Sodium-Based Batteries: Toward Safe Reliable Cost-Effective Energy Storage
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Objective Statement: Development and demonstration of on-board diagnostics to determine battery state of stability and trigger a battery control system response to eliminate a impending safety related failure issues
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Objectives are: Serve as an independent abuse test laboratory for DOE and USABC; Abuse testing in accordance with the USABC abuse testing manual; Successful testing of all deliverables from developers under USABC contracts; Revise the USABC abuse testing manual; Test the propensity towards propagation of cell failure through multiple cell batteries; Provide mechanical testing support to develop and validate mechanical models for EV batteries; and, Evaluate the effect of cell age on abuse response.
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Journal of Power Sources
Traditionally, safety and impact of failure concerns of lithium ion batteries have dealt with the field failure of single cells. However, large and complex battery systems require the consideration of how a single cell failure will impact the system as a whole. Initial failure that leads to the thermal runaway of other cells within the system creates a much more serious condition than the failure of a single cell. This work examines the behavior of small modules of cylindrical and stacked pouch cells after thermal runaway is induced in a single cell. Cylindrical cells are observed to be less prone to propagate owing to the limited contact between neighboring cells. The electrical connectivity is found to be impactful as the 10S1P cylindrical cell module did not show failure propagation through the module, while the 1S10P module had an energetic thermal runaway consuming the module minutes after the initiation failure trigger. Modules built using pouch cells conversely showed the impact of strong heat transfer between cells. In this case, a large surface area of the cells was in direct contact with its neighbors, allowing failure to propagate through the entire battery within 60-80 s for all configurations (parallel or series) tested.
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