Publications

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Sandia National Laboratories has tested and evaluated the performance of the following five models of low-cost infrasound sensors and sensor packages: Camas microphone, Gem Infrasound Logger, InfraBSU sensor, Raspberry Boom, and the Samsung S10 smartphone utilizing the Redvox app. The purpose of this infrasound sensor evaluation is to measure the performance characteristics in such areas as power consumption, sensitivity, self-noise, dynamic range, response, passband, linearity, sensitivity variation due to changes in static pressure and temperature, and sensitivity to vertical acceleration. The infrasound monitoring community has leveraged such sensors and integrated packages in novel ways; better understanding the performance of these units serves the geophysical monitoring community.

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Sandia National Laboratories has tested and evaluated the Geotech GS-13BH borehole sensor. The sensor provides a response similar to that of the standard GS-13 short-period seismic sensor intended for pier-installations in a borehole package. The purpose of this seismometer evaluation was to determine a measured sensitivity, amplitude and phase response, self-noise and dynamic range, passband and acceleration response of its calibration coil.

Sandia National Laboratories has tested and evaluated a new digitizer, the Centaur, manufactured by Nanometrics, Inc. This digitizer is used to record sensor output for seismic and infrasound monitoring applications. The purpose of the digitizer evaluation was to measure the performance characteristics in such areas as power, sensitivity, self-noise, dynamic range, system noise, modified noise power ration, relative transfer function, analog bandwidth, harmonic distortion, common mode, cross talk, timing tag accuracy and timing drift. The Centaur provides six channels of 24 bit digitization, three of which may be transmitted utilizing CD1.1 protocol.

Sandia National Laboratories has tested and evaluated a new digitizer, the Q330M+, manufactured by Quanterra, a division of Kinemetrics Inc. This digitizer is used to record sensor output for seismic and infrasound monitoring applications. The purpose of the digitizer evaluation was to measure the performance characteristics in such areas as sensitivity, input impedance, power consumption, self noise, dynamic range, system noise, relative transfer function, analog bandwidth, modified noise power ratio, harmonic distortion, common mode, cross talk, timing tag accuracy and timing drift. The Q330M+ provides six channels of 24 bit digitization, all of which may be transmitted utilizing CD1.1 protocol, at multiple sample rates.

Sandia National Laboratories has tested and evaluated a new digitizer, the Affinity, manufactured by Guralp Systems. This digitizer is used to record sensor output for seismic and infrasound monitoring applications. The purpose of the digitizer evaluation was to measure the performance characteristics in such areas as sensitivity, power, self-noise, dynamic range, system noise, relative transfer function, modified noise power ratio, analog bandwidth, harmonic distortion, common mode, cross talk, timing tag accuracy and timing drift. The Affinity provides eight, rather the typical six, channels of 24 bit high sample rate digitization, all of which may be transmitted utilizing the CD1.1 protocol, at multiple sample rates.

Sandia National Laboratories has tested and evaluated three digitizers, the Affinity, manufactured by Guralp Systems, the Centaur, manufactured by Nanometrics, and the Q330M+, manufactured by Quanterra, a division of Kinemetrics. These digitizers are used to record sensor output for seismic and infrasound monitoring applications. The purpose of this document is to highlight various results and observations collected during comprehensive evaluations conducted on each unit.

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Sandia National Laboratories has tested and evaluated various infrasound shrouds, produced Doug Seastrand and Gary Walker, DOE staff in Las Vegas, Nevada, intended for a Hyperion 5201W digital infrasound sensor. The purpose of these shrouds is to improve the infrasound sensor’s attenuation of incoherent signals, specifically those caused by wind passing by the sensor. The purpose of the shroud evaluation was to measure amplitude and phase of the sensors with a variety of shroud designs attached and determine whether there is any appreciable changes in amplitude and/or phase response over the IMS passband for infrasound applications, 0.02 Hz to 4.0 Hz. These shrouds utilize a tubule design that directs and mixes airflow from ports radially distributed at approximately 90 degree offsets in an attempt to minimize wind-generated signal due to Bernoulli effect caused by airflow passing by ports perpendicular to the wind.

Sandia National Laboratories has tested and evaluated a new digitizer, the Affinity, manufactured by Guralp Systems. This digitizer is used to record sensor output for seismic and infrasound monitoring applications. The purpose of the digitizer evaluation was to measure the performance characteristics in such areas as sensitivity, self-noise, dynamic range, system noise, relative transfer function, analog bandwidth, harmonic distortion, common mode, cross talk, timing tag accuracy and timing drift. The Affinity provides eight, rather the typical six, channels of 24 bit high sample rate digitization. Moreover, it also provides 16 single-ended, 24 bit resolution, low sample rate auxiliary channels. The Affinity digitizer is undergoing these tests prior to installation in the FACT site infrasound test bed.

Sandia National Laboratories has tested and evaluated two Kinemetrics Q330M+ digitizers. The digitizers are intended to record sensor output for seismic and infrasound monitoring applications. Notable improvements to the Q330M+ include the support for transmission and authentication of CD1.1 data, integration of analog and digital weather stations, support for multiple gain amplification levels, and the use of a webpage for status and configuration of the digitizer. The purpose of this digitizer evaluation is to measure the performance characteristics in such areas as power consumption, input impedance, sensitivity, full scale, self-noise, dynamic range, system noise, response, passband, and timing. The digitizers are being evaluated for potential use in the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test- Ban-Treaty Organization (CTBTO).

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Sandia National Laboratories has tested and evaluated two Nanometrics Centaur digitizers. The Centaur digitizers are intended to record sensor output for seismic and infrasound monitoring applications. The purpose of this digitizer evaluation is to measure the performance characteristics in such areas as power consumption, input impedance, sensitivity, full scale, self- noise, dynamic range, system noise, response, passband, and timing. The Centaur digitizers are being evaluated for potential use in the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban-Treaty Organization (CTBTO).

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