Publications

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Complex problem solving approaches and novel strategies employed by the military at the squad, team, and commander level are often best learned experimentally. Since live action exercises can be costly, advances in simulation game training technology offer exciting ways to enhance current training. Computer games provide an environment for active, critical learning. Games open up possibilities for simultaneous learning on multiple levels; players may learn from contextual information embedded in the dynamics of the game, the organic process generated by the game, and through the risks, benefits, costs, outcomes, and rewards of alternative strategies that result from decision making. In the present paper we discuss a multiplayer computer game simulation created for the Adaptive Thinking & Leadership (ATL) Program to train Special Forces Team Leaders. The ATL training simulation consists of a scripted single-player and an immersive multiplayer environment for classroom use which leverages immersive computer game technology. We define adaptive thinking as consisting of competencies such as negotiation and consensus building skills, the ability to communicate effectively, analyze ambiguous situations, be self-aware, think innovatively, and critically use effective problem solving skills. Each of these competencies is an essential element of leader development training for the U.S. Army Special Forces. The ATL simulation is used to augment experiential learning in the curriculum for the U.S. Army JFK Special Warfare Center & School (SWCS) course in Adaptive Thinking & Leadership. The school is incorporating the ATL simulation game into two additional training pipelines (PSYOPS and Civil Affairs Qualification Courses) that are also concerned with developing cultural awareness, interpersonal communication adaptability, and rapport-building skills. In the present paper, we discuss the design, development, and deployment of the training simulation, and emphasize how the multiplayer simulation game is successfully used in the Special Forces Officer training program.

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The reactions of HCO and DCO with NO have been measured by the laser photolysis/continuous-wave (CW) laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) method from 296 to 623 K, probing the ({tilde B}{sup 2}A{prime} {l_arrow} {tilde X}{sup 2}A{prime}) HCO (DCO) system. The HCO + NO rate coefficient is (1.81 {+-} 0.10) x 10{sup -11} cm{sup 3} molecule{sup -1} s{sup -1} and the DCO + NO rate coefficient is (1.61 {+-} 0.12) x 10{sup -11} cm{sup 3} molecule{sup -1} s{sup -1} at 296 K. Both rate coefficients decrease with increasing temperature between 296 and 623 K. The kinetic isotope effect is k{sub H}/k{sub D} = 1.12 {+-} 0.09 at 296 K and increases to 1.25 {+-} 0.15 at 623 K. The normal kinetic isotope effect supports abstraction as the principal mechanism for the reaction, in agreement with recent computational results.

Materials in the La{sub 0.1}Sr{sub 0.9}Co{sub 1-y}MnyO{sub 3-{delta}} (LSCM) family are potentially useful as ceramic membranes for high-temperature oxygen separations. A series of LSCM samples was synthesized by solid state methods and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and four-probe conductivity. The materials were indexed in the cubic Pm-3m space group. TGA data implied that LSCM can reversibly absorb and desorb oxygen versus temperature and partial oxygen pressure, while powder diffraction data showed that the material maintained the cubic perovskite structure. Preliminary four-probe conductivity measurements signify p-type semiconducting behavior.

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This report develops a series of porosity surfaces for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. The concept of a porosity surface was developed for performance assessment and comprises calculation of room closure as salt creep processes are mitigated by gas generation and back stress created by the waste packages within the rooms. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the waste packaging that has already been disposed--such as the pipe overpack--and new waste packaging--such as the advanced mixed waste compaction--are appreciably different than the waste form upon which the original compliance was based and approved. This report provides structural analyses of room closure with various waste inventories. All of the underlying assumptions pertaining to the original compliance certification including the same finite element code are implemented; only the material parameters describing the more robust waste packages are changed from the certified baseline. As modeled, the more rigid waste tends to hold open the rooms and create relatively more void space in the underground than identical calculations run on the standard waste packages, which underpin the compliance certification. The several porosity surfaces quantified within this report provide possible ranges of pressure and porosity for performance assessment analyses.3 Intentionally blank4 AcknowledgementsThis research is funded by WIPP programs administered by the U.S. Department of Energy. The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions to this work provided by others. Dr. Joshua S. Stein helped explain the hand off between these finite element porosity surfaces and implementation in the performance calculations. Dr. Leo L. Van Sambeek of RESPEC Inc. helped us understand the concepts of room closure under the circumstances created by a rigid waste inventory. Dr. T. William Thompson and Tom W. Pfeifle provided technical review and Mario J. Chavez provided a Quality Assurance review. The paper has been improved by these individuals.Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC04-94Al850005 Intentionally Blank6

An a posteriori error estimator is developed for the eigenvalue analysis of three-dimensional heterogeneous elastic structures. It constitutes an extension of a well-known explicit estimator to heterogeneous structures. We prove that our estimates are independent of the variations in material properties and independent of the polynomial degree of finite elements. Finally, we study numerically the effectivity of this estimator on several model problems.

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Wereportonthedesignofgeneral,flexible,consistentandefficientinterfacestodirectsolveralgorithmsforthesolutionofsystemsoflinearequations.Wesupposethatsuchalgorithmsareavailableinformofsoftwarelibraries,andweintroduceaframeworktofacilitatetheusageoftheselibraries.Thisframeworkiscomposedbytwocomponents:anabstractmatrixinterfacetoaccessthelinearsystemmatrixelements,andanabstractsolverinterfacethatcontrolsthesolutionofthelinearsystem.Wedescribeaconcreteimplementationoftheproposedframework,whichallowsahigh-levelviewandusageofmostofthecurrentlyavailablelibrariesthatimplementsdirectsolutionmethodsforlinearsystems.Wecommentontheadvantagesandlimitationoftheframework.3

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