Publications

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Techno-economic analyses of energy storage currently use constant-efficiency energy flow models. In practice, charge/discharge efficiency of energy storage varies as a function of state-of-charge, temperature, charge/discharge power. Therefore, using the constant-efficiency energy flow models will cause suboptimal results. This work focuses on incorporating nonlinear energy flow models based on nonlinear efficiency models in the revenue maximization problem of energy storage. Dynamic programming is used to solve the optimization problem. A case studies is conducted to maximize the revenue of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) system in PJM's energy and frequency regulation market.

The increased penetration of renewable resources has made frequency regulation and generation control a growing concern. This has created an opportunity for Energy Storage Resource to participate in the frequency regulation market. This paper investigates the potential of Battery Energy Storage systems to participate in the German secondary frequency regulation market. A simulation model is developed to investigate the revenue opportunity of a 48 MWh Battery System participating in the secondary frequency regulation market.

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FERC Order 755 requires RTO/ISOs to compensate the frequency regulation resources based on the actual regulation service provided. Based on this rule, a resource is compensated by a performance-based payment including a capacity payment which accounts for its provided regulation capacity and a performance payment which reflects the quantity and accuracy of its regulation service. The RTO/ISOs have been implementing different market rules to comply with FERC Order 755. This paper focuses on the MISO's implementation and presents the calculations to maximize the potential revenue of electrical energy storage (EES) from participation in arbitrage and frequency regulation in the day-ahead market using linear programming. A case study was conducted for the Indianapolis Power & Light's 20MW/20MWh EES at Harding Street Generation Station based on MISO historical data from 2014 and 2015. The results showed the maximum revenue was primarily produced by frequency regulation.

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Today, the stability of the electric power grid is maintained through real time balancing of generation and demand. Grid scale energy storage systems are increasingly being deployed to provide grid operators the flexibility needed to maintain this balance. Energy storage also imparts resiliency and robustness to the grid infrastructure. Over the last few years, there has been a significant increase in the deployment of large scale energy storage systems. This growth has been driven by improvements in the cost and performance of energy storage technologies and the need to accommodate distributed generation, as well as incentives and government mandates. Energy management systems (EMSs) and optimization methods are required to effectively and safely utilize energy storage as a flexible grid asset that can provide multiple grid services. The EMS needs to be able to accommodate a variety of use cases and regulatory environments. In this paper, we provide a brief history of grid-scale energy storage, an overview of EMS architectures, and a summary of the leading applications for storage. These serve as a foundation for a discussion of EMS optimization methods and design.

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