Publications

Sandia National Laboratories conducts the photovoltaic balance of systems (BOS) program, which is sponsored by the US Department of Energy`s Office of Energy Management. Under this program, SNL lets commercialization contracts and conducts a laboratory program designed to advance BOS technology, improve BOS component reliability, and reduce the BOS life-cycle-cost. This report details the testing of the first large US manufactured hybrid inverter and its associated maximum power tracker.

The overpressurization of a 1:6-scale reinforced concrete containment building demonstrated that liner tearing is a plausible failure mode in such structures under severe accident conditions. A combined experimental and analytical program was developed to determine the important parameters which affect liner tearing and to develop reasonably simple analytical methods for predicting when tearing will occur. Three sets of test specimens were designed to allow individual control over and investigation of the mechanisms believed to be important in causing failure of the liner plate. The series of tests investigated the effect on liner tearing produced by the anchorage system, the loading conditions, and the transition in thickness from the liner to the insert plate. Before testing, the specimens were analyzed using two- and three-dimensional finite element models. Based on the analysis, the failure mode and corresponding load conditions were predicted for each specimen. Test data and post-test examination of test specimens show mixed agreement with the analytical predictions with regard to failure mode and specimen response for most tests. Many similarities were also observed between the response of the liner in the 1:6-scale reinforced concrete containment model and the response of the test specimens. This work illustrates the fact that the failure mechanism of a reinforced concrete containment building can be greatly influenced by details of liner and anchorage system design. Further, it significantly increases the understanding of containment building response under severe conditions.

As part of an Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing (ECM) Program, a study was conducted at Sandia National Laboratories to identify an alternative cleaning process that would effectively replace trichloroethylene (TCE) for cleaning mechanical piece parts of Switch Tube assemblies. Eight aqueous alkaline cleaners, as well as an isopropyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol/Cyclohexane cleaning process, were studied as potential replacements. Cleaning efficacy, materials compatibility, etch rate and corrosion studies were conducted and used to screen potential candidates. Cleaning efficacy was determined using visual examination, goniometer/contact angle measurements, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy and an evaporative rate analysis technique known as MESERAN Surface Analysis. Several cleaners were identified as potential replacements for TCE based solely on the cleaning efficacy results. Some of the cleaners, however, left undesirable residues studies were completed, Brulin 815GD (an aqueous alkaline cleaner) was selected as the replacement for TCE.

This paper describes the planning of evaluation for one large-scale national energy program with-scale, national energy program with international reporting requirements, US. Climate Change Action Plant. Referred to as Energy Partnerships for a Strong Economy, this program includes 19 DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EE) initiatives and three other DOE projects. The evaluation strategy is to have a six year effort with ongoing performance measurement, market studies and process evaluations when deviations from targeted outcomes occur, and a final evaluation report that combines these results with other impact evaluations deemed necessary. The evaluation planning and implementation will use a collaborative approach involving program managers and stakeholders, including program partners and customers, to ensure that evaluation results are useful and utilized. Performance mapping will be used to describe the programs to be evaluated and determine data collection needs and key evaluation questions. The evaluation plan uses multiple evaluation methods, including model and engineering estimates, self-reporting by partners, case studies, surveys, and modified peer/expert review in order to accommodate the scope and diversity of programs and the need to measure progress as well as impact.

The part-load behavior of a typical 30-MWe SEGS (solar electric generating systems) plant was studied using a detailed thermodynamic model. As part of this analysis, a new solar field model was derived, based on measurement results of an LS-2 Collector and accounting for various conditions of receiver tubes, lost mirrors and measured reflectivity. A comparison was made of the model results to real plant conditions for a winter and summer day in order to test the accuracy of the model. The effects of bare tubes, different wind speeds, mirror reflectivity and other factors were studied showing, e.g., that heat losses due to wind are predicted to be very low. The comparison also shows that the model still lacks the capability to fully account for actual solar field conditions. The model was also compared to the SOLERGY model, showing differences between the assumptions used in both models. Finally different operating conditions of the plant were studied for a summer, fall, and winter day to provide a better understanding of how changing solar field outlet temperatures affect gross and net output of the plant. This clearly indicates that the lowest possible superheating temperature maximizes the gross electric output. On a net basis this conclusion is modified due to the high parasitics of the HTF (heat transfer fluid) pumps. It was found that the optimum operating strategy depends on the insolation conditions, e.g., different superheating temperatures should be chosen in summer, fall and winter. If the pressure drop in the solar field is reduced due to replacement of flex hoses with ball joints, increasing the HTF flow is more reasonable, so that at low isolation conditions the lowest possible superheating temperature also leads to the maximum net output.

The Energy Policy Act of 1992 required the DOE to develop recommendations and implement government programs to assist the domestic uranium industry in increasing export opportunities. In 1993, as part of that effort, the Office of Nuclear Energy identified several key factors that could (or have) significantly impact(ed) export opportunities for domestic uranium. This report addresses one of these factors: regulatory and policy impediments to the flow of uranium products between the US and other countries. It speaks primarily to the uranium market for civil nuclear power. Changes in the world political and economic order have changed US national security requirements, and the US uranium industry has found itself without the protected market it once enjoyed. An unlevel playing field for US uranium producers has resulted from a combination of geology, history, and a general US political philosophy of nonintervention that precludes the type of industrial policy practiced in other uranium-exporting countries. The US has also been hampered in its efforts to support the domestic uranium-producing industry by its own commitment to free and open global markets and by international agreements such as GATT and NAFTA. Several US policies, including the imposition of NRC fees and licensing costs and Harbor Maintenance fees, directly harm the competitiveness of the domestic uranium industry. Finally, requirements under US law, such as those in the 1979 Nuclear Nonproliferation Act, place very strict limits on the use of US-origin uranium, limitations not imposed by other uranium-producing countries. Export promotion and coordination are two areas in which the US can help the domestic uranium industry without violating existing trade agreements or other legal or policy constraints.

The fabrication of a prosthetic socket for a below-the-knee amputee requires knowledge of the underlying bone structure in order to provide pressure relief for sensitive areas and support for load bearing areas. The goal is to enable the residual limb to bear pressure with greater ease and utility. Conventional methods of prosthesis fabrication are based on limited knowledge about the patient`s underlying bone structure. A 3D ultrasound imaging system was developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The imaging system provides information about the location of the bones in the residual limb along with the shape of the skin surface. Computer assisted design (CAD) software can use this data to design prosthetic sockets for amputees. Ultrasound was selected as the imaging modality. A computer model was developed to analyze the effect of the various scanning parameters and to assist in the design of the overall system. The 3D ultrasound imaging system combines off-the-shelf technology for image capturing, custom hardware, and control and image processing software to generate two types of image data -- volumetric and planar. Both volumetric and planar images reveal definition of skin and bone geometry with planar images providing details on muscle fascial planes, muscle/fat interfaces, and blood vessel definition. The 3D ultrasound imaging system was tested on 9 unilateral below-the- knee amputees. Image data was acquired from both the sound limb and the residual limb. The imaging system was operated in both volumetric and planar formats. An x-ray CT (Computed Tomography) scan was performed on each amputee for comparison. Results of the test indicate beneficial use of ultrasound to generate databases for fabrication of prostheses at a lower cost and with better initial fit as compared to manually fabricated prostheses.

Combination glass electrodes were tested for determining H{sup +} concentrations in concentrated pure and mixed NaCl and Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} solutions, as well as natural brine systems. NaCl, Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}, and mixtures of NaCl and Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} solutions were analyzed. Correction factors for estimating pC{sub H}{sup +} (negative logarithm of H{sup +} concentration) were determined from measured/observed pH values. Required Gran-type titrations were done with HCl and/or NaOH. The titration method is described and a step-by-step procedure provided; it has been used previously for determining pC{sub H}{sup +} values of synthetic chloride-dominated brines. Precautions are required to determine correction factors for electrolytes that react with H{sup +} or OH{sup {minus}} [sulfate brines for titration with acid; magnesium brines for titration with base because of precipitation of Mg(OH)2]. Correction factors A (pC{sub H}{sup +} = pH{sub ob} + A) from HCl titrations were similar to those from NaOH titrations where the concentration of free H{sup +} was calculated using a thermodynamic model. These values should be applicable to solns with a very large range in measured pH values (2 to 12). Because a large number of solns were titrated with HCl and the A values are similar for HCl and NaOH titrations, the A values for NaCl and Na2SO4 solns were fit as a function of molality to allow extrapolation. For NaCl solns 0 to 6.0 M, A can be obtained by multiplying the molality by 0.159. For Na2SO4 solns 0 to 2.0 M, the values of A can be obtained from (0.221 {minus} 0.549X + 0.201X{sup 2}), where X is the molality of Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. Orion-Ross electrode evaluations indicated that the A values did not differ significantly for different electrodes. Results suggest that the data in this report can be used to estimate A values for different NaCl and Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} solns even for noncalibrated electrodes.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology is currently receiving extensive attention in the computer networking arena. Many experts predict that ATM will be the future networking technology for both the Local Area Network (LAN) and the Wide Area Network (WAN). This paper presents the results of a collaboration between Sandia National Laboratories` Advanced Networking Department and Engineering Sciences Center to study the implementation of ATM in one of Sandia`s most heavily loaded production networks. The network consists of over 120 Sun Sparc 10s and 20s, two SparcCenter 2000s, a 12 node parallel IBM SP-2, and several other miscellaneous high-end workstations. The existing network was first characterized through extensive traffic measurements to better understand the capabilities and limitations of the existing network technologies and to provide a baseline for comparison to an ATM network. This characterization was used to select a subset of the network elements which would benefit most from conversion to the ATM technology. This subset was then converted to equipment based on the latest ATM standards. With direct OC-3c (155 Mbps) host connections for the workstations and the file and compute servers, we demonstrated as much as 122 Mbps throughput (memory-to-memory TCP/IP transfers) between endpoints. Flow control in the classical many-to-one client server environment was also investigated. Throughout all of our tests, the interaction of the user applications with the network technologies was documented and possible improvements were tested. The performance and reliability of the ATM network was compared to the original network to determine the benefits and liabilities of the ATM technology.

No abstract available.

Models for direct containment heating (DCH) in the CONTAIN code for severe accident analysis have been reviewed and a standard input prescription for their use has been defined. The code has been exercised against a large subset of the available DCH data base. Generally good agreement with the experimental results for containment pressurization ({Delta}P) and hydrogen generation has been obtained. Extensive sensitivity studies have been performed which permit assessment of many of the strengths and weaknesses of specific model features. These include models for debris transport and trapping, DCH heat transfer and chemistry, atmosphere-structure heat transfer, interactions between nonairborne debris and blowdown steam, potential effects of debris-water interactions, and hydrogen combustion under DCH conditions. Containment compartmentalization is an important DCH mitigator in the calculations, in agreement with experimental results. The CONTAIN model includes partially parametric treatments for some processes that are not well understood. The importance of the associated uncertainties depends upon the details of the DCH scenario being analyzed. Recommended sensitivity studies are summarized that allow the user to obtain a reasonable estimate of the uncertainties in the calculated results.

In this paper we study the question: How useful is randomization in speeding up Exclusive Write PRAM computations? Our results give further evidence that randomization is of limited use in these types of computations. First we examine a compaction problem on both the CREW and EREW PRAM models, and we present randomized lower bounds which match the best deterministic lower bounds known. (For the CREW PRAM model, the lower bound is asymptotically optimal.) These are the first non-trivial randomized lower bounds known for the compaction problem on these models. We show that our lower bounds also apply to the problem of approximate compaction. Next we examine the problem of computing boolean functions on the CREW PRAM model, and we present a randomized lower bound, which improves on the previous best randomized lower bound for many boolean functions, including the OR function. (The previous lower bounds for these functions were asymptotically optimal, but we improve the constant multiplicative factor.) We also give an alternate proof for the randomized lower bound on PARITY, which was already optimal to within a constant additive factor. Lastly, we give a randomized lower bound for integer merging on an EREW PRAM which matches the best deterministic lower bound known. In all our proofs, we use the Random Adversary method, which has previously only been used for proving lower bounds on models with Concurrent Write capabilities. Thus this paper also serves to illustrate the power and generality of this method for proving parallel randomized lower bounds.

The queue-read, queue-write (QRQW) parallel random access machine (PRAM) model is a shared memory model which allows concurrent reading and writing with a time cost proportional to the contention. This is designed to model currently available parallel machines more accurately than either the CRCW PRAM or EREW PRAM models. Many algorithmic results have been developed for the QRQW PRAM. However, the only lower bound results have been fairly simple reductions from lower bounds for other models, such as the EREW PRAM or the ``few-write`` CREW PRAM. Here we present a lower bound specific to the QRQW PRAM. This lower bound is on the problem of Linear Approximate Compaction (LAC), whose input consists of at most m marked items in an array of size n, and whose output consists of the rn marked items in an array of size 0(m). There is an O({radical}log n), expected time randomized algorithm for LAC on the QRQW PRAM. We prove a lower bound of {Omega}(log log log n) expected time for any randomized algorithm for LAC. This bound applies regardless of the number of processors and memory cells of the QRQW PRAM. The previous best lower bound was {Omega}(log* n) time, taken from the known lower bound for LAC on the CRCW PRAM.

SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) is a gridless Lagrangian technique which is appealing as a possible alternative to numerical techniques currently used to analyze high deformation impulsive loading events. In the present study, the SPH algorithm has been subjected to detailed testing and analysis to determine the feasibility of using PRONTO/SPH for the analysis of various types of underwater explosion problems involving fluid-structure and shock-structure interactions. Of particular interest are effects of bubble formation and collapse and the permanent deformation of thin walled structures due to these loadings. These are exceptionally difficult problems to model. Past attempts with various types of codes have not been satisfactory. Coupling SPH into the finite element code PRONTO represents a new approach to the problem. Results show that the method is well-suited for transmission of loads from underwater explosions to nearby structures, but the calculation of late time effects due to acceleration of gravity and bubble buoyancy will require additional development, and possibly coupling with implicit or incompressible methods. © 1995 Springer-Verlag.

The authors have characterized the pyrochlore-to-perovskite crystallization process in solution-derived Pb(Zr{sub 0.20}Ti{sub 0.80})O{sub 3} thin films on (100) MgO single crystal substrates. It has been determined that the perovskite phase nucleated preferentially at the film/MgO interface out of a nanocrystalline ({approx}100{angstrom} grains) pyrochlore matrix. During the early stages of the pyrochlore-to-perovskite conversion process, perovskite growth proceeded nearly isotropically from the substrate to form hemispherically shaped grains. Deviations from isotropic growth were shown to result from a growth dependence based on the crystallographic orientation of a growing perovskite grain relative to the orientations of pyrochlore grains being transformed. The volume change that occurs during the pyrochlore-to-perovskite transformation along with two-dimensional grain growth has been used to develop a mechanism for formation of porosity that commonly is concentrated in grain boundary regions.

Sandia National Laboratories has established a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with consortium members of the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (NCMS) to develop fundamental generic technology in the area of printed wiring board materials and surface finishes. Improved solderability of copper substrates is an important component of the Sandia-NCMS program. The authors are investigating the effects of surface roughness on the wettability and solderability behavior of several different types of copper board finishes. In this paper, the authors present roughness and solderability characterizations for a variety of chemically-etched copper substrates. Initial testing on six chemical etches demonstrate that surface roughness can be greatly enhanced through chemical etching. Noticeable improvements in solder wettability were observed to accompany increases in roughness. A number of different algorithms and measures of roughness were used to gain insight into surface morphologies that lead to improved solderability.

This report describes the results of experiments performed to determine the viability of titanium dioxide photocatalysis towards the treatment of water contaminated with different metal-EDTA complexes. Both the PB-EDTA and Ni-EDTA complexes were chosen for study, as they represent respectively metals that are and are not capable of photodeposition onto the TiO{sub 2} catalyst during the photoreaction. Batch reactions were carried out in a jacketed glass pot reactor using 300 ml of 50m g/l metal chelated with an equimolar amount of EDTA and 0.1wt% of TiO{sub 2} in the solution. The UV source used was a 100 W low-pressure Hg spot lamp. The two systems were studied using Degussa P-25 titanium dioxide, and Aldrich titanium dioxide loaded with Pt and Au. Around 80% removal of the Ni-EDTA complex was attained after 120 min using both catalysts with no photodeposition of Ni onto the catalyst. However, pH precipitation treatment of the reacted solutions indicated that the Ni was still complexed, probably to complexing agents that were EDTA oxidation products. Apparent zero-order kinetics was observed in the P-25 catalyst reaction, whereas apparent first-order kinetics was observed in the metal-loaded TiO{sub 2} catalyst. In contrast the Pb-EDTA complex was completely removed in 10 min using both catalysts. Also, complete Pb deposition onto the catalyst was attained in 30 min for both catalysts. The Pb deposition seemed to first require the degradation of the complex. Total organic carbon was reduced in the Ni-EDTA system 15--21% using both catalysts, and about 33% in the Pb-EDTA system using both catalysts. No reduction of either metal or metal complex was observed when no catalyst was present and the other conditions held constant.

Borehole-to-surface electromagnetic (EM) methods are an attractive alternative to Surface-based EM methods for a variety of environmental and engineering applications. They have improved sensitivity to the subsurface resistivity distribution because of the closer proximity to the area of interest offered by the borehole for the source or the receiver. For the borehole-to-surface measurements the source is in the borehole and the receivers are on the surface. On the other hand, for the surface-to-borehole methods, the source is on the surface and the receiver is in a borehole. The surface-to-borehole method has an added advantage since measurements are often more accurate due to the lower noise environment for the receiver. For these methods, the source can be a grounded electric dipole or a vertical magnetic dipole source. An added benefit of these techniques is field measurements are made using a variety of arrays where the system is tailored to the application and where one can take advantage of some new imaging methods. In this short paper the authors describe the application of the borehole-to-surface method, discuss benefits and shortcomings, and give two field examples where they have been used for underground imaging. The examples were the monitoring of a salt water flooding of an oil well and the characterization of a fuel oil spill.

The authors performed an X-ray diffraction study of tetrahedral-coordinated-amorphous carbon (a-tC) films prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Samples properties were analyzed as a function of laser energy and thickness. For all thicknesses and laser energies, films were made up of clusters with a basic unit size of 7 - 11 nm. Thicker films, as well as films prepared at higher laser densities exhibit larger clusters, in the tens of nanometers. The clusters are not readily observable by AFM, which may indicate the presence of a flat (graphitized) top film surface.

The structural evaluation test unit is roughly equivalent to a 1/3 scale model of a high level waste rail cask. The test unit was designed to just meet the requirements of NRC Regulatory Guide 7.6 when subjected to a 9 m (30 ft) free drop resulting in an impact velocity of 13.4 m/s (30 mph) onto an unyielding target in the end-on orientation. The test unit was then subjected to impacts with higher velocities to determine the amount of built-in conservatism in this design approach. Test impacts of 13.4, 20.1 and 26.8 m/s (30, 45, and 60 mph) were performed. This paper will describe the design, testing, and comparison of measured strains and deformations to the equivalent analytical predictions.

A Discrete element computer program named DMC (Distinct Motion Code) has been developed for modeling rock blasting. This program employs explicit time integration and uses spherical or cylindrical elements which are represented as circles in 2-D. DMC calculations have been compared with measurements on bench blasts in the field with relatively good comparison. Structural rock mass characteristics have a significant impact on any blast and DMC has not, until now, included these effects. This paper discusses a recently added DMC capability for treating joints and bedding planes in bench blast simulations. Material strength is treated in DMC by creating links between spheres to hold them together. The links can be broken based on any criterion; simple tension, compression and shear are currently employed. Joint sets are treated in DMC by defining the dip of each set toward or away from the bench face along with the joint spacing. Strength links that cross joint planes can have their strength properties modified or they can be deleted. Modification of the link patterns based on joint sets creates distinct blocks of spheres outlined by the intersecting joints. These blocks of spheres move together as a solid unit unless stress and strain conditions within the block indicate that links should be broken. Simulations using this capability show some blocks remaining intact throughout the blast and some being partially or completely broken. When this occurs, the joint pattern is shown to influence the characteristics of the blast. Upon completion of this capability both rock breakage and motion will be modeled during the same simulation. Much work remains to be done on this concept making this paper a progress report on the development of this new capability.

Hydrogen is found to readily diffuse into InGaN, InAlN and InGaAlN epitaxial layers during plasma exposures at 170-250{degree}C for 40 sec-30 min. The diffusivity of hydrogen is > 10{sup -11} cm{sup 2} {center_dot} s{sup -1} at 170{degree}C, and the native donor species are passivated by association with the hydrogen. Reactivation of these species occurs at 450-500{degree}C, but the hydrogen remains in the material until {ge} 800{degree}C.

Pb(Zr,Ti)O{sub 3} (PZT) thin films are being developed for use in optical and electronic memory devices. To study ferroelectric switching behavior, the authors have produced relatively untextured PZT thin films on Si substrates. They have developed a method for using X-ray diffraction to observe domain switching in situ. This study involved the use of a micro-diffractometer to monitor the switching behavior in relatively small (0.7 mm diameter) electroded areas. Diffraction analyses were done while DC voltages were applied and removed, representing several places in the hysteresis loop. In particular, the authors were looking for relative intensity changes in the [h00],[00l] diffraction peaks as a function of position in the hysteresis loop. This study indicates that the 90{degrees} domain switching exhibited by bulk ferroelectrics, is very limited in films on Si when grain sizes are less than about 1{mu}m.

Increasingly constrained budgets in the defense community, both DoD and DOE, have created a need to emphasize affordability in the development of future weapons systems and components. Increased use of commercially compatible components will play an important role, but there will always remain a need for specialized production, especially at the system level. We will present on-going work at Sandia National Laboratories (referred to from here as Sandia) aimed at insuring the affordability of low-volume, defence-specific systems.

The 6.4 MeV p({sup l5}N,{alpha}{gamma}){sup 12}C resonant nuclear reaction has been used to investigate the role of hydrogen as a contributing factor in the formation of stress-induced voids in very large scale integrated circuit metallizations. Hydrogen profiles were measured from a series of layered structures consisting of aluminum-copper alloy metallizations deposited on borophosphosilicate glass and capped with a variety of commercial passivation materials in order to examine differences in the concentrations and depth distributions of hydrogen within the layered structures.

Accident source terms, source term probabilities, consequences, and risks are developed for ship collisions that might occur in US ports during the shipment of spent fuel from foreign research reactors to the United States.

Increasing computational speed has led to the development and use of sophisticated numerical methods in radioactive material (RAM) transportation container design. The design of a RAM container often involves a complex coupling of structural, thermal, and radioactive shielding analyses. Sandia National Laboratories has integrated automatic mesh generation, explicit structural finite element analysis, transient thermal finite element analysis, and numerical optimization techniques into a unified RAM container design tool to increase the efficiency of both the design process and the resultant design through coupled analyses. Although development of this technique has progressed significantly, inaccurate numerical gradients due to design space nonsmoothness and excessive computational time have hampered successful implementation of numerical optimization as a ``black box`` design tool. This paper presents the details of analysis tool integration, simplified model development, constraint boundary nonsmoothness difficulties, and numerical optimization results for a lightweight composite-overpack Type B RAM package subject to dynamic crush and fuel fire accident condition constraints.

The possibility of a collision with the earth and need for detection of asteroids and comets is briefly discussed.

An historical look at software systems reveals a progression of thinking about protection and risk management. In this paper, three generations are defined. For each, we examine the prevalent views of risk, risk assessment, and risk mitigation. We also examine prevalent strategies for assurance. Many gaps exist in current knowledge of how to manage and assess risks in software systems. This paper presents a new perspective which enables comprehensive risk-based design and evaluation of systems, spanning a range of surety concerns (including correctness and safety, in addition to traditional security concerns), and addressing multiple system aspects. We believe this to be a new and unique multidisciplinary approach which transcends both traditional security approaches and traditional risk analysis methods. It facilitates a risk analysis completely tailored to the system at hand, instantiating its threats, its barriers, and its needs for risk reduction.

Etch rates for binary nitrides in ECR Cl{sub 2}/CH{sub 4}/H{sub 2}/Ar are reported as a function of temperature, rf-bias, microwave power, pressure and relative gas proportions. GaN etch rates remain relatively constant from 30 to 125{degrees}C and then increase to a maximum of 2340 {angstrom}-min{sup {minus}1} at 170{degrees}C. The AlN etch rate decreases throughout the temperature range studied with a maximum of 960 {angstrom}-min{sup {minus}1} at 30{degrees}C. When CH{sub 4} is removed from the plasma chemistry, the GaN and InN etch rates are slightly lower, with less dramatic changes with temperature. The surface composition of the III-V nitrides remains unchanged over the temperatures studied. The GaN and InN rates increase significantly with rf power, and the fastest rates for all three binaries are obtained at 2 mTorr. Surface morphology is smooth for GaN over a wide range of conditions, whereas InN surfaces are more sensitive to plasma parameters.

In a light-water reactor core melt accident, if the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) fails while the reactor coolant system (RCS) at high pressure, the expulsion of molten core debris may pressurize the reactor containment building (RCB) beyond its failure pressure. A failure in the bottom head of the RPV, followed by melt expulsion and blowdown of the RCS, will entrain molten core debris in the high-velocity steam blowdown gas. This chain of events is called a high-pressure melt ejection (HPME). Four mechanisms may cause a rapid increase in pressure and temperature in the reactor containment: (1) blowdown of the RCS, (2) efficient debris-to-gas heat transfer, (3) exothermic metal-steam and metal-oxygen reactions, and (4) hydrogen combustion. These processes, which lead to increased loads on the containment building, are collectively referred to as direct containment heating (DCH). It is necessary to understand factors that enhance or mitigate DCH because the pressure load imposed on the RCB may lead to early failure of the containment.

In this paper, a massively parallel implementation of the boundary element method to study particle transport in Stokes flow is discussed. The numerical algorithm couples the quasistatic Stokes equations for the fluid with kinematic and equilibrium equations for the particles. The formation and assembly of the discretized boundary element equations is based on the torus-wrap mapping as opposed to the more traditional row- or column-wrap mappings. The equation set is solved using a block Jacobi iteration method. Results are shown for an example application problem, which requires solving a dense system of 6240 equations more than 1200 times.

Poly (1, 4 bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene) (PTESB), a representative of a new type of organic-inorganic hybrid polysilsesquioxane material, was characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy for both microenvironmental polarity and solvent accessibility. A dansyl fluorescent molecule was incorporated into the bulk as well as onto the surface of both PTESB and silica materials. Information about the microenvironment polarity and accessibility of PTESB to various organic solvents was determined and compared to that of silica gel. This study found that both the bulk and surface of PTESB are less polar than that of the silica material. The silica material is accessible to polar solvents and water, while YMB is accessible to polar solvents but not to water. The hydrophobicity of PTESB differentiates these new materials from silica gel.

By developing an approximation to the first integral of the Poisson equation, one can obtain solutions for the voltage-current characteristics of a radio-frequency (rf) plasma sheath that are valid over the whole range of inertial response of the ions to an imposed rf voltage or current-specified conditions. The theory adequately reproduces the time-dependent voltage-current characteristics of the two extreme cases corresponding to the Lieberman rf sheath theory and the Metze-Ernie-Oskam theory. Contained within the approximation is a time constant which controls the amount of ion response to the rf electric field. A prescription is given for determining this ion relaxation time constant, which also determines the time-dependent ion impact energy on the electrode surface.

Organometallic and hydride compounds are widely used as precursors for the epitaxial growth of GaAs and other compound semiconductors. These precursors are most commonly used to perform organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) and also in related deposition techniques such as atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) and metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy (MOMBE). We have investigated the surface chemical properties of these precursors on GaAs(100) using a variety of surface science diagnostics. Results have shed light on the mechanisms of precursor decomposition which lead to film growth and carbon doping. For instance, kinetics of trimethylgallium (TMGa) decomposition on the Ga-rich and As-rich surfaces, measured by TPD, are in semiquantitative agreement with ALE results; indicating that the dominant growth mechanism during ALE is heterogeneous. Furthermore, there is no compelling evidence for the production of methane (CH{sub 4}) on the GaAs surface when TMGa and arsine (AsH{sub 3}) are coadsorbed.

This paper describes a new optical interconnect architecture and the integrated optoelectronic circuit technology for implementing a parallel, reconfigurable, multiprocessor network. The technology consists of monolithic array`s of optoelectronic switches that integrate vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with three-terminal heterojunction phototransistors, which effectively combined the functions of an optical transceiver and an optical spatial routing switch. These switches have demonstrated optical switching at 200 Mb/s, and electrical-to-optical data conversion at > 500 Mb/s, with a small-signal electrical-to-optical modulation bandwidth of {approximately} 4 GHz.

Bimodal space reactor systems provide both thermal propulsion for the spacecraft orbital transfer and electrical power to the spacecraft bus once it is on station. These systems have the potential to increase both the available payload in high energy orbits and the available power to that payload. These increased mass and power capabilities can be used to either reduce mission cost by permitting the use of smaller launch vehicles or to provide increased mission performance from the current launch vehicle. A major barrier to the deployment of these bimodal systems has been the cost associated with their development. This paper describes a bimodal reactor system with performance potential to permit more than 70% of the instrumented payload of the Titan IV/Centaur to be launched from the Atlas IIAS. The development cost is minimized by basing the design on existing component technologies.

Sandia Laboratories has developed a thin film diamond substrate technology to meet the requirements for high power and high density circuits. Processes were developed to metallize, photopattern, laser process, and, package diamond thin film networks which were later assembled into high power multichip modules (MCMS) to test for effectiveness at removing heat. Diamond clearly demonstrated improvement in heat transfer during 20 Watt, strip heating experiments with junction-to-ambient temperature increases of less than 24 C compared to 126 C and 265 C for the aluminum nitride and ceramic versions, respectively.

Accurate finite-element simulation of 3-D nonlinear heat transfer in complex systems may require meshes composed of tens of thousands of finite elements and hours of CPU time on today`s fastest computers. To treat applications in which thousands of calculations may be necessary such as for risk assessment or design of high-temperature manufacturing processes, methods are needed which can solve these problems far more efficiently and maintain an acceptably high degree of accuracy. For this purpose, we developed the Thermal Evaluation and Matching Program for Risk Applications (TEMPRA). The primary differentiator between TEMPRA and comparable codes is its numerical formulation, which is designed to be unconditionally stable even with very large time steps, to afford good accuracy even with relatively coarse meshing, and to facilitate benchmarking/calibration through the use of adjustable parameters. Analysis for a sample problem shows that TEMPRA can obtain temperature response solutions with errors of less than 10% using approximately 1/1000 of the computer time required by a typical finite element code.

Prosperity Games are an outgrowth and adaptation of move/countermove and seminar War Games. Prosperity Games are simulations that explore complex issues in a variety of areas including economics, politics, sociology, environment, education and research. These issues can be examined from a variety of perspectives ranging from a global, macroeconomic and geopolitical viewpoint down to the details of customer/supplier/market interactions in specific industries. All Prosperity Games are unique in that both the game format and the player contributions vary from game to game. This report documents the Prosperity Game conducted under the sponsorship of the Electronics Subcommittee of the Civilian Industrial Technology Committee (under the National Science and Technology Council), and the Electronics Partnership Project. Players were drawn from the electronics industry, from government, national laboratories, and universities, and from Japan and Austria. The primary objectives of this game were: To connect the technical and non-technical (i.e., policy) issues that were developed in the roadmap-making endeavor of the National Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (NENI);to provide energy, enthusiasm and people to help the roadmap succeed; and to provide insight into high-leverage public and private investments. The deliberations and recommendations of these teams provide valuable insights as to the views of this diverse group of decision makers concerning policy changes, foreign competition, the robustness of strategic thinking and planning, and the development, delivery and commercialization of new technologies.

The transmission of mechanical power is often accomplished through the use of gearing. The recently developed surface micromachined microengine provides us with an actuator which is suitable for driving surface micromachined geared systems. In this paper we will present aspects of the microengine as they relate to the driving of geared mechanisms, issues relating to the design of micro gear mechanisms, and details of a design of a microengine-driven geared shutter mechanism.

Goal of the Smart Gun Technology project is to eliminate the capability of an unauthorized user from firing a law enforcement officer`s firearm by implementing user-recognizing-and-authorizing surety technologies. This project is funded by the National Institute of Justice. This document reports the projects first objective: to find and document the requirements for a user-recognizing-and-authorizing firearm technology that law enforcement officers will value. This report details the problem of firearm takeaways in law enforcement, the methodology used to develop the law enforcement officers` requirements, and the requirements themselves.

Two test bed concentrators (TBCs) were designed to provide high-performance test beds for advanced solar receivers and converters. However, the second-surface silvered-glass mirror facets on the TBCs, which were originally manufactured by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, have experienced severe silver corrosion. To restore reflectance, TBC-2 was refurbished with a lustering technique developed at Sandia National Laboratories. In the lustering technique, second-surface silvered thin-glass mirrors were applied over the corroded facets, thereby increasing the dish reflectivity and raising the available power of TBC-2 from approximately 70 to 78 kW{sub t}. Degradation of the original optical accuracy of the TBC facets was determined to be minimal. Lustering was chosen over facet replacement because of the lower cost, the anticipated improvement in corrosion resistance, and the shorter project duration. This report includes background information, details of the lustering process, and test results from TBC-2 characterization, both before and after lustering.

Nanometer size silicon nitride particles are synthesized using a pulsed radio frequency plasma technique. The plasma is modulated with a square-wave on/off cycle of varying period to control size and morphology and to deduce the growth kinetics. In situ laser light scattering and ex situ particle analysis are used to study the nucleation and growth. For SiH{sub 4}/Ar plasmas which nucleate silicon particles, an initial extremely rapid growth phase is followed by a slower growth rate, approaching the rate of thin film deposition on adjacent flat surfaces. In SiH{sub 4}/NH{sub 3} plasmas, silicon nitride particle size can be tightly controlled by adjusting the plasma-on time. The size dispersion of the particles is large and is consistent with a process of continual nucleation during the plasma-on period. The observed polydispersity differs dramatically from that reported from other laboratories.

A non-contact capacitive sensing system has been developed for guiding automated welding equipment along typical v-groove geometries. The Multi-Axis Seam Tracking (MAST) sensor has been designed to produce four electric fields for locating and measuring the v-groove geometry. In this system, the MAST sensor is coupled with a set of signal conditioning electronics making it possible to output four varying voltages proportional to the electric field perturbations. This output is used for motion control purposes by the automated welding platform to guide the weld torch directly over the center of the v-groove. This report discusses the development of this capacitive sensing system. A functional description of the system and MAST sensor response characteristics for typical weld v-groove geometries are provided. The effects of the harsh thermal and electrical noise environments of plasma arc welding on sensor performance are discussed. A comparison of MAST sensor fabrication from glass-epoxy and thick-film ceramic substrates is provided. Finally, results of v-groove tracking experiments on a robotic welding platform are described.

Since resonant sensors have a temperature sensitivity which is often greater than their sensitivity to the phenomena they are being used to detect, it is imperative to include either temperature control or temperature compensation in any resonant sensor system. The authors have developed a temperature-compensation scheme for resonant sensors which is amenable to integration into a resonator-driver integrated circuit. An integrated circuit incorporating this scheme has been designed, built, and tested.

Continuing trends in device fabrication towards smaller feature sizes, lower thermal budgets and advanced device structures put greater emphasis on controlling the surface structure and reactivity during processing. Since the evolution of the semiconductor surface during processing is determined by the interaction of multiple surface processes, understanding how to control and modify these processes on the atomic level would enable us to exert greater control over the resulting morphology and composition. Low energy ions represent one method for bringing controlled amounts of energy to the surface to modify surface structure and kinetics. The kinetic energy deposited by the ions can break bonds and displace atoms, creating defect populations significantly in excess of the equilibrium concentration. Consequences of these non-equilibrium conditions include the enhancement of surface kinetic processes, increased surface reactivity and formation of metastable structures and compositions. These effects can be beneficial (ion enhanced mass transport can lead to surface smoothing) or they can be detrimental (residual defects can degrade electrical properties or lead to amorphization). The net results depend on a complex balance that depends on many parameters including ion mass, energy, flux and temperature. In the following section, we review progress both in our fundamental understanding of the production of low-energy ion-induced defects and in the use of low energy ions to enhance surface morphology, stimulate low temperature growth and obtain non-equilibrium structures and compositions.

The Department of Energy Order 55003A requires facility-specific hazards assessment be prepared, maintained, and used for emergency planning purposes. This hazards assessment document describes the chemical and radiological hazards associated with the Kauai Test Facility, Barking Sands, Kauai, Hawaii. The Kauai Test Facility`s chemical and radiological inventories were screened according to potential airborne impact to onsite and offsite individuals. The air dispersion model, ALOHA, estimated pollutant concentrations downwind from the source of a release, taking into consideration the toxicological and physical characteristics of the release site, the atmospheric conditions, and the circumstances of the release. The greatest distance to the Early Severe Health Effects threshold is 4.2 kilometers. The highest emergency classification is a General Emergency at the {open_quotes}Main Complex{close_quotes} and a Site Area Emergency at the Kokole Point Launch Site. The Emergency Planning Zone for the {open_quotes}Main Complex{close_quotes} is 5 kilometers. The Emergency Planning Zone for the Kokole Point Launch Site is the Pacific Missile Range Facility`s site boundary.

Uranium contamination of groundwaters and surface waters near abandoned mill tailings piles is a serious concern in many areas of the western United States. Uranium usually exists in either the U(IV) or the U(VI) oxidation state. U(VI) is soluble in water and, as a result, is very mobile in the environment. U(IV), however, is generally insoluble in water and, therefore, is not subject to aqueous transport. In recent years, researchers have discovered that certain anaerobic microorganisms, such as the sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, can mediate the reduction of U(VI) to U(IV). Although the ability of this microorganism to reduce U(VI) has been studied in some detail by previous researchers, the kinetics of the reactions have not been characterized. The purpose of this research was to perform kinetic studies on Desulfovibrio desulficans bacteria during simultaneous reduction of sulfate and uranium and to determine the phase in which uranium exists after it has been reduced and precipitated from solution. The studies were conducted in a laboratory-scale chemostat under substrate-limited growth conditions with pyruvate as the substrate. Kinetic coefficients for substrate utilization and cell growth were calculated using the Monod equation. The maximum rate of substrate utilization (k) was determined to be 4.70 days{sup {minus}1} while the half-velocity constant (K{sub s}) was 140 mg/l COD. The yield coefficient (Y) was determined to be 0.17 mg cells/mg COD while the endogenous decay coefficient (k{sub d}) was calculated as 0.072 days{sup {minus}1}. After reduction, U(IV) Precipitated from solution in the uraninite (UO{sub 2}) phase. Uranium removal efficiency as high as 90% was achieved in the chemostat.

The packaging, designated the H1636A is a high-performing packageing for large payloads. The H1636A is 50 in. in diameter and 113 in. in length and weighs approximately 4600 lb when empty. The design objective was to meet 1996 proposed IAEA Type C criteria for air transport of large quantities of radioactive material (RAM). That is, the package should survive the standard Type B tests and more severe tests such as an impact onto an unyielding target at 280 ft/s and a one-hour jet fuel fire. The packaging consists of a large double-walled stainless steel outer drum filled with uniform density polyurethane foam. A stainless steel containment vessel (CV) with an inside diameter of 23 in. and a length of 78 in. carries the RAM. The CV has a nominal thickness of 0.375 in. and seals with two elastomeric 0-rings. The lid of the CV is joined to the body with a unique closure called a tape joint. The tape joint utilizes interlocking features preloaded with wedges and can withstand significant deformation.