The properties of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELS) and VCSEL-based optical switches using MOCVD-grown epitaxial material are discussed and sum their performance.
Solutions from a Parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) code with an algebraic turbulence model are compared with wall functions. The wall functions represent the turbulent flow profiles in the viscous sublayer, thus removing many grid points from the solution procedure. The wall functions are intended to replace the computed profiles between the body surface and a match point in the logarithmic region. A supersonic adiabatic flow case was examined first. This adiabatic case indicates close agreement between computed velocity profiles near the wall and the wall function for a limited range of suitable match points in the logarithmic region. In an attempt to improve marching stability, a laminar to turbulent transition routine was implemented at the start of the PNS code. Implementing the wall function with the transitional routine in the PNS code is expected to reduce computational time while maintaining good accuracy in computed skin friction.
CRESLAF is a Fortran program that predicts the velocity, temperature, and species profiles in two-dimensional (planar or axisymmetric) channels. The program accounts for finite-rate gas-phase and surface chemical kinetics and molecular transport. The model employs the boundary-layer approximations for the fluid-flow equations, coupled to gas-phase and surface species continuity equations. The program runs in conjunction with the Chemkin preprocessors for the gas-phase and surface chemical reaction mechanisms and the transport properties. This report presents the equations defining the model, the method of solution, the input parameters to the program, and a sample problem illustrating its use. Applications of CRESLAF include chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactors, heterogeneous catalysis on reactor walls, and corrosion processes.
Biometric identity research and development activities are being conducted in universities, government, and private industry. This paper discusses some of the factors that limit the performance of biometric identity devices, looks at some new developments, and speculates on future developments.
Sandia National Laboratories is prototyping a service for providing a distributed visualization capability between its Albuquerque, New Mexico and Livermore, California sites. The service will allow TCP/EP LAN users to process computationally intensive codes on the Cray Y-MP 8/864 and use the Application Visualization System, (AVS) running on a visualization server to display the results to desktops in Livermore (or Albuquerque). The long-haul environment presents several technical challenges such as high delays (up to 42 milliseconds), potential error rates, and security concerns which can affect the quality of the services. The network design requires low latency switch gear and high speed LAN connections (FDDI) to make the visualization/computational services useful to the customer. This paper will describe tie network design used and will report performance characteristics of the applications utilizing this service.
Performance projections based on the analytical model of a scannerless laser radar system are compared to laboratory simulations and to field data measurements. Data and characteristics of the system, including camera response, image spatial resolution, and contributions to the signal-to-noise ratio are presented. A discussion of range resolution for this system will also be presented, and finally, the performance characteristics of the prototype benchtop system will be summarized.
In an effort to remain regulatory compliant, it is becoming increasingly important to locate resources that can provide up to date environmental regulations and regulatory interpretations. there are many resources available to provide information and training in these areas.
Remote systems are needed to accomplish many tasks such as the clean up of waste sites in which the exposure of personnel to radiation, chemical, explosive, and other hazardous constituents is unacceptable. In addition, hazardous operations which in the past have been completed by technicians are under increased scrutiny due to high costs and low productivity associated with providing protective clothing and environments. Traditional remote operations have, unfortunately, proven to also have very low productivity when compare with unencumbered human operators. However, recent advances in the integration of sensors and computing into the control of conventional remotely operated industrial equipment has shown great promise for providing systems capable of solving difficult problems.
This work concerns preparing tailored porous carbon monoliths by pyrolyzing porous polymer precursors. Prior work in this laboratory (1) demonstrated that a low density (0.05 g/cm{sup 3}), high void fraction (97 vol%) carbon monolith could be prepared by pyrolyzing a porous poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) precursor. A higher density, more robust carbon material is preferred for certain applications, such as electrodes for electrochemical devices. The present work demonstrates that porous carbon monoliths having mass density of 0.7 g/cm{sup 3} can be prepared from a porous PAN precursor if the pyrolysis is controlled carefully. The macropore structure of the carbon is adjusted by changing the pore structure of the PAN precursor, and the finer scale structure (such as the crystallite size L{sub c}) is adjusted by varying the pyrolysis or heat treatment temperature.
The Arrhenius approach assumes a linear relation between log time to material property change and inverse absolute temperature. For elastomers, ultimate tensile elongation results are often used to confirm Arrhenius behavior, even though the ultimate tensile strength is non-Arrhenius. This paper critically examines the Arrhenius approach. Elongation vs air-oven aging temperature for a nitrile rubber, gives an E{sub a} of 22 kcal/mol; however this does not hold for the tensile strength, indicating degradation. Modulus profiling shows heterogeneity at the earliest times at 125 C, caused by diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO). Tensile strength depends on the force at break integrated over the cross section, and nitrile rubbers aged at different temperatures experience different degrees of degradation in the interior. Modulus at the surface, however, is not affected by DLO anomalies. Severe mechanical degradation will occur when the edge modulus increases by an order of magnitude. 7 figs, 3 refs.
Critical information required for Environment, Safety, and Health (ES&H) protection can be acquired with a comprehensive cradle-to-grave tracking and information system. The cradle-to-grave concept makes two initial assumptions. First, it is more effective to gather information at the origination of a process or entry point of a material and maintain that information during the rest of its life-cycle than to collect data on an ad hoc basis. Second, the information needs of the various ES&H programs have many commonalties. A system which adheres to a methodology based upon these assumptions requires a significant technical and administrative commitment; however, this investment, will in the long-term, reduce the effort and duplication of ES&H programs, improve the efficiency of ES&H and line personnel, and increase the scope and accuracy of ES&H data. The cradle-to-grave system being developed at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is designed to provide useful information on materials, personnel, facilities, hazards, wastes, and processes to fulfill the mission of pollution prevention, risk management, industrial hygiene, emergency preparedness, air/water quality, and hazardous and radioactive waste management groups. SNL is currently linking system modules, which are at various stages of development and production, to realize a cradle-to-grave tracking and information system that is functional for a large research and development laboratory.
A very brief description of two ``classes`` developed for use in design optimization and sensitivity analyses are given. These classes are used in simulations of systems in early design phases as well as system response assessments. The instanciated classes were coupled to system models to demonstrate the practically and efficiency of using these objects in complex robust design processes.
The Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson equation of state (BKW-EOS) has been calibrated over a wide initial density range near C-J states using measured detonation properties from 62 explosives at III total initial densities. Values for the empirical BKW constants {alpha}, {beta}, {kappa}, and {theta} were 0.5, 0.298, 10.5, and 6620, respectively. Covolumes were assumed to be invariant. Model evaluation includes comparison to measurements from 91 explosives composed of combinations of Al, B, Ba, C, Ca, Cl, F, H, N, 0, P, Pb, and Si at 147 total initial densities. Adequate agreement between predictions and measurements were obtained with a few exceptions for nonideal explosives. However, detonation properties for the nonideal explosives can be predicted adequately by assuming partial equilibrium. The partial equilibrium assumption was applied to aluminized composites of RDX, HMX, TNETB, and TNT to predict detonation velocity and temperature.
The multifrequency, multisource holographic method used in the analysis of seismic data is to extended electromagnetic (EM) data within the audio frequency range. The method is applied to the secondary magnetic fields produced by a borehole, vertical electric source (VES). The holographic method is a numerical reconstruction procedure based on the double focusing principle for both the source array and the receiver array. The approach used here is to Fourier transform the constructed image from frequency space to time space and set time equal to zero. The image is formed when the in-phase part (real part) is a maximum or the out-of-phase (imaginary part) is a minimum; i.e., the EM wave is phase coherent at its origination. In the application here the secondary magnetic fields are treated as scattered fields. In the numerical reconstruction, the seismic analog of the wave vector is used; i.e., the imaginary part of the actual wave vector is ignored. The multifrequency, multisource holographic method is applied to calculated model data and to actual field data acquired to map a diesel fuel oil spill.
The introduction of rapid prototyping machines into the market place promises to revolutionize the process of producing prototype parts with production-like quality. In the age of concurrent engineering and agile manufacturing, it is necessary to exploit applicable new technologies as soon as they become available. The driving force behind integrating these evolutionary processes into the design and manufacture of prototype parts is the need to reduce lead times and fabrication costs improve efficiency, and increase flexibility without sacrificing quality. Sandia Utilizes stereolithography and selective laser sintering capabilities to support internal design and manufacturing efforts. Stereolithography (SLA) is used in the design iteration process to produce proof-of-concept models, hands-on models for design reviews, fit check models, visual aids for manufacturing, and functional parts in assemblies. Selective laser sintering (SLS) is used to produce wax patterns for the lost wax process of investment casting in support of an internal Sandia National Laboratories program called FASTCAST which integrates experimental and computational technologies into the investment casting process. This presentation will provide a brief overview of the SLA and SLS processes and address our experiences with these technologies from the standpoints of application, accuracy, surface finish, and feature definition. Also presented will be several examples of prototype parts manufactured by the stereolithography and selective laser sintering rapid prototyping machines.
Three-dimensional finite element analyses of gas-filled storage caverns in domal salt were performed to investigate the effects of cavern spacing on surface subsidence, storage loss, and cavern stability. The finite element model used for this study models a seven cavern storage field with one center cavern and six hexagonally spaced surrounding caverns. Cavern spacing is described in terms of the P/D ratio which is the pillar thickness (the width between two caverns) divided by the cavern diameter. With the stratigraphy and cavern size held constant, simulations were performed for P/D ratios of 6.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5. Ten year simulations were performed modeling a constant 400 psi gas pressure applied to the cavern lining. The calculations were performed using JAC3D, a three dimensional finite element analysis code for nonlinear quasistatic solids. For the range of P/D ratios studied, cavern deformation and storage volume were relatively insensitive to P/D ratio, while subsidence volume increased with increasing P/D ratio. A stability criterion which describes stability in terms of a limiting creep strain was used to investigate cavern stability. The stability criterion indicated that through-pillar instability was possible for the cases of P/D = 0.5 and 1.0.
One of the proposed applications of the satellite-based Global Verification and Location System (GVLS) is the Authenticated Tracking and Monitoring System (ATMS). When fully developed, ATMS will provide the capability to monitor, in a secure and authenticated fashion, the status and global tracking of selected items while in transit - in particular, proliferation sensitive items. The resulting tracking, timing, and status information can then be processed and utilized to assure compliance with, for example, various treaties. Selected items to be monitored could include, but are not limited to, Treaty Limited Items (TLIs), such as nuclear weapon components, Re-entry Vehicles (RVs), weapon delivery and launch systems, chemical and biological agents, Special Nuclear Material (SNM), and related nuclear weapons manufacturing equipment. The ATMS has potential applications in the areas of arms control, disarmament and Non-proliferation treaty verification, military asset control, as well as International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Euratom safeguards monitoring activities. The concept presented here is mainly focused on a monitoring technology for proliferation sensitive items. It should, however, be noted that the systems potential applications are numerous and broad in scope, and could easily be applied to other types of monitoring activities as well.
This bulletin presents state of the art testing technology utilized at Sandia National Laboratory. A hand-held NiCad battery tester automatically checks batteries of individual cells. Modal analysis shows the way to better process control for integrated circuit lithography. An ultrasonic system pings reentry vehicles to measure in-flight ablation. A smaller VISAR shines in detonator tests. Higher image quality is achieved at neutron radiography facility with the use of a neutron collimator.
Over the past several years the Information Technology Department at Sandia Laboratories has developed information systems based on a solid foundation of information modeling and data administration. The output of the information modeling efforts is a fifth normal form relational table structure and associated data constraints. Developers would then implement the system by creating end-user application software. Traditionally, the development process combined the code necessary for maintaining data constraints with the code to provide the user interface (i.e. forms, windows, etc.). This approach has an adverse effect on the maintainability of the software as the system (i.e. the information model) changes over time. This paper will discuss the application of a direct connection between the information model and the implementation of a database with associated code to maintain required data constraints. The automated generation of this code allows the developers to concentrate on the user interface code development. The technique involves generating database procedure code automatically from the information modeling process. The database procedure code will enforce the data constraints defined in the information model. This has resulted in a fully functional database with complete rules enforcement within days of a completed information model. This work used the Knowledge Management Extensions of the Ingres database software. Changes to the architecture of both Application By Forms (ABF) and Ingres Windows4GL client applications required by this process will also be discussed.
Leonard, J.A.; Floyd, H.L.; Goetsch, B.; Doran, L.
This bulletin describes innovative manufacturing technologies being developed at Sandia National Laboratories. Topics in this issue include: new techniques to overcome barriers to large scale fabrication of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), variability reduction in plasma etching of microcircuits, using neural networks to evaluate effectiveness of flux-cleaning methods and alternative fluxes for printed circuit boards, ion implantation to increase the strength and wear resistance of aluminium, and a collaborative project to improve processing of thin-section welded assemblies. (GH)
A technique to integrate a dense, locally non-uniform mesh into finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) codes is presented. The method is designed for the full-wave analysis of multi-material layers that are physically thin, but perhaps electrically thick. Such layers are often used for the purpose of suppressing electromagnetic reflections from conducting surfaces. Throughout the non-uniform local mesh, average values for the conductivity and permittivity are used, where as variations in permeability are accommodated by splitting H-field line integrals and enforcing continuity of the normal B field. A unique interpolation scheme provides accuracy and late-time stability for mesh discontinuities as large as 1000 to 1. Application is made to resistive sheets, the absorbing Salisbury screen, crosstalk on printed circuit boards, and apertures that are narrow both in width and depth with regard to a uniform cell. Where appropriate, comparisons are made with the MoM code CARLOS and transmission-line theory. The hybrid mesh formulation has been highly optimized for both vector and parallel-processing on Cray YMP architectures.
Aerodynamic force and moment measurements and flow visualization results are presented for a hypersonic vehicle configuration at Mach 8. The basic vehicle configuration is a spherically blunted 10{degree} half-angle cone with a slice parallel with the axis of the vehicle. On the slice portion of the vehicle, a flap could be attached so that deflection angles of 10{degree}, 20{degree} and 30{degree} could be obtained. All of the experimental results were obtained in the Sandia Mach 8 hypersonic wind tunnel for laminar boundary layer conditions. Flow visualization results include shear stress sensitive liquid crystal photographs, surface streak flow photographs (using liquid crystals), and spark schlieren photographs and video. The liquid crystals were used as an aid in verifying that a laminar boundary layer existed over the entire body. The surface flow photo-graphs show attached and separated flow on both the leeside of the vehicle and near the flap. A detailed uncertainty analysis was conducted to estimate the contributors to body force and moment measurement uncertainty. Comparisons are made with computational results to evaluate both the experimental and numerical results. This extensive set of high-quality experimental force and moment measurements is recommended for use in the calibration and validation of relevant computational aerodynamics codes.
Contact resistances of greater than 40 milliohms have been associated with hermetic connectors and lightning arrestor connectors (LAC) during routine testing. Empirical analysis demonstrated that the platings could be damaged within several mating cycles. The oxides that formed upon the exposed copper alloy had no significant impact upon contact resistance when the mated contacts were stationary, but effectively disrupted continuity when the mating interfaces were translated. The stiffness of the pin contact was determined to be about five times greater than the socket contact. As the pin contact engages the socket, therefore, the socket spring member deflects and the pin does not deflect. Hence, the pin contact could easily remain centered within the socket cavity in a mated condition, contacting the hemispherical spring at a localized point. Thus the only avenue for electrical conduction is between two contacting curved surfaces-the pin surface and the socket contact dimple surface. This scenario, coupled with the presence of corrosion products at the contacting interface, presents the opportunity for high contact resistances.
The author reports experimental measurements for the argon and oxygen permeability coefficients for the new EPDM material (SR793B-80) used for the environmental o-ring seals of the W88. The results allow the author to refine the argon gas analysis modeling predictions for W88 surveillance units. By comparing early surveillance results (up to four years in the field) with the modeling, the author shows that (1) up to this point in time, leakage past the seals is insignificant and (2) the argon approach should be able to inexpensively and easily monitor both integrated lifetime water leakage and the onset of any aging problems. Finally, the author provides a number of pieces of evidence indicating that aging of the SR793B-80 material will not be significant during the expected lifetime of the W88.