDMS II data searches, creation of new data files, and the merging of new with existing data base files. These extended data bases can be used to examine relationships among experimental variables, mineralogy of the substrate, water composition, and sorption ratios. Examples of using SSDMS II with a data base of radionuclide sorption data are given. 3 figs., 13 tabs.

Under the sponsorship of the US Department of Energy Office of Defense Programs, Sandia National Laboratories' Transportation Technology Center has developed computerized software to assist state and local governments in determining highway routing alternatives for radioactive materials. The techniques have a still wider application in analyzing route alternatives for all hazardous materials transport activities. The specific techniques discussed in this presentation are the latest update of the StateGEN/StateNET model structure and routing algorithm which contains the codified US Department of Transportation (DOT) Guidelines for Highway Route Controlled Quantity shipments of radioactive materials. 6 refs.

The 1/f noise of MOS transistors has been measured as a function of total ionizing dose and postirradiation biased annealing time. Comparison to oxide and interface trapped-charge buildup and annealing is discussed. 13 refs., 3 figs.

Significant improvements in CMOSIC quality, reliability, and fabrication yield can be readily achieved in the 1990s by appropriate implementation of tests for quiescent power supply current (I{sub DDQ}). As part of an overall quality management program, I{sub DDQ} testing incorporated with design for testability and modified conventional logic response testing enables 100% stuck-at fault coverage, quality improvement goals of defective levels less than 100 PPM, and reliability greater than 0.999 for 30 years. 9 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

Gravitational forces have been found to be an important factor in defining the particle collection efficiency curve of inertial impactors for large particles. In general it was found that if the parameter {cflx G} = gW/V{sub 0}{sup 2} (g is the gravitational acceleration, W is the nozzle diameter and V{sub 0} is the average fluid velocity at the nozzle throat) in greater than 10{sup {minus}3}, the efficiency curve would shift to lower particle sizes. No effect could be seen for lower values of {cflx G}. 1 ref., 1 fig., 1 tab.

X-ray microanalysis by analytical electron microscopy (AEM) has proven to be a powerful tool for characterizing the spatial distribution of solute elements in materials. True compositional variations over spatial scales smaller than the actual resolution for microanalysis can be determined if the measured composition profile is deconvoluted. Explicit deconvolutions of such data, via conventional techniques such as Fourier transforms, are not possible due to statistical noise in AEM microanalytical data. Hence, the method of choice is to accomplish the deconvolution via iterative convolutions. In this method, a function describing the assumed true composition profile, calculated by physically permissible thermodynamic and kinetic modeling is convoluted with the x-ray generation function and the result compared to the measured composition profile. If the measured and calculated profiles agree within experimental error, it is assumed that the true compositional profile has been determined. If the measured and calculated composition profiles are in disagreement, the assumptions in the physical model are adjusted and the convolution process repeated. To employ this procedure it is necessary to calculate the x-ray generation function explicitly. While a variety of procedures are available for calculating this function, the most accurate procedure is to use Monte Carlo modeling of electron scattering. 9 refs., 1 fig.

TNF-doped Mylar is a new radiation-hard dielectric that has recently been qualified as a viable substitute for Mylar in capacitors. The advantage of TNF-doped Mylar is that it satisfies both the nuclear safety and radiation hardness requirements of weapons. Mylar is not radiation-hard. Aging and compatibility studies were carried out to insure that (1) TNF does not diffuse from the film during fabrication of the capacitor or during storage; and (2) there are no compatibility problems with aluminum foil (the conductor) or Fluorinert (the secondary dielectric). Losses of TNF were barely detectable during the vacuum bakes used in fabricating capacitors or during accelerated aging tests carried out below T{sub g} (70C) over a two year period in air. In other accelerated tests, no compatibility problems were detected with aluminum or Fluorinert. TNF-doped Mylar is now being used in the MC-4109 capacitor that was called out for use in SRAM II. We anticipate no age-related or compatibility-related problems with TNF-doped Mylar.

The equilibrium swelling of a number of elastomeric seals, commonly used in weapon components, was determined after they were exposed to a saturated solvent environment. The dimensional stability of these elastomers in the solvents varied considerably. Reasons for this are discussed and a method by which one may estimate the degree of swelling that these elastomers will undergo in a solvent environment is presented. 5 refs.

This paper surveys a few of the current issues in sol-gel reaction kinetics. Many times seemingly modest changes in reactants or reaction conditions can lead to substantial differences in the overall reaction rates and pathways. For example, qualitative features of the reaction kinetics can depend on catalyst concentration. At very high acid-catalyst concentrations, reverse are significant for TMOS sol-gels, while for moderate acid-catalyst concentrations, reverse reactions are substantially reduced. The reaction kinetics are substantially reduced. The reaction kinetics of two similar tetraalkoxysilanes: tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), can be markedly different under identical reaction conditions. Under acid-catalyzed reaction conditions, a TMOS sol-gel undergoes both water-and alcohol-producing condensation reactions while a TEOS sol-gel undergoes only water-producing condensation. The early time hydrolysis and condensation reactions of a TMOS sol-gel are statistical in nature and can be quantitatively described by a few simple reaction rate constants while the reaction behavior of a TEOS sol-gel is markedly nonstatistical. A comprehensive theory of sol-gel kinetics must address diverse experimental findings. 9 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.

The performance of battery charge controllers and their effects on the system are a critical concern for stand-alone photovoltaic systems with battery storage. Many types of charge controllers are being marketed today, and designers need to understand more about their performance and compatibility with different kinds of batteries and systems. This paper describes the evaluations and selected interim test results from eight different models of small (approx. 10 amps) charge controllers. They are being subjected to a comprehensive test program including thorough electrical characterizations at selected temperatures, photovoltaic inputs and load levels. After electrical characterizations, the charge controllers are divided into concurrent evaluation paths. One path consists of side-by-side operational systems tests in which the charge controllers are installed in identical stand-alone PV systems. The other path consists of continuous environmental and electrical cycling in which the controllers are subjected to programmed electrical inputs, temperatures, and relative humidities. Recharacterizations of all controllers are addition, selected custom tests are performed on identical models to determine response to transients, installation issues and system compatibilities. The data presented here include measured electrical characteristics of the controllers, temperature effects, operational performance, and interface measurements at the array, battery and load. 8 refs., 9 figs., 4 tabs.

In the testing of active microwave components, a common test procedure is to evaluate a device's performance when subjected to an all-phase, constant-standing-wave-ratio (APCS) load pull. Such a test specification is useful in verifying a device's stability and mismatch performance. Typically, APCS pulls are tediously performed by hand, with manually operated tuners. However, with the advent of mechanical, computer-controlled tuners, it is how possible to automate this procedure. At Sandia, the goal was to integrate an APCS pull capability into a multi-test, single-connection tester. (The single-connection concept implies that many test, such as network analysis, spectral analysis, and noise figure measurements can be made from a one-time, device-to-tester connection). Consequently, the slide-screw tuner was the obvious choice due to its removable probe capability. Hence, it became necessary to develop a custom algorithm capable of utilizing the tuner in an impedance-finding mode. The general concept used in implementing this capability was to empirically characterize the tuner over and acceptable range of tuner positions, and then use this characterization to intelligently predict the tuner positions needed to present the desired impedance. 4 figs.

Conductor development is one of the major long term goals in high temperature superconductor research. In this paper we report on two promising processing technologies that have been utilized to produce superconducting HTS conductors. First, melt spun YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} fibers rapid thermal processed for 1--8 sec at 950 to 1075{degree}C have {Tc}'s to 92 K, J{sub c}'s to 1100 A/cm{sup 2} and the orthorhombic twinned morphology typical for high quality YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7}. A processing matrix of time, temperature and composition for these fibers shows that slightly CuO-rich starting compositions give the best results. Second, silver tube encapsulated wires of Bi{sub 1.7}Pb{sub 0.3}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 10} have been made by extrusion, wire drawing and cold rolling. The resulting tapes show orientation of the crystallites, zero resistance up to 100K and improved magnetic hysteresis above 50 K. The combination of mechanical reprocessing and extended thermal anneals near 850{degree}C appears to significantly improve these materials. 13 refs., 7 figs.

This paper discusses the ability of an adaptive line enhancer (ALE) driven by the least-mean-squares (LMS) algorithm to track the frequency of a chirping signal in broadband noise. The dynamic behavior of the weights is described and a weight tracking error bound is derived in terms in chirp rate. Frequency tracking and weight behavior are illustrated in examples. 6 refs., 7 figs.

Microfabricated series-arrays of Josephson junctions have been developed which are capable of producing quantized voltage levels over a wide voltage range. These arrays have been used in a calibration system since February 10, 1987 to maintain the US Legal Volt at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly NBS). A similar system within the Primary Standards Laboratory (which is operated for the Department of Energy, Albuquerque Operations Office by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)) has been in operation since July, 1989. Measurements of the temperature dependence of the array's quantized voltage states and DC characteristics are reported here. 8 refs., 2 figs.

As computers become increasingly powerful, the constitutive models used in structural analysis codes become increasingly sophisticated. With the current generation of supercomputers, it now seems reasonable to consider incorporating relatively detailed representations of the multiaxial deformation response of engineering alloys. To aid in the development of such models and to allow measurement of their constituent parameters, we have designed a complex multiaxial deformation test system. The system to be described has been developed to perform non-proportional cycling of thin-walled metal tubes using internal/external fluid pressure and tensile/compressive axial loading. It has been added to an existing MTS 490 kN load frame with a PDP 11/34-based computer control system. Features of interest include; specimen grips, the high pressure chamber, the hydraulic intensifier and controller, and associated valving and switching. Initial software for this system has been written on the PDP 11/34 in the MTS MultiUser-BASIC language to perform simple proportional multiaxial cyclic deformation to a prescribed effective plastic strain limit.

This paper explains the newly implemented new material (NM) sampling rationale for weapon production developed by Frank W. Mueller, SNL/7266, and approved by DOE. Our experience with weapon production programs has been primarily limited to production lengths of five years or less. As more recent programs, such as the W80, are moving toward increasingly longer production phases, it has become apparent that our previous sampling rationale may have required excessive new material samples. 3 refs.

Radiation-induced interface traps in Si-gate MOS devices follow an E{sup {minus}1/2} electric field dependence for E {ge} +0.13 MV/cm when electron-hole recombination effects are included. A hybrid model involving hole trapping and hydrogen transport is suggested. 20 refs., 4 figs.

The Direct Absorption Receiver (DAR) concept was proposed in the mid-1970s as an alternative advanced receiver concept to simplify and reduce the cost of solar central receiver systems. Rather than flowing through tubes exposed to the concentrated solar flux, the heat absorbing fluid (molten nitrate salt) would flow in a thin film down a flat, nearly vertical panel and absorb the flux directly. Potential advantages of the DAR over conventional tubular designs include a substantially simplified design, improved thermal performance, increased reliability and operating life, as well as reduced capital and operating costs. However, before commercial-scale designs can be realized, a method for controlling droplet ejection from the panel must be developed. In this paper, we present a new DAR design, which has the potential to control these droplets. The design employs four flat panels that are sloped backwards 5 degrees, wind spoilers, and air curtains. A systems analysis is presented indicating that the levelized-energy cost of the quad geometry should be very similar to cylindrical geometry that was originally proposed for the DAR concept. 19 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.

A sodium reflux pool-boiler solar receiver has been tested on a nominal 75-kW{sub t} parabolic-dish concentrator. The purpose was to demonstrate the feasibility of reflux-receiver technology for application to Stirling-engine dish-electric systems. In this application, pool boilers (and more generally liquid-metal reflux receivers) have a number of advantages over directly-illuminated tube receivers. The advantages, to be discussed, include more uniform temperature, which results in longer lifetime and higher temperature available to the engine. 17 refs., 10 figs.

Over the next several decades, it is expected that the use of renewable energy technologies will greatly expand as these technologies mature, as the cost of conventional energy supply increases, and as the environmental impact of fossil fuel usage is better understood. A critical question is whether the impact of renewables, in terms of displaced fossil fuel use and reduced environmental effects, can be significant. Certainly, public policy will have dramatic effects on this question. Given a positive policy environment, renewables have the potential to displace a significant fraction of projected energy use within 30-40 years. For the United States, renewables could contribute as much as 25-55 exajoules of energy annually by the year 2030, or 15-35{percent} of the projected total US energy consumption. 12 refs., 6 figs.

Use of the MIT-SNL Period-Generated Minimum Time Control Laws for the automated increase of neutronic power from subcritical conditions has recently been demonstrated. The use of these laws is advantageous because they provide the speed at which a control device should be withdrawn in order to generate a specified period. Two strategies were investigated. The first was the direct use of the MIT-SNL laws for the entire transient, startup plus operation at power. The second was to add reactivity at a constant rate until criticality was achieved and then to transfer control to the MIT-SNL laws. Each was evaluated by both simulation and actual experiment under conditions of closed-loop digital control on the Annular Core Research Reactor that is operated by the Sandia National Laboratories. Both approaches were shown to be feasible. The former has the advantage that the power profile will be known during the startup. Its drawback is that an excessively high rate of reactivity change may be needed to initiate the transient. 16 refs., 9 figs.

An experimental study is described that evaluates the potential for using an acoustic borehole television technique to measure fracture dimensions in lost circulation zones encountered in geothermal drilling. A simulated wellbore was constructed of sandstone blocks with adjustable, inclined fractures, stacked in a barrel filled with water. A slim-hole televiewer was used to log the wellbore, and a computer was used to digitize and analyze the data. Televiewer signal perturbations caused by the fractures were studied to evaluate the effects of fracture thickness and signal amplification on the width of the signal perturbation in the digital record. It was found that the signal amplification is applied. Two techniques for determining the correct amplification are described. With the televiewer used in the present study, fractures thicker than 0.15 inch in a 5.1-inch wellbore can be measured to within an accuracy of 5--15%. Fractures as small as 0.031 inch can be detected but cannot be accurately and reliably measured. 1 ref., 15 figs.

We are continuing to see significant progress in the development of photovoltaic (PV) concentrator technology. New record cell and module efficiencies have been achieved, and improvements in cells, cell assemblies, and modules are increasing reliability and decreasing cost. The number of firms actively pursuing PV concentrator module technology has increased substantially in the last three years. Two new concentrator systems were installed last year, and more are likely to be installed in the near future. This paper describes the most significant developments of the last two years, including descriptions of advances in PV concentrator cell technology, module development and reliability activities, the new installations, a new Concentrator Initiative Program, and results of the latest costing study. 26 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.

The cost goals and calculations in the Five-Year Plan for the National Photovoltaics Program assume that photovoltaic (PV) concentrator modules will have a reliable output and an operational life expectancy of 30 years.'' Although the modules in the few PV concentrator systems fielded to date have so far been reliable, they have not been in the field long enough to establish performance levels for 30 years and are not necessarily representative of newer concentrator designs. Thus, extensive testing and analysis are required to evaluate and establish the reliability of current concentrator module designs. Considerable research has been done to establish appropriate qualification tests, to understand component failure mechanisms, and to obtain reliable materials and designs. Surveys of fielded systems have been conducted and new test and analysis techniques have been developed in the process. This paper discusses the reliability of photovoltaic concentrator modules with an emphasis on the issues that are currently of most concern. 12 refs., 5 figs.

Erosion of POCO graphite by helium in PISCES-A was measured by carbon spectroscopy for a temperature range from 900{degree}-- 2000{degree}C, ion energies of 30--300 eV, ion fluxes of 1 {minus} 6 {times} 10{sup 22} m{sup {minus}2} s{sup {minus}1} and electro temperatures of 4--22 eV. Yields at low energies were higher than predicted in current models. The role of redeposition is discussed. 15 refs., 4 figs.

The In-situ Permeable Flow Sensor is a new type of implantable instrument under development at Sandia National Laboratories that uses thermal boundary layer pertubation techniques to rapidly determine the three-dimensional velocity vector of groundwater flow in soils or permeable geologic media. This sensor is based on the refinement of previous technology, the Convective Heat Flow Probe, developed for the scientific study of the flow of geothermal fluids in thermally active regions of the earth's crust. The Convective Heat Flow Probe was designed as a logging tool for use in open or uncased boreholes. The newer In-situ Permeable Flow Sensor is based on the same theoretical principles but is designed to be permanently buried at waste or cleanup sites where long term monitoring of groundwater flow is of interest. This instrument is sensitive to permeable flows as low as a few meters per year.

Simplified ATPG and fault simulation algorithms, reduced test set sizes, and increased fault coverage are achieved with I {sub DDQ} testing for stuck-at faults. In addition, I {sub DDQ} testing will detect logically redundant and multiple stuck-at faults, and improve the detection of non-stuck-at fault defects. 17 refs., 6 figs., 6 tabs.

The Department of Energy's Multiwell Experiment (MWX) is a field laboratory in the Piceance Basin of Colorado which has two overall objectives: to characterize the low permeability gas reservoirs in the Mesaverde Formation and to develop technology for their production. Different depositional environments have created distinctly different reservoirs in the Mesaverde, and MWX has addressed each of these in turn. This report presents a comprehensive summary of results from the fluvial interval which lies between 4400 ft and 6000 ft at the MWX site. The reservoirs consist of heterogeneous, amalgamated point-bar sequences which form broad meanderbelts which create irregular, but roughly tabular, reservoirs with widths of 1000--2500 ft. Separate sections of this report are background and summary; site descriptions and operations; geology; log analysis; core analysis; in situ stress; well testing, stimulation, fracture diagnostics, and reservoir evaluation in two separate sandstones; stress, fracture diagnostic, and stimulation experiments in an additional sandstone; supporting laboratory studies; and a bibliography. Additional detailed data, results, analyses, and data file references are presented as appendices which are included on microfiche. The results show that stimulation of fluvial reservoirs can be successful if proper care is taken to minimize damage to the natural fracture system. Both an accelerated leakoff phenomenon and the ability to alter the in situ stress were quantified. Overall, the fluvial interval offers the highest production potential of the three nonmarine intervals studied. 116 refs., 230 figs., 28 tabs.

This paper presents a discussion of the use of the Nijssen Information Analysis Methodology (NIAM) in the design of an experimenters database. This database is used by physicists and technicians to describe the configuration and diagnostic systems used on Sandia National Laboratories Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA II). The design of this database presented some unique challenges because of the large degree of flexibility required to enable timely response to changing experimental configurations. The NIAM user-oriented technique proved to be invaluable in translating experimenter's requirements into an information model and then to a normalized relational design.

The theory and practice of information engineering is being actively developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The main output of Sandia is information. Information is created, analyzed and distributed. It is the life blood of our design laboratory. The proper management of information will have a large, positive impact on staff productivity. In order to achieve the potential benefits of shared information a commonly understood approach is needed, and the approach must be implemented in a CASE (Computer-Aided Software Engineering) tool that spans the entire life cycle of information. The commonly understood approach used at Sandia is natural language. More specifically, it is a structured subset of English. Users and system developers communicate requirements and commitments that they both understand. The approach is based upon NIAM (Nijssen's Information Analysis Methodology). In the last three years four NIAM training classes have been given at Sandia. The classes were all at the introductory level, with the latest class last October having an additional seminar highlighting successful projects. The continued growth in applications using NIAM requires an advanced class. The class will develop an information model for the Ultimate CASE Tool.'' This paper presents the requirements that have been established for the Ultimate CASE Tool'' and presents initial models. 4 refs., 1 tab.

Sandia National Laboratories joined with two other laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Naval Research Laboratory, to study and implement a highly parallelized tracker/correlator algorithm. Significant progress was made at Sandia on a specific algorithm and code. This report summarizes the accomplishments by Sandia during FY '89 on this project. 12 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.

This paper and a companion paper show the traditional limits on amplitude and frequency that can be generated in a laboratory test on a vibration exciter can be substantially extended. This is accomplished by attaching a device to the shaker that permits controlled metal to metal impacts that generate high frequency, high acceleration environment on a test surface. A companion paper (Reference 1) shows that a sinusoidal or random shaker input can be used to generate a random vibration environment on the test surface. This paper derives the three response components that occur on the test surface due to an impact on the bottom surface and the base driven response from the shaker input. These response components are used to generate impulse response functions and frequency response functions which are used in the companion paper to derive power spectral density functions for the overall response. 9 refs., 8 figs.

High average power magnetic pulse compression systems are now being considered for use in several applications such as the High Power Radiation Source (HiPoRS) project. Such systems will require high reliability magnetic switches (saturable inductors) that are very efficient and have long lifetimes. One of the weakest components in magnetic switches is their interlaminar insulation. Considerations related to dielectric breakdown, thermal management of compact designs, and economical approaches for achieving these needs must be addressed. Various dielectric insulation and coating materials have been applied to Metglas foil in an attempt to solve the complex technical and practical problems associated with large magnetic switch structures. This work reports various needs, studies, results, and proposals in selecting and evaluating continuous coating approaches for magnetic foil. Techniques such as electrophoretic polymer deposition and surface chemical oxidation are discussed. We also propose continuous photofabrication processes for applying dielectric ribs or spacers to the foil which permit circulation of dielectric liquids for cooling during repetitive operation. 10 refs., 8 figs., 11 tabs.

This paper and a companion paper show that the traditional limits on amplitude and frequency that can be generated in a laboratory test on a vibration exciter can be substantially extended. This is accomplished by attaching a device to the shaker that permits controlled metal to metal impacts that generate a high acceleration, high frequency environment on a test surface. A companion paper derives some of the mechanical relations for the system. This paper shows that a sinusoidal shaker input can be used to excite deterministic chaotic dynamics of the system yielding a random vibration environment on the test surface, or a random motion of the shaker can be used to generate a random vibration environment on the test surface. Numerical examples are presented to show the kind of environments that can be generated in this system. 9 refs., 9 figs.

Charged-particle simulations in three dimensions are now performed routinely in the Pulsed Power Sciences Directorate at Sandia with the QUICKSILVER suite of codes. QUICKSILVER is a multitasked, finite-difference, three-dimensional, fully relativistic, electromagnetic, particle-in-cell code developed at Sandia. It is targeted for use on current and near-term supercomputers, such as the Cray X-MP/416, which are characterized by large, shared central memories and multiple processors. QUICKSILVER has already been used to simulate ion diodes, magnetically insulated transmission lines, microwave devices, and electron beam propagation. QUICKSILVER is actually a suite of codes; in addition to the main simulation code there are several support codes. The problem geometry is generated with a preprocessor and the simulation results are examined with one or more postprocessors. The MERCURY preprocessor assists the user in defining the mesh, boundary conditions, and other input parameters. The FLASH and AVS postprocessors are used to examine a wide variety of simulation output, including 3D rendering of particle positions, conductor surfaces, and scalar and vector quantities. The PLOTPFF postprocessor displays 2D slices and 1D pencils derived from 3D scalar and vector quantities. Additionally, time histories of various simulation quantities can be examined and manipulated with the IDR postprocessor. This paper describes the suite in detail. 9 refs., 4 figs.

We report the first experiments evaluating the beam generation by the new 4-MV RLA injector. Beams of 15 to 27 kA current were produced and successfully transported up to the first post-accelerating cavity (ET-2), 1.3 m downstream. The beam radius was measured with an x-ray pin-hole camera and found to be equal to 5 mm. We selected an apertured ion-focused foilless diode among the various available diode options. It is the simplest and easiest to operate and can be adjusted to provide variable beam impedance loads. Experimental results will be presented and compared with numerical simulations.

For many years, the protection and control of classified documents has been a concern of administrative and management personnel. Recent thefts of documents has increased this concern and has led to high level committee investigations into improved classified document protection techniques. Better methods must be found to improve classified document protection and control systems. From preliminary investigations, it was determined that there is not one technique or method that alone would provide adequate protection of classified documents. Instead, a systematic approach that would utilize several components must be used. These components would limit the unauthorized access to classified documents, improve the accountability of documents, increase the protection of documents during transfers, protest classified documents against unauthorized reproduction, protect classified documents against unauthorized removal from a security area, and verify that documents that have been flagged for destruction are actually physically destroyed. This study investigates several techniques that could be implemented in each of these six areas. 8 refs.