Publications

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Effective passivation of lithium metal surfaces, and prevention of battery-shorting lithium dendrite growth, are critical for implementing lithium metal anodes for batteries with increased power densities. Nanoscale surface heterogeneities can be "hot spots" where anode passivation breaks down. Motivated by the observation of lithium dendrites in pores and grain boundaries in all-solid batteries, we examine lithium metal surfaces covered with Li2O and/or LiF thin films with grain boundaries in them. Electronic structure calculations show that at >0.25 V computed equilibrium overpotential Li2O grain boundaries with sufficiently large pores can accommodate Li0 atoms which aid e- leakage and passivation breakdown. Strain often accompanies Li insertion; applying an ∼1.7% strain already lowers the computed overpotential to 0.1 V. Lithium metal nanostructures as thin as 12 Å are thermodynamically favored inside cracks in Li2O films, becoming "incipient lithium filaments". LiF films are more resistant to lithium metal growth. The models used herein should in turn inform passivating strategies in all-solid-state batteries.

Effective passivation of lithium metal surfaces, and prevention of battery-shorting lithium dendrite growth, are critical for implementing lithium metal anodes for batteries with increased power densities. Nanoscale surface heterogeneities can be “hot spots” where anode passivation breaks down. Motivated by the observation of lithium dendrites in pores and grain boundaries in all-solid batteries, we examine lithium metal surfaces covered with Li₂O and/or LiF thin films with grain boundaries in them. Electronic structure calculations show that at >0.25 V computed equilibrium overpotential Li₂O grain boundaries with sufficiently large pores can accommodate Li0 atoms which aid e– leakage and passivation breakdown. Strain often accompanies Li insertion; applying an ~1.7% strain already lowers the computed overpotential to 0.1 V. Lithium metal nanostructures as thin as 12 Å are thermodynamically favored inside cracks in Li₂O films, becoming “incipient lithium filaments”. LiF films are more resistant to lithium metal growth. Finally, the models used herein should in turn inform passivating strategies in all-solid-state batteries.

The complexation of toxic and/or radioactive ions on to mineral surfaces is an important topic in geochemistry. We apply periodic-boundary-conditions density functional theory (DFT) molecular dynamics simulations to examine the coordination of Pb(II), SeO2-3, and their contact ion pairs to goethite (1 0 1) and (2 1 0) surfaces. The multitude of Pb(II) adsorption sites and possibility of Pb(II)-induced FeOH deprotonation make this a complex problem. At surface sites where Pb(II) is coordinated to three FeO and/or FeOH groups, and with judicious choices of FeOH surface group protonation states, the predicted Fe-Pb distances are in good agreement with EXAFS measurements. Trajectories where Pb(II) is in part coordinated to only two surface Fe-O groups exhibit larger fluctuations in Pb-O distances. Pb(II)/ SeO2-3 contact ion pairs are at least metastable on goethite (2 1 0) surfaces if the SeO2-3has a monodentate Se-O-Fe bond. Our DFT-based molecular dynamics calculations are a prerequisite for calculations of finite temperature equilibrium binding constants of Pb(II) and Pb(II)/ ion pairs to goethite adsorption sites.

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The density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are applied to investigate the migration of Mn(II) ions to above-surface sites on spinel Li_xMn₂O₄ (001) surfaces, the subsequent Mn dissolution into the organic liquid electrolyte, and the detrimental effects on graphite anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) passivating films after Mn(II) ions diffuse through the separator. The dissolution mechanism proves complex; the much-quoted Hunter disproportionation of Mn(III) to form Mn(II) is far from sufficient. Key steps that facilitate Mn(II) loss include concerted liquid/solid-state motions; proton-induced weakening of Mn–O bonds forming mobile OH^– surface groups; and chemical reactions of adsorbed decomposed organic fragments. Mn(II) lodged between the inorganic Li₂CO₃ and organic lithium ethylene dicarbonate (LEDC) anode SEI components facilitate electrochemical reduction and decomposition of LEDC. Our findings help inform future design of protective coatings, electrolytes, additives, and interfaces.

ConspectusA nanometer thick passivation layer will spontaneously form on Li-metal in battery applications due to electrolyte reduction reactions. This passivation layer in rechargeable batteries must have "selective" transport properties: blocking electrons from attacking the electrolytes, while allowing Li+ ion to pass through so the electrochemical reactions can continue. The classical description of the electrochemical reaction, Li+ + e → Li0, occurring at the Li-metal|electrolyte interface is now complicated by the passivation layer and will reply on the coupling of electronic and ionic degrees of freedom in the layer. This passivation layer is called "solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)" and is considered as "the most important but the least understood in rechargeable Li-ion batteries," partly due to the lack of understanding of its structure-property relationship. Predictive modeling, starting from the ab initio level, becomes an important tool to understand the nanoscale processes and materials properties governing the interfacial charge transfer reaction at the Li-metal|SEI|electrolyte interface.Here, we demonstrate pristine Li-metal surfaces indeed dissolve in organic carbonate electrolytes without the SEI layer. Based on joint modeling and experimental results, we point out that the well-known two-layer structure of SEI also exhibits two different Li+ ion transport mechanisms. The SEI has a porous (organic) outer layer permeable to both Li+ and anions (dissolved in electrolyte), and a dense (inorganic) inner layer facilitate only Li+ transport. This two-layer/two-mechanism diffusion model suggests only the dense inorganic layer is effective at protecting Li-metal in electrolytes. This model suggests a strategy to deconvolute the structure-property relationships of the SEI by analyzing an idealized SEI composed of major components, such as Li2CO3, LiF, Li2O, and their mixtures. After sorting out the Li+ ion diffusion carriers and their diffusion pathways, we design methods to accelerate the Li+ ion conductivity by doping and by using heterogonous structure designs. We will predict the electron tunneling barriers and connect them with measurable first cycle irreversible capacity loss. Finally, we note that the SEI not only affects Li+ and e- transport, but it can also impose a potential drop near the Li-metal|SEI interface. Our challenge is to fully describe the electrochemical reactions at the Li-metal|SEI|electrolyte interface. This will be the subject of ongoing efforts.

The interaction of solvent molecules with metallic surfaces impacts many interfacial chemical processes. We investigate the chemical and structure evolution that follows adsorption of the polar solvent dimethylformamide (DMF) on Ag(111). An Ag(DMF)2 coordination complex forms spontaneously by DMF etching of Ag(111), yielding mixed films of the complexes and DMF. Utilizing ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM), in combination with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) computations, we map monolayer phases from the 2-D gas regime, consisting of a binary mixture of DMF and Ag(DMF)2, through the saturation monolayer limit, in which these two chemical species phase separate into ordered islands. Structural models for the near-square DMF phase and the chain-like Ag(DMF)2 phase are presented and supported by DFT computation. Interface evolution is summarized in a surface pressure-composition phase diagram, which allows structure prediction over arbitrary experimental conditions. This work reveals new surface coordination chemistry for an important electrolyte-electrode system and illustrates how surface pressure can be used to tune monolayer phases.

The proposal aims to model interfacial processes associated with redox flow batteries (RFB) for grid/stationary storage, with the ultimate goal of helping design new electrolytes, electrodes, redox species, and interfaces. It addresses the linked problems of electric double layer (EDL) structure and electron transfer at model electrode/electrolyte interfaces. Fast electron transfer partly determines which redox species are viable for flow batteries (along with solubility, viscosity, etc.). Commercial systems apply aqueous, vanadium-based complexes, but other choices and organic electrolytes with larger voltage windows are the subject of active research at Sandia and elsewhere. The high salt concentration present in flow battery electrolytes yields non-trivial EDL consisting of solvents, counter-ions, co-ions, and redox species (at different charge states at the charging voltage threshold). EDL strongly influences electron transfer, especially when redox “mediators” are used. Modeling this key missing information is the main challenge. Our proposal seeks to apply Sandia’s LAMMPS molecular dynamics code. As a proof of principle, we study minimal model systems (graphite electrode, with ferrocene and fluornone as redox-active species). These model "catholyte" and "anolyte" molecules exhibit low reorganization energies (in the sense of Marcus theory) and are most amenable to EDL simulations which involve switching of redox states to mimic electron transfer. This study will enable future modeling and design of redox species relevant to flow batteries and redox mediators used at Sandia for other purposes.

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Fluorinated carbonates are pursued as liquid electrolyte solvents for high-voltage Li-ion batteries. Here we report aggregation of [Li+(FEC)3]n polymer species in fluoroethylene carbonate containing electrolytes and scrutinize the causes for this behavior.

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