Publications

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We present an architecture-portable and performant implementation of the atmospheric dynamical core (High-Order Methods Modeling Environment, HOMME) of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). The original Fortran implementation is highly performant and scalable on conventional architectures using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and Open MultiProcessor (OpenMP) programming models. We rewrite the model in C++ and use the Kokkos library to express on-node parallelism in a largely architecture-independent implementation. Kokkos provides an abstraction of a compute node or device, layout-polymorphic multidimensional arrays, and parallel execution constructs. The new implementation achieves the same or better performance on conventional multicore computers and is portable to GPUs. We present performance data for the original and new implementations on multiple platforms, on up to 5400 compute nodes, and study several aspects of the single-and multi-node performance characteristics of the new implementation on conventional CPU (e.g., Intel Xeon), many core CPU (e.g., Intel Xeon Phi Knights Landing), and Nvidia V100 GPU.

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For at least the last 20 years, many have tried to create a general resource management system to support interoperability across various concurrent libraries. The previous strategies all suffered from additional toolchain requirements, and/or a usage of a shared programing model that assumed it owned/controlled access to all resources available to the program. None of these techniques have achieved wide spread adoption. The ubiquity of OpenMP coupled with C++ developing a standard way to describe many different concurrent paradigms (C++23 executors) would allow OpenMP to assume the role of a general resource manager without requiring user code written directly in OpenMP. With a few added features such as the ability to use otherwise idle threads to execute tasks and to specify a task “width”, many interesting concurrent frameworks could be developed in native OpenMP and achieve high performance. Further, one could create concrete C++ OpenMP executors that enable support for general C++ executor based codes, which would allow Fortran, C, and C++ codes to use the same underlying concurrent framework when expressed as native OpenMP or using language specific features. Effectively, OpenMP would become the de facto solution for a problem that has long plagued the HPC community.

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This report documents the completion of milestone STPRO4-4 Kokkos back-ends research, collaborations, development, optimization, and documentation. The Kokkos team updated its existing backend to support the software stack and hardware of DOE's Sierra, Summit and Astra machines. They also collaborated with ECP PathForward vendors on developing backends for possible exa-scale architectures. Furthermore, the team ramped up its engagement with the ISO/C++ committee to accelerate the adoption of features important for the HPC community into the C++ standard.

This report documents the completion of milestone STPRO4-4 Kokkos back-ends research, collaborations, development, optimization, and documentation. The Kokkos team updated its existing backend to support the software stack and hardware of DOE's Sierra, Summit and Astra machines. They also collaborated with ECP PathForward vendors on developing backends for possible exa-scale architectures. Furthermore, the team ramped up its engagement with the ISO/C++ committee to accelerate the adoption of features important for the HPC community into the C++ standard.

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Supercomputing hardware is undergoing a period of significant change. In order to cope with the rapid pace of hardware and, in many cases, programming model innovation, we have developed the Kokkos Programming Model – a C++-based abstraction that permits performance portability across diverse architectures. Our experience has shown that the abstractions developed can significantly frustrate debugging and profiling activities because they break expected code proximity and layout assumptions. In this paper we present the Kokkos Profiling interface, a lightweight, suite of hooks to which debugging and profiling tools can attach to gain deep insights into the execution and data structure behaviors of parallel programs written to the Kokkos interface.

This report is an outcome of the ASC ATDM Level 2 Milestone 6015: Asynchronous Many-Task Software Stack Demonstration. It comprises a summary and in depth analysis of DARMA and a DARMA-compliant Asynchronous Many-Task (AMT) runtime software stack. Herein performance and productivity of the over- all approach are assessed on benchmarks and proxy applications representative of the Sandia ATDM applications. As part of the effort to assess the perceived strengths and weaknesses of AMT models compared to more traditional methods, experiments were performed on ATS-1 (Advanced Technology Systems) test bed machines and Trinity. In addition to productivity and performance assessments, this report includes findings on the generality of DARMAs backend API as well as findings on interoperability with node- level and network-level system libraries. Together, this information provides a clear understanding of the strengths and limitations of the DARMA approach in the context of Sandias ATDM codes, to guide our future research and development in this area.

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Critical infrastructure resilience has become a national priority for the U. S. Department of Homeland Security. System resilience has been studied for several decades in many different disciplines, but no standards or unifying methods exist for critical infrastructure resilience analysis. Few quantitative resilience methods exist, and those existing approaches tend to be rather simplistic and, hence, not capable of sufficiently assessing all aspects of critical infrastructure resilience. This report documents the results of a late-start Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project that investigated the development of quantitative resilience through application of control design methods. Specifically, we conducted a survey of infrastructure models to assess what types of control design might be applicable for critical infrastructure resilience assessment. As a result of this survey, we developed a decision process that directs the resilience analyst to the control method that is most likely applicable to the system under consideration. Furthermore, we developed optimal control strategies for two sets of representative infrastructure systems to demonstrate how control methods could be used to assess the resilience of the systems to catastrophic disruptions. We present recommendations for future work to continue the development of quantitative resilience analysis methods.