Hydrogen Effects on Materials Laboratory (HEML)

The HEML has been active in research of hydrogen-materials interactions for two decades. In addition to the resources on these pages, more information can be found at the following links:

  • Hydrogen Extremely Low Probability of Rupture (HELPR): open-source code for probabilistic assessment of defects in pressure structures, motivated by hydrogen pipelines but also applicable to pressure vessels – https://helpr.sandia.gov
  • Hydrogen Materials Compatibility Consortium (H-Mat): https://h-mat.org

HEML Reference List:

Fatigue design curves

  1. C. San Marchi, J.A. Ronevich, P. Bortot, M. Ortolani, K. Xu, M. Rana: “Technical basis for fatigue crack growth rules in gaseous hydrogen for ASME B31.12 Code Case 220 and for revision of ASME VIII-3 Code Case 2938-1” (PVP2024-122529), Proceedings of the ASME 2024 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 28 July – 2 August 2024, Bellevue WA
  2. C. San Marchi, J. Ronevich, P. Bortot, Y. Wada, J. Felbaum, M. Rana: “Technical basis for proposed master curve for fatigue crack growth of ferritic steels in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen in ASME section VIII-3 code”, (PVP2019-93907), Proceedings of the 2019 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 14-19 July 2019, San Antonio TX

HELPR (Hydrogen Extremely Low Probability of Rupture) – see also helpr.sandia.gov

  1. B. Schroeder, H. Mendoza, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Hydrogen Extremely Low Probability of Rupture (HELPR) Version 2.1.0” Technical Manual”, SAND2026-27667, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore CA
  2. B. Schroeder, H. Mendoza, C. San Marchi, J. Ronevich, “Sensitivity of pipeline structural integrity assessments to modeling assumptions in probabilistic fracture mechanics for evaluating risks of transporting hydrogen and hydrogen blends in natural gas infrastructure” (PVP2026-179908), Proceedings of the ASME 2026 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-24 July 2026, Anaheim CA
  3. B. Schroeder, C. San Marchi, J. Ronevich, M. Devin, J. Duell, S. Potts: “Utilizing probabilistic analyses to explore performance margins of natural gas infrastructure for the transport and delivery of hydrogen and hydrogen blends” (PVP2024-125226), Proceedings of the ASME 2024 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 28 July – 2 August 2024, Bellevue WA

Full-scale Testing

  1. C. San Marchi, A. Harris, M. Yip, B.P. Somerday, K.A. Nibur: “Pressure cycling of steel pressure vessel with gaseous hydrogen” (PVP2012-78709), ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Conference, 15-19 July 2012, Toronto, Canada.
  2. C. San Marchi, D.E. Dedrick, P. Van Blarigan, B.P. Somerday, K.A. Nibur: “Pressure cycling of type 1 pressure vessels with gaseous hydrogen” (paper no. 215), 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS4), 12-14 September 2011, San Francisco CA

Residual stresses in structural integrity

  1. J.A. Ronevich, E.J. Song, Z. Feng, Y. Wang, C. D’Elia, M.R. Hill: “Fatigue crack growth rates in high pressure hydrogen gas for multiple X100 pipeline welds accounting for crack location and residual stress” Eng Fract Mech 228 (2020)
  2. J.A. Ronevich, C.R. D’Elia, M.R. Hill: “Fatigue crack growth rates of x100 steel welds in high pressure hydrogen gas considering residual stress effects” Eng Fract Mech 194 (2018) 42-51
  3. T.B. Reynolds, A.A. Brown, L.L. Beghini, T.D. Kostka, C. San Marchi: “Development of residual stress simulation and experimental measurement tools for use in lifetime assessment of stainless steel pressure vessels” (PVP2015-45655), Proceedings of the 2015 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference, 19-23 July 2015, Boston MA

Impurities in hydrogen-assisted fatigue and fracture

  1. B.P. Somerday, P. Sofronis, K.A. Nibur, C. San Marchi, R. Kirchheim: “Elucidating the variables affecting accelerated fatigue crack growth of steels in hydrogen gas with low oxygen concentrations”. Acta mater 61 (2013) 6153-6170
  2. J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, K. Thuermer, N. Bartelt, F. El Gabaly, R. Kolasinski, B. Somerday: “Oxygen impurity effects on hydrogen assisted fatigue and fracture of X100 pipeline steel” (PVP2018-84163), Proceedings of the 2018 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 15-20 July 2018, Prague, Czech Republic

Hydrogen leaks and releases

  1. R.W. Schefer, W.G. Houf, C. San Marchi, W.P. Chernicoff, L. Englom, “Characterization of leaks from compressed hydrogen dispensing systems and related components”. Intern J Hydrogen Energy 31 (2006) 1247-1260.
  2. W.P. Chernicoff, L. Englom, W. Houf, C. San Marchi, and R. Schefer, “Characterization of Leaks from Compressed Hydrogen Dispensing Systems and Related Components,” NHA Annual Hydrogen Conference 2005, Washington, DC, March, 2005. [Also published as US Department of Transportation document: DOT-T-5-01]

Sustained-load cracking

  1. K.A. Nibur, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi, J.W. Foulk, M. Dadfarnia, P. Sofronis: “The relationship between crack-tip strain and subcritical cracking thresholds for steels in high-pressure hydrogen gas”. Metall Mater Trans 44A (2013) 248-269
  2. K.A. Nibur, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi, J.W. Foulk III, M. Dadfarnia, P. Sofronis, G.A. Hayden; “Measurement and interpretation of threshold stress intensity factors for steels in high-pressure hydrogen gas”, SAND2010-4633, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore CA
  3. K.A. Nibur, B.P. Somerday, D.K. Balch and C. San Marchi, “Sustained load cracking of steels for hydrogen storage and delivery”, Proceedings of the 2008 International Hydrogen Conference, 7-10 September 2008, Moran WY (Effects of Hydrogen on Materials, B.P. Somerday, P. Sofronis, R. Jones, editors, ASM International, Materials Park OH, 2009, pp. 341-348)
  4. K.A. Nibur, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi, “Measurement of sustained-load cracking thresholds for steels in hydrogen delivery and storage (PVP2008-61298)”, ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Division Conference, 17-21 July 2008, Chicago IL

Pipeline Steels

  1. J. Ronevich, M. Agnani, C. San Marchi: “Consistency of fatigue crack growth behavior of pipeline and low-alloy pressure vessel steels in gaseous hydrogen” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 136 (2025) 686
  2. C. Nowak, B.J. Kagay, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, X.W. Zhou: “Molecular dynamics examination of hydrogen effects on relative fracture properties of interfaces between ferrite, martensite, and cementite in Fe-C steels” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 136 (2025) 865
  3. F.D. León-Cázares, M. Agnani, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Effects of hydrogen partial pressure on crack initiation and growth rate in vintage X52 steel” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 136 (2025) 914
  4. C. Nowak, R.B.Sills, J.A. Ronevich, C.W. San Marchi, X.W. Zhou: “Atomistic simulations of hydrogen distribution in Fe-C steels” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 47 (2022) 32732
  5. J.A Ronevich, E.J. Song, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi: “Hydrogen-assisted fracture resistance of pipeline welds in gaseous hydrogen” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 46 (2021) 7601
  6. X. Zhou, M.E. Foster, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Review and construction of interatomic potentials for molecular dynamics studies of hydrogen embrittlement in Fe-C based steels”. J Comput Chem 41 (2020) 1299
  7. J.A. Ronevich, E.J. Song, Z. Feng, Y. Wang, C. D’Elia, M.R. Hill: “Fatigue crack growth rates in high pressure hydrogen gas for multiple X100 pipeline welds accounting for crack location and residual stresss” Eng Fract Mech 228 (2020)
  8. J.A. Ronevich, C.R. D’Elia, M.R. Hill: “Fatigue crack growth rates of x100 steel welds in high pressure hydrogen gas considering residual stress effects” Eng Fract Mech 194 (2018) 42-51
  9. J.A. Ronevich, B.P. Somerday, Z. Feng, “Hydrogen accelerated fatigue crack growth of friction stir welded X52 steel pipe” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 42 (2017) 4259-4268
  10. J.A. Ronevich, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi: “Effects of microstructure banding on hydrogen assisted fatigue crack growth in X65 pipeline steels” Intern J Fatigue 82 (2016) 497-504
  11. J.A. Ronevich, B.P. Somerday: “Assessing gaseous hydrogen assisted fatigue crack growth susceptibility of pipeline steel weld fusion zones and heat affected zones” Mater Perform Charact 5 (2016) 290-304
  12. B.P. Somerday and C. San Marchi, “Effects of Hydrogen Gas on Steel Vessels and Pipelines”, Materials for the Hydrogen Economy, R.H. Jones and G.J. Thomas, editors, CRC Press, New York, 2008, pp. 157-179
  13. B.P. Somerday and C. San Marchi, “Hydrogen Containment Materials”, Solid-State Hydrogen Storage: Materials and Chemistry, G. Walker, editor, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2008 pp. 51-81
  14. J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Challenges and insights in fracture testing of pipeline steels in gaseous hydrogen” (IPC2026-186483), Proceedings of the ASME 2026 International Pipeline Conference, 21-25 September 2026, Calgary, AB, Canada
  15. C. San Marchi, J. Ronevich: “Hydrogen-assisted fatigue and fracture of carbon steels in pressurized gases with low partial pressure of hydrogen” (IPC2026-186466), Proceedings of the ASME 2026 International Pipeline Conference, 21-25 September 2026, Calgary, AB, Canada
  16. M.E. Cristea, S. Cravero, C. San Marchi, J.A. Ronevich, “Effect of overload on fracture resistance for line pipe application in gaseous hydrogen environment” (PVP2026-180240), Proceedings of the ASME 2026 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-24 July 2026, Anaheim CA
  17. J. Pakarinen, S. Nandy, P. Moilanen, E. Huttunen-Saarivirta, P. Pohjanne, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, “Fatigue crack growth and fracture investigations for vintage X65 and modern X70 pipeline steels” (PVP2026-186466), Proceedings of the ASME 2026 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-24 July 2026, Anaheim CA
  18. A. LeBoeuf, L. Townsend, S. Samanta, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, M. Kent, L. Cho, K. Findley, “Microstructure effects on the H-assisted fracture resistance of control-rolled and accelerated-cooled X70 industrial plates” (PVP2026-176583), Proceedings of the ASME 2026 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-24 July 2026, Anaheim CA
  19. M. Kent, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, “Hydrogen-assisted fracture response of pipeline steel: comparison of compact tension (CT) and single-edge notch tension (SENT) specimens” (PVP2026-177176), Proceedings of the ASME 2026 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-24 July 2026, Anaheim CA
  20. Q. Yurek, C. San Marchi, J. Ronevich, “Influence of hardness on fatigue life of vintage X42 pipeline steel in gaseous hydrogen” (paper no. C2026-00136), Proceedings of the AMPP Annual Conference, 15-19 March 2026, Houston TX
  21. M. Kent, M. Agnani, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, “Fatigue and fracture performance of vintage pipeline welds in gaseous hydrogen environments” (paper no. C2026-00138), Proceedings of the AMPP Annual Conference, 15-19 March 2026, Houston TX
  22. F. Ayello, T. Ramgopal, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, N. Sridhar, T. Stewart, A. Salilkumar, A. Mosleh, “A material database for hydrogen pipeline life prediction” (paper no. C2026-00324), Proceedings of the AMPP Annual Conference, 15-19 March 2026, Houston TX
  23. M.E. Cristea, S. Cravero, C. San Marchi, J. Ronevich: “Effect of different test parameter on J-R curves in gaseous hydrogen” (PVP2025-153104), Proceedings of the ASME 2025 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 20-25 July 2025, Montreal, Canada
  24. S. Samanta, C. Ni, A. LeBoeuf, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, Z. Yu, L. Cho, K.O. Findley: “Fracture resistance of weld and heat-affected zones in line pipe steels in high pressure H2 gas: microstructure-property correlation” (PVP2025-155145), Proceedings of the ASME 2025 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 20-25 July 2025, Montreal, Canada
  25. A. LeBoeuf, S. Samanta, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, Z.N. Buck, M. Connolly, L. Chi, K. Findley: “Microstructural effects on the fracture resistance of the base metal in line pipe steels in high pressure H2 gas” (PVP2025-154718), Proceedings of the ASME 2025 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 20-25 July 2025, Montreal, Canada
  26. R. Thodla, A. Huggins-Gonzalez, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, B. Bezensek: “Determination of fracture initiation in H2 environments from rising displacement tests” (PVP2025-154581), Proceedings of the ASME 2025 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 20-25 July 2025, Montreal, Canada
  27. C. San Marchi, J. Ronevich, K. Nibur: “Evaluation of specimen geometry and testing parameters for hydrogen-assisted fracture measurements” (PVP2025-154046), Proceedings of the ASME 2025 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 20-25 July 2025, Montreal, Canada
  28. C. San Marchi, J. Ronevich, B. Schroeder, B. Davis: “Hydrogen pressure cycling of subscale pipes to simulate full-scale testing of transmission pipelines” (IPC2024-134173), Proceedings of the ASME 2024 International Pipeline Conference, 23-27 September 2024, Calgary, AB, Canada
  29. J. Ronevich, M. Agnani,M. Gagliano, J. Parker, C. San Marchi: “Influence of strength and hardness on hydrogen-assisted fracture in pipeline steels” (IPC2024-133937), Proceedings of the ASME 2024 International Pipeline Conference, 23-27 September 2024, Calgary, AB, Canada
  30. Y. Wang, Z. Feng, Y. Wang, J. Ronevich, M. Agnani, C. San Marchi: “Microstructure and mechanical performance of X120 linepipe steel in high-pressure hydrogen gas” (PVP2024-123383), Proceedings of the ASME 2024 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 28 July – 2 August 2024, Bellevue WA
  31. M. Agnani, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Comparison between fatigue and fracture behavior of pipeline steels in pure and blended hydrogen at different pressures” (PVP2024-123477), Proceedings of the ASME 2024 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 28 July – 2 August 2024, Bellevue WA
  32. M. Agnani, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Comparison of fatigue and fracture behavior of welded and seamless pipe steel in gaseous hydrogen” (paper no. AIST-PR-300-25), 3rd International Symposium on the Recent Developments in Plate Steels, 2-5 June 2024, Vail CO
  33. M. Agnani, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Fatigue and fracture resistance of different line pipe grade steels in gaseous H2 environment” (paper no. C2024-21101), Proceedings of the AMPP Conference, 3-7 March 2024, New Orleans LA
  34. M. Agnani, J.A. Ronevich, J. Parker, M. Gagliano, S. Potts, C. San Marchi: “Fatigue and fracture behavior of vintage pipelines in gaseous hydrogen environment” (PVP2023-105622), Proceedings of the ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 16-21 July 2023, Atlanta GA
  35. J. Ronevich, R. Shrestha, C. San Marchi: “Misconceptions of hydrogen degradation of pipeline steels in existing natural gas infrastructure” (paper no. K04), Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen, 11-13 October 2022, Ghent, Belgium
  36. C. San Marchi and J.A. Ronevich: “Fatigue and fracture of pipeline steels in high-pressure hydrogen gas” (PVP2022-84757), Proceedings of the 2022 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 17-22 July 2022, Las Vegas NV
  37. D. Stalheim, A. Slifka, C. San Marchi, J. Ronevich, J. Campbell, “Detailed summary of characteristics and attribute of API steel intended for gaseous hydrogen pipeline service”, Proceedings of Technology for Future and Ageing Pipelines, 19-21 October 2021, Gent, Belgium
  38. C. San Marchi, R. Shrestha, J. Ronevich: “Hydrogen compatibility of structural materials in natural gas networks” (paper no. ID48), International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS), 21-24 September 2021, online conference
  39. J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Materials compatibility concerns for hydrogen blended into natural gas” (PVP2021-62045), Proceedings of the 2021 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, online, 13-15 July 2021
  40. U.B. Baek, S.H. Nahm, W.S. Kim, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Compatibility and suitability of existing steel pipelines for transport of hydrogen-natural gas blends” (paper no. 228), International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS), 11-13 September 2017, Hamburg, Germany
  41. J. Ronevich, B. Somerday: “Hydrogen-accelerated fatigue crack growth in arc welded X100 pipeline steel” International Hydrogen Conference, 11-14 September 2016, Moran WY (Materials Performance in Hydrogen Environments, B.P. Somerday and P. Sofronis, editors, ASME Press, 2017)
  42. J. Ronevich, B. Somerday: “Hydrogen effects on fatigue crack growth rates in pipeline steel welds” (PVP2016-63669), ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 17-21 July 2016, Vancouver, Canada
  43. J. Ronevich, B.P. Somerday: “Measurement of fatigue crack growth relationships fo steel pipeline welds in high-pressure hydrogen gas” Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen, 2014, Ghent, Belgium, p. 502-512. [presentation available]
  44. C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday, K.A. Nibur, D.G. Stalheim, T Boggess and S Jansto: “Fracture resistance and fatigue crack growth of X80 pipeline steel in gaseous hydrogen” (PVP2011-57684), ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 17-21 July 2011, Baltimore MD
  45. D. Stalheim, T. Boggess, C. San Marchi, S. Jansto, B. Somerday, G. Muralidharan, P. Sofronis: “Microstructure and mechanical property performance of commercial grade API pipeline steels in high pressure gaseous hydrogen” (IPC2010-31301), ASME 8th International Pipeline Conference, 27 September – 1 October  2010, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  46. M.L. Martin, I. Robertson, B. Somerday, C. San Marchi, P. Sofronis: “Multi-scale investigation of hydrogen-assisted failure of X60 pipeline steel”, Microsc Microanal 16 (Suppl 2) (2010) 778-779. Microscopy and Microanalysis Conference, 1-5 August 2010, Portland OR
  47. C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday, K.A. Nibur, D.G. Stalheim, T. Boggess and S. Jansto: “Fracture and fatigue of commercial grade pipeline steels in gaseous hydrogen” (PVP2010-25825), ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 18-22 July 2010, Bellevue WA

Low-alloy and pressure vessel steels

  1. J. Ronevich, M. Agnani, C. San Marchi: “Consistency of fatigue crack growth behavior of pipeline and low-alloy pressure vessel steels in gaseous hydrogen” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 136 (2025) 686
  2. B.P. Somerday, M. Barney: “Measurement of fatigue crack growth relationships in hydrogen gas for pressure swing absorber vessel steels” J Pressure Vessel Technol 137 (2015) 021406
  3. K.A. Nibur, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi, J.W. Foulk III, M. Dadfarnia, P. Sofronis, G.A. Hayden; “Measurement and interpretation of threshold stress intensity factors for steels in high-pressure hydrogen gas”, SAND2010-4633, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore CA
  4. B.P. Somerday and C. San Marchi, “Hydrogen Containment Materials”, Solid-State Hydrogen Storage: Materials and Chemistry, G. Walker, editor, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2008 pp. 51-81
  5. B.P. Somerday and C. San Marchi, “Effects of Hydrogen Gas on Steel Vessels and Pipelines”, Materials for the Hydrogen Economy, R.H. Jones and G.J. Thomas, editors, CRC Press, New York, 2008, pp. 157-179
  6. P. Bortot, M. Ortolani, M.E. Cristea, J. Ronevich, Chris San Marchi: “Fatigue crack initiation and life of ASME SA-372 steel in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen” (PVP2026-179860), Proceedings of the ASME 2026 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-24 July 2026, Anaheim CA
  7. E. Navalles, B. Sefer, N. Fuertes, E. Virolainen, C. Klar-Jaans, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, “Fatigue life and crack growth behavior of a ferritic-bainitic steel in gaseous hydrogen” (PVP2026-172763), Proceedings of the ASME 2026 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-24 July 2026, Anaheim CA
  8. J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, “Fatigue and fracture behavior of low-alloy wrought and cast steels in gaseous hydrogen” (paper no. C2026-00352), Proceedings of the AMPP Annual Conference, 15-19 March 2026, Houston TX
  9. J. Ronevich and C. San Marchi, “Hydrogen assisted fracture of ferritic-based steels and the influence of microstructure” (paper no. KN016), Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen, 14-16 October 2025, Ghent, Belgium
  10. P. Bortot, M. Ortolani, M. Bellingardi, M. Connolly, Z.N. Buck, C. San Marchi, J.A. Ronevich: “Fracture resistance of high strength steel welds in gaseous hydrogen determined using potential difference and unloading compliance” (PVP2025-154490), Proceedings of the ASME 2025 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 20-25 July 2025, Montreal, Canada
  11. P. Bortot, M. Ortolani, M. Bellingardi, C. San Marchi, J. Ronevich: “Investigating fatigue crack growth rate of ferritic steels in high pressure hydrogen gas” (paper no. C2024-20692), Proceedings of the AMPP Conference, 3-7 March 2024, New Orleans LA
  12. P. Bortot, M. Ortolani, C. San Marchi, J. Ronevich: “Effect of hydrogen partial pressure on fatigue crack growth rates of low alloy, quenched and tempered steels” (PVP2023-106417), Proceedings of the ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 16-21 July 2023, Atlanta GA
  13. J.A. Ronevich, B. Kagay, C. San Marchi, Y. Wang, Z. Feng, Y. Wang, K. Findley: “Investigating the role of ferritic steel microstructure and strength in fracture resistance in high-pressure hydrogen gas” (PVP2022-83915), Proceedings of the 2022 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 17-22 July 2022, Las Vegas NV
  14. J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, K.A. Nibur, P. Bortot, G. Bassanini, M. Sileo: “Measuring fatigue crack growth behavior of ferritic steels near threshold in high pressure hydrogen gas” (PVP2020-21263), Proceedings of the 2020 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, online
  15. C. San Marchi, P. Bortot, Y. Wada, J.A. Ronevich: “Fatigue and fracture of high-hardenability steels for thick-walled hydrogen pressure vessels” (paper no. ID227), International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS), 11-13 September 2017, Hamburg, Germany
  16. T. Iijima, H. Itoga, B. An, C. San Marchi, and B.P. Somerday: “Fracture Properties of a Cr-Mo Ferritic Steel in High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen” (PVP2015-45328), Proceedings of the 2015 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-23 July 2015, Boston MA
  17. T. Iijima, H. Itoga, B. An, C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday: “Measurement of fracture properties for ferritic steel in high-pressure hydrogen gas” (PVP2014-28815), ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 20-24 July 2014, Anaheim CA
  18. B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi, K.A. Nibur: “Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates for SA372 Gr. J Steel in 100 MPa Hydrogen Gas Following Article KD-10” (PVP2013-97455), ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 14-18 July 2013, Paris, France
  19. C. San Marchi and B.P. Somerday: “Fatigue crack growth of structural metals for hydrogen service” (PVP2011-57701), ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 17-21 July 2011, Baltimore MD
  20. K.A. Nibur, C. San Marchi and B.P. Somerday: “Fracture and fatigue tolerant steel pressure vessels for gaseous hydrogen” (PVP2010-25827), ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 18-22 July 2010, Bellevue WA
  21. B.P. Somerday, K.A. Nibur, C. San Marchi: “Measurement of fatigue crack growth rates for steels in hydrogen containment components” (paper no. 236), International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, 16-18 September 2009, Ajaccio, Corsica France
  22. T. Kobayashi, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi and K.A. Nibur. “Characterization of hydrogen-assisted fracture mechanism by fracture surface topography analysis (FRASTA)”, Proceedings of the 2008 International Hydrogen Conference, 7-10 September 2008, Moran WY (Effects of Hydrogen on Materials, B.P. Somerday, P. Sofronis, R. Jones, editors, ASM International, Materials Park OH, 2009, pp. 211-218)

Austenitic stainless steels

  1. A. Stubbers, B.P. Rocky, C. Gilleland, R. Shrestha, C. San Marchi, R.P. Wilderson, G.B. Thompson, C.R. Weinberger: “Hydrogen embrittlement and mechanical response of 304L steel with ZrC additions” Mater Sci Eng A955 (2026) 149824.
  2. X.W. Zhou, F.D. Leon-Cazares, A.T. Ta, C. San Marchi: “Interplay between hydrogen, temperature, and character angle on dissociated dislocation energies in Fe-Ni-Cr austenitic stainless steels” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 179 (2025) 151702.
  3. F.D. Leon-Cazares, X. Zhou, C. Alleman, C. San Marchi: “Dislocation nano-hydrides in nickel: Nucleation, evolution and effects on dislocation behaviors” J Mech Phys Solids 205 (2025) 106310.
  4. X.W. Zhou, F.D. Leon-Cazares, C. San Marchi: “New molecular dynamics studies of hydrogen effects on cross-slip energy barriers in austenitic stainless steels” Comput Mater Sci 257 (2025) 113990.
  5. D.M. Oliveria, C.W. San Marchi, D.L. Medlin, J.C. Gibeling: “Hydrogen influences thermal activation parameters for dislocation glide during low cycle fatigue of 316L stainless steels” Mater Sci Eng A932 (2025) 148243.
  6. F.D. León-Cázares, X. Zhou, B. Kagay, J.D. Sugar, C. Alleman, M. Agnani, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Hydrogen effects on deformation and slip localization in a single crystal austenitic stainless steel” Intern J Plasticity 180 (2024) 104074.
  7. S.K. Lawrence, R. Pokharel, B. Clausen, D.W. Brown, C. San Marchi, M.K. O’Brien, S. Lee, J.-S. Park, P. Kenesei: “In situ x-ray diffraction investigation of hydrogen effects on deformation-induced phase transformation in forged and additively manufactured 304L stainless steel” JOM 75 (2023) 2287.
  8. X.W. Zhou, R. Skelton, R.B. Sills, C. San Marchi: “Slip transmission and voiding during slip band intersections in Fe70Ni10Cr20 stainless steel” Scr Mater 220 (2022) 114925.
  9. D.M. Oliveira, C. San Marchi, D.L. Medlin, J.C. Gibeling: “The influence of hydrogen on the low cycle fatigue behavior of strain-hardened 316L stainless steel” Mater Sci Eng A 849 (2022) 143477.
  10. X.W. Zhou, C. Nowak, R.S. Skelton, M.E. Foster, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, R.B. Sills: “An Fe-Ni-Cr-H interatomic potential and predictions of hydrogen-affected stacking fault energies in austenitic stainless steels” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 47 (2022) 651-665.
  11. J.E.C. Sabisch, J.D. Sugar, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, D.L. Medlin: “Interrogating the effects of hydrogen on the behavior of planar deformation bands in austenitic stainless steel” Metall Mater Trans A 52 (2021) 1516-1525.
  12. C. San Marchi, J.A. Ronevich, J.E.C. Sabisch, J.D. Sugar, D.L. Medlin, B.P. Somerday: “Effect of microstructural and environmental variables on ductility of austenitic stainless steels” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 46 (2021) 12338-12347.
  13. P.J. Gibbs, P.D. Hough, K. Thuermer, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi, J.A. Zimmerman: “Stacking fault energy based alloy screening for hydrogen compatibility”. JOM 72 (2020) 1982.
  14. H. Jackson, C. San Marchi, D. Balch, B. Somerday, J. Michael: “Effects of low temperature on hydrogen-assisted crack growth in forged 304L austenitic stainless steel”. Metall Mater Trans 47A (2016) 4334-4350.
  15. L.A. Hughes, B.P. Somerday, D.K. Balch, C. San Marchi: “Hydrogen compatibility of austenitic stainless steel tubing and orbital tube welds”. Intern J Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014) 20585-20590.
  16. H.F. Jackson, C. San Marchi, D.K. Balch, B.P. Somerday: “Effect of low temperature on hydrogen-assisted crack propagation in 304L/308L austenitic stainless steel fusion welds”. Corros Sci 77 (2013) 210-221.
  17. C. San Marchi, “Hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic stainless steels and their welds”, Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of materials in energy technologies (Volume 1), R.P. Gangloff and B.P. Somerday, editors, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2012, pp. 592-623.
  18. H.F. Jackson, K.A. Nibur, C. San Marchi, J.D. Puskar, B.P. Somerday: “Hydrogen-assisted crack propagation in 304L/308L and 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn/308L austenitic stainless steel fusion welds”. Corros Sci 60 (2012) 136-144.
  19. K.A. Nibur, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi, D.K. Balch: “Effects of strength and microstructure on hydrogen-assisted crack propagation in 22Cr-13Ni-5Mn stainless steel forgings”. Metall Mater Trans  41A (2010) 3348-3357.
  20. C. San Marchi, T. Michler, K.A. Nibur, B.P. Somerday: “On the physical differences between tensile testing of type 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steels with internal and in external hydrogen”. Intern J Hydrogen Energy 35 (2010) 9736-9745.
  21. K.A. Nibur, B.P. Somerday, D.K. Balch, C. San Marchi: “The role of localized deformation in hydrogen-assisted crack propagation of 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn stainless steel”. Acta Mater 57 (2009) 3795-3809.
  22. C. San Marchi, D.K. Balch, K. Nibur, B.P. Somerday: “Effect of High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas on Fracture of Austenitic Steels”. J Pressure Vessel Technol 130 (2008) 041401.
  23. C. San Marchi, B. P. Somerday, X. Tang, G. H. Schiroky, “Effects of alloy composition and strain hardening on tensile fracture of hydrogen-precharged type 316 stainless steels”. Intern J Hydrogen Energy 33 (2007) 889-904.
  24. C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday, J. Zelinski, X. Tang, G.H. Schiroky, “Mechanical properties of super duplex stainless steel 2507 after gas phase thermal precharging with hydrogen”. Metall Mater Trans 38A (2007) 2763-2775.

Austenitic stainless steels

  1. A. Stubbers, B.P. Rocky, C. Gilleland, R. Shrestha, C. San Marchi, R.P. Wilderson, G.B. Thompson, C.R. Weinberger: “Hydrogen embrittlement and mechanical response of 304L steel with ZrC additions” Mater Sci Eng A955 (2026) 149824
  2. X.W. Zhou, F.D. Leon-Cazares, A.T. Ta, C. San Marchi: “Interplay between hydrogen, temperature, and character angle on dissociated dislocation energies in Fe-Ni-Cr austenitic stainless steels” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 179 (2025) 151702
  3. F.D. Leon-Cazares, X. Zhou, C. Alleman, C. San Marchi: “Dislocation nano-hydrides in nickel: Nucleation, evolution and effects on dislocation behaviors” J Mech Phys Solids 205 (2025) 106310
  4. X.W. Zhou, F.D. Leon-Cazares, C. San Marchi: “New molecular dynamics studies of hydrogen effects on cross-slip energy barriers in austenitic stainless steels” Comput Mater Sci 257 (2025) 113990
  5. D.M. Oliveria, C.W. San Marchi, D.L. Medlin, J.C. Gibeling: “Hydrogen influences thermal activation parameters for dislocation glide during low cycle fatigue of 316L stainless steels” Mater Sci Eng A932 (2025) 148243
  6. F.D. León-Cázares, X. Zhou, B. Kagay, J.D. Sugar, C. Alleman, M. Agnani, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Hydrogen effects on deformation and slip localization in a single crystal austenitic stainless steel” Intern J Plasticity 180 (2024) 104074
  7. S.K. Lawrence, R. Pokharel, B. Clausen, D.W. Brown, C. San Marchi, M.K. O’Brien, S. Lee, J.-S. Park, P. Kenesei: “In situ x-ray diffraction investigation of hydrogen effects on deformation-induced phase transformation in forged and additively manufactured 304L stainless steel” JOM 75 (2023) 2287
  8. X.W. Zhou, R. Skelton, R.B. Sills, C. San Marchi: “Slip transmission and voiding during slip band intersections in Fe70Ni10Cr20 stainless steel” Scr Mater 220 (2022) 114925
  9. D.M. Oliveira, C. San Marchi, D.L. Medlin, J.C. Gibeling: “The influence of hydrogen on the low cycle fatigue behavior of strain-hardened 316L stainless steel” Mater Sci Eng A 849 (2022) 143477
  10. X.W. Zhou, C. Nowak, R.S. Skelton, M.E. Foster, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, R.B. Sills: “An Fe-Ni-Cr-H interatomic potential and predictions of hydrogen-affected stacking fault energies in austenitic stainless steels” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 47 (2022) 651-665
  11. J.E.C. Sabisch, J.D. Sugar, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, D.L. Medlin: “Interrogating the effects of hydrogen on the behavior of planar deformation bands in austenitic stainless steel” Metall Mater Trans A 52 (2021) 1516-1525
  12. C. San Marchi, J.A. Ronevich, J.E.C. Sabisch, J.D. Sugar, D.L. Medlin, B.P. Somerday: “Effect of microstructural and environmental variables on ductility of austenitic stainless steels” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 46 (2021) 12338-12347
  13. P.J. Gibbs, P.D. Hough, K. Thuermer, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi, J.A. Zimmerman: “Stacking fault energy based alloy screening for hydrogen compatibility” JOM 72 (2020) 1982
  14. H. Jackson, C. San Marchi, D. Balch, B. Somerday, J. Michael: “Effects of low temperature on hydrogen-assisted crack growth in forged 304L austenitic stainless steel” Metall Mater Trans 47A (2016) 4334-4350
  15. L.A. Hughes, B.P. Somerday, D.K. Balch, C. San Marchi: “Hydrogen compatibility of austenitic stainless steel tubing and orbital tube welds” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014) 20585-20590
  16. H.F. Jackson, C. San Marchi, D.K. Balch, B.P. Somerday: “Effect of low temperature on hydrogen-assisted crack propagation in 304L/308L austenitic stainless steel fusion welds” Corros Sci 77 (2013) 210-221
  17. C. San Marchi, “Hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic stainless steels and their welds”, Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of materials in energy technologies (Volume 1), R.P. Gangloff and B.P. Somerday, editors, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2012, pp. 592-623
  18. H.F. Jackson, K.A. Nibur, C. San Marchi, J.D. Puskar, B.P. Somerday: “Hydrogen-assisted crack propagation in 304L/308L and 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn/308L austenitic stainless steel fusion welds” Corros Sci 60 (2012) 136-144
  19. K.A. Nibur, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi, D.K. Balch: “Effects of strength and microstructure on hydrogen-assisted crack propagation in 22Cr-13Ni-5Mn stainless steel forgings” Metall Mater Trans  41A (2010) 3348-3357
  20. C. San Marchi, T. Michler, K.A. Nibur, B.P. Somerday: “On the physical differences between tensile testing of type 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steels with internal and in external hydrogen” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 35 (2010) 9736-9745
  21. K.A. Nibur, B.P. Somerday, D.K. Balch, C. San Marchi: “The role of localized deformation in hydrogen-assisted crack propagation of 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn stainless steel” Acta Mater 57 (2009) 3795-3809
  22. C. San Marchi, D.K. Balch, K. Nibur, B.P. Somerday: “Effect of high-pressure hydrogen gas on fracture of austenitic steels” J Pressure Vessel Technol 130 (2008) 041401
  23. C. San Marchi, B. P. Somerday, X. Tang, G. H. Schiroky, “Effects of alloy composition and strain hardening on tensile fracture of hydrogen-precharged type 316 stainless steels” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 33 (2007) 889-904
  24. C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday, J. Zelinski, X. Tang, G.H. Schiroky, “Mechanical properties of super duplex stainless steel 2507 after gas phase thermal precharging with hydrogen” Metall Mater Trans 38A (2007) 2763-2775
  25. Q. Yurek, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Hydrogen-assisted fatigue and fracture of XM-19 and its welds at low-temperature” (PVP2026-179981), Proceedings of the ASME 2026 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-24 July 2026, Anaheim CA
  26. R.W. Wheeler, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, J.W. Foulk, M. Diab, C. Alleman: “Combined hydrogen embrittlement and strain rate sensitivity of annealed and forged 304L steel” (PVP2023-107475), Proceedings of the ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 16-21 July 2023, Atlanta GA
  27. J.A. Ronevich, D. Balch, C. San Marchi: “The role of internal vs external hydrogen on fracture resistance of austenitic stainless steels” (PVP2023-106086), Proceedings of the ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 16-21 July 2023, Atlanta GA
  28. C. San Marchi, J.A. Ronevich, J. Pohl, S. Ramseyer, D. Cortinovis, S. Eckmann: “Fatigue crack initiation and fatigue life testing of high-strength austenitic stainless steel tubing with internal hydrogen” (PVP2023-106413), Proceedings of the ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 16-21 July 2023, Atlanta GA
  29. B. Kagay, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Influence of high-pressure hydrogen gas and pre-charged hydrogen on fatigue crack initiation and fatigue life of 255 super duplex stainless steel” (PVP2022-84797), Proceedings of the 2022 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 17-22 July 2022, Las Vegas NV
  30. J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, M Maguire, D.K. Balch: “Fracture properties of welded 304L in hydrogen environments” (paper no. ID51), International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS), 21-24 September 2021, online conference
  31. B. Kagay, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, “Effect of internal hydrogen on fatigue crack initiation sites in 316l austenitic stainless steel” (PVP2021-62944), Proceedings of the 2021 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference, online, 13-15 July 2021
  32. D. Merkel, E.K. Nickerson, R.J. Seffens, K.L. Simmons, C. San Marchi, B.J. Kagay, J.A. Ronevich: “Effect of hydrogen on tensile properties of 304L stainless steel at cryogenic temperatures” (PVP2021-62436), Proceedings of the 2021 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, online, 13-15 July 2021
  33. B. Kagay, C. San Marchi, V. Pericoli, J Foulk III: “Hydrogen effects on fatigue life of welded austenitic stainless steels evaluated with hole-drilled tubular specimens” (PVP2020-21288), Proceedings of the 2020 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, online
  34. C. San March, J.A. Ronevich, J. Sabisch, J.D. Sugar, D.L. Medlin, B.P. Somerday: “Effect of microstructural and environmental variables on ductility of austenitic stainless steels” (paper no. ID144), International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, 24-26 September 2019, Adelaide, Australia
  35. T.R. Smith, C. San Marchi, J.D. Sugar, D.K. Balch: “Effects of extreme hydrogen environments on the fracture and fatigue behavior of additively manufactured stainless steels”, (PVP2019-93903), Proceedings of the 2019 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 14-19 July 2019, San Antonio TX
  36. J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, D.K. Balch: “Evaluating the resistance of austenitic stainless steel welds to hydrogen embrittlement”, (PVP2019-93823), Proceedings of the 2019 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 14-19 July 2019, San Antonio TX 
  37. C. San Marchi, T. R. Smith, J. D. Sugar, and D. K. Balch: “Fatigue and fracture behavior of additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel,” in Structural Integrity of Additive Manufactured Parts, ed. N. Shamsaei, S. Daniewicz, N. Hrabe, S. Beretta, J. Waller, and M. Seifi (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2020), 381–398
  38. C. San Marchi, J. Yamabe, M. Schwarz, H. Matsunaga, S. Zickler, S. Matsuoka, H. Kobayashi: “Global harmonization of fatigue life testing in gaseous hydrogen”, (PVP2018-84898), Proceedings of the 2018 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 15-20 July 2018, Prague, Czech Republic
  39. C. San Marchi, J.D. Sugar, T.R. Smith, D.K. Balch: “Microstructure-property relationships in powder bed fusion of type 304L austenitic stainless steel” (PVP2018-84901), Proceedings of the 2018 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 15-20 July 2018, Prague, Czech Republic
  40. C. San Marchi, J.D. Sugar, D.K. Balch: “Hydrogen-assisted fracture of additively manufactured austenitic stainless steels”, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen, 29-31 May 2018, Ghent, Belgium [also available as report no. SAND2017-13583C]
  41. C. San Marchi, P. Gibbs, J. Foulk, K. Nibur: “Fatigue life of austenitic stainless steels in hydrogen environments”, 43rd MPA Seminar, 11-12 October 2017, Stuttgart, Germany [also available as report no. SAND2017-10576C]
  42. J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, D.K. Balch: “Temperature effects on fracture thresholds of hydrogen precharged stainless steel welds” (PVP2017-65603), Proceedings of the 2017 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 16-20 July 2017, Waikoloa HI
  43. K.A. Nibur, P.J. Gibbs, J.W. Foulk, C. San Marchi: “Notched fatigue of austenitic alloys in gaseous hydrogen” (PVP2017-65978), Proceedings of the 2017 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 16-20 July 2017, Waikoloa HI
  44. B. An, Z. Hua, T. Iijima, C. Gu, J. Zheng, C. San Marchi: “Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy study of hydrogen distribution and evolution in duplex stainless steel” (PVP2017-66121), Proceedings of the 2017 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 16-20 July 2017, Waikoloa HI
  45. P.J. Gibbs, K.A. Nibur, C. San Marchi: “Plastic ratcheting and fatigue crack formation in austenitic steels with hydrogen” 2016 International Hydrogen Conference, 11-14 September 2016, Moran WY (Materials Performance in Hydrogen Environments, B.P. Somerday and P. Sofronis, editors, ASME Press, 2017)
  46. P.J. Gibbs, C. San Marchi, K.A. Nibur, X. Tang: “Comparison of internal and external hydrogen on fatigue-life of austenitic stainless steels” (PVP2016-63563), Proceedings of the 2016 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 17-21 July 2016, Vancouver BC, Canada
  47. L. Zhang, B. An, T. Iijima, C. San Marchi: “Effect of gaseous hydrogen charging on nanohardness of austenitic stainless steels” (PVP2016-63390), Proceedings of the 2016 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 17-21 July 2016, Vancouver BC, Canada
  48. D.K. Balch, C. San Marchi: “Effect of hydrogen on tensile strength and ductility of multi-pass 304L/308L austenitic stainless steel welds” (PVP2015-45591), Proceedings of the 2015 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-23 July 2015, Boston MA
  49. J.A. Ronevich, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi, D.K. Balch: “Fracture threshold measurements of hydrogen precharged stainless steel weld fusion zones and heat affected zones” (PVP2015-45432), Proceedings of the ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-23 July 2015, Boston MA
  50. L. Zhang, B. An, T. Iijima, C. San Marchi, and B. Somerday: “Hydrogen Transport and Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in SUS304 Stainless Steel During Deformation at Low Temperatures” (PVP2015-45211), Proceedings of the 2015 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-23 July 2015, Boston MA
  51. C. San Marchi, J.A. Zimmerman, X. Tang, S.J. Kernion, K. Thuermer, K.A. Nibur: “Fatigue life of austenitic stainless steel in hydrogen environments” (PVP2015-45421), Proceedings of the 2015 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference, 19-23 July 2015, Boston MA
  52. J.A. Ronevich, B.P. Somerday, C. San Marchi, H.F. Jackson, and K.A. Nibur: “Fracture toughness of hydrogen precharged GTA welds of austenitic stainless steel” Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen, 5-7 May 2014, Ghent, Belgium, pp. 388-400 [also available as report no. SAND2013-9570C]
  53. C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday: “Comparison of stainless steels for high-pressure hydrogen service” (PVP2014-28811), ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Conference, 20-24 July 2014, Anaheim CA.
  54. B. An, T. Iijima, C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday: “Micromechanisms of hydrogen-assisted cracking in super duplex stainless steel investigated by scanning probe microscopy” (PVP2014-28181), ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Conference, 20-24 July 2014, Anaheim CA
  55. L.A. Hughes, B.P. Somerday, D.K. Balch, C. San Marchi: “Hydrogen compatibility of austenitic stainless steel tubing and orbital tube welds” (paper no. 119), International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS), 9-11 September 2013, Brussels, Belgium
  56. C. San Marchi, L.A. Hughes, B.P. Somerday: “Hydrogen-assisted fracture of type 316L tubing and orbital welds” (PVP2013-97538), ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Conference, 14-18 July 2013, Paris, France.
  57. B. An, H. Itouga, T. Iijima, C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday: “Hydrogen-assisted twin boundary fracture of type 304 austenitic stainless steel at low temperature investigated by scanning probe microscopy” (PVP2013-97355), ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Conference, 14-18 July 2013, Paris, France
  58. C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday K.A. Nibur: “Fatigue crack initiation in hydrogen-precharged austenitic stainless steel” 2012 International Hydrogen Conference, 9-12 September 2012, Moran WY (Hydrogen-Materials Interactions, B.P. Somerday and P. Sofronis, editors, ASME Press, 2014)
  59. N.T. Switzner, T. Neidt, J. Hollenbeck, J. Knutson, W. Everhart, R. Hanlin, R. Bergen, D.K. Balch, C. San Marchi: “Hydrogen-assisted fracture in forged type 304L austenitic stainless steel” 2012 International Hydrogen Conference, 9-12 September 2012, Moran WY (Hydrogen-Materials Interactions, B.P. Somerday and P. Sofronis, editors, ASME Press, 2014)
  60. D.M. Matson, A. Saigal, C. San Marchi: “Fatigue behavior of austenitic stainless steel alloys thermally precharged in gaseous hydrogen”, 2012 International Hydrogen Conference, 9-12 September 2012, Moran WY (Hydrogen-Materials Interactions, B.P. Somerday and P. Sofronis, editors, ASME Press, 2014)
  61. C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday and H.F. Jackson: “Hydrogen-assisted deformation and fracture of austenitic stainless steels”, 2nd International Conference of Engineering Against Fracture (ICEAF II), 22-24 June 2011, Mykonos, Greece [also available as report no. SAND2011-2242C]
  62. C. San Marchi, N.Y.C. Yang, T.J. Headley and J. Michael: “Hydrogen-assisted fracture of low nickel content 304 and 316L austenitic stainless steels”, 18th European Conference on Fracture (ECF18), 30 August – 3 September 2010, Dresden, Germany
  63. C. San Marchi, K.A. Nibur, D.K. Balch, B.P. Somerday, X. Tang, G.H. Schiroky, T. Michler: “Hydrogen-assisted fracture of austenitic stainless steels”, Proceedings of the 2008 International Hydrogen Conference, 7-10 September 2008, Moran WY (Effects of Hydrogen on Materials, B.P. Somerday, P. Sofronis, R. Jones, editors, ASM International, Materials Park OH, 2009, pp. 88-96)
  64. C. Skipper, G. Leisk, A. Saigal, D. Matson, C. San Marchi: “Effect of internal hydrogen on fatigue strength of type 316 stainless steel”, Proceedings of the 2008 International Hydrogen Conference, 7-10 September 2008, Moran WY (Effects of Hydrogen on Materials, B.P. Somerday, P. Sofronis, R. Jones, editors, ASM International, Materials Park OH, 2009, pp. 139-146).
  65. X. Tang, G.H. Schiroky, C. San Marchi and B.P. Somerday, “Hydrogen-assisted fracture of welded AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel”, Proceedings of the 2008 International Hydrogen Conference, 7-10 September 2008, Moran WY (Effects of Hydrogen on Materials, B.P. Somerday, P. Sofronis, R. Jones, editors, ASM International, Materials Park OH, 2009, pp. 147-154).
  66. D.F. Bahr, N.R. Overman, C. San Marchi and K.A. Nibur, “Orientation specific mechanical assessment of hydrogen precharged stainless steels using nanoindentation”, Proceedings of the 2008 International Hydrogen Conference, 7-10 September 2008, Moran WY (Effects of Hydrogen on Materials, B.P. Somerday, P. Sofronis, R. Jones, editors, ASM International, Materials Park OH, 2009, pp. 179-186)
  67. C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday, X. Tang, G.H. Schiroky, “Hydrogen-assisted fracture of type 316 stainless steel at sub-ambient temperature (PVP2008-61240)”, ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Division Conference, 17-21 July 2008, Chicago IL
  68. C. San Marchi, D.K. Balch, B.P. Somerday: “Effect of high-pressure hydrogen gas on fracture of austenitic steels (PVP2005-71392)”. ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Division Conference, 17-21 July 2005, Denver CO

Austenitic alloys

  1. Y. Kong, P. Kathayat, A. Williamson, D.W. Brown, S.K. Lawrence, B. Clausen, S.C. Vogel, J.A. Ronevich, C.W. San Marchi, L. Ravkov, L. Balogh, J.G. Speer, K.O. Findley, L. Cho: “Influence of stacking fault energy and hydrogen on deformation mechanisms in high Mn austenitic steels during in-situ tensile testing” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 148 (2025) 149833
  2. L. Cho, Y. Kong, P. Kathayat, D.W. Brown, S.K. Lawrence, B. Clausen, S.C. Vogel, L. Ravkov, L. Balogh, J.A. Ronevich, C.W. San Marchi, J.G. Speer, K.O. Findley: “Influence of hydrogen on deformation and embrittlement mechanisms in a high Mn austenitic steel: In-Situ neutron diffraction and diffraction line profile analysis” Acta mater 281 (2024) 120420
  3. P. Kathayat, L. Cho, J.G. Speer, Y. Kong, C.W. San Marchi, J.A. Ronevich, K.O. Findley: “Microstructural engineering of Mn-alloyed austenitic steel for hydrogen storage and delivery” Key Engng Mater 967 (2023) 23
  4. T. Michler, C. San Marchi, K. Berreth, J. Naumann, R.K. Mishra, R.C. Kubic: “Microstructure, deformation mechanisms and influence of hydrogen on tensile properties of the Co based super alloy DIN 2.4711/UNS N30003”. Mater Sci Eng A 662 (2016) 36-45
  5. T. Michler, C. San Marchi, J. Naumann, S. Weber, M. Martin: “Hydrogen environment embrittlement of stable austenitic steels”. Intern J Hydrogen Energy 37 (2012) 16231-16246

Non-austenitic stainless steels

  1. J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Hydrogen-assisted fatigue and fracture of 15-5PH precipitation hardened martensitic stainless steel” (PVP2025-152466), Proceedings of the ASME 2025 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 20-25 July 2025, Montreal, Canada

Alluminum alloys

  1. C.W. San Marchi, R.A. Karnesky, R.D. Kolasinski: “The Role of Hydrogen Isotopes in Deformation and Fracture of Aluminum Alloys”, SAND2013-0253, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore C
  2. R. Shrestha, J.A. Ronevich, T. Michler, C. San Marchi: “Fatigue and fracture behavior of aluminum alloys in gaseous hydrogen” (PVP2023-106442), Proceedings of the ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 16-21 July 2023, Atlanta GA
  3. C. San Marchi, M. Schwarz, J.A. Ronevich: “Effect of high-pressure hydrogen and water impurity on aluminum alloys” (PVP2020-21277), Proceedings of the 2020 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, online
  4. D. Balch, S. Goods, C. San Marchi: “Fabrication and testing of electron beam welded alloy AA2219 aluminum pressure vessels for high-pressure hydrogen service” (PVP2014-28858), ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Conference, 20-24 July 2014, Anaheim CA
  5. R.D. Kolasinski, R.A. Karnesky, C. San Marchi: “Interactions between gaseous hydrogen and aluminum alloys” 2012 International Hydrogen Conference, 9-12 September 2012, Moran WY (Hydrogen-Materials Interactions, B.P. Somerday and P. Sofronis, editors, ASME Press, 2014)
  6. R.D. Kolasinski, J.A. Whaley, R.A. Karnesky, C. San Marchi, R. Bastasz: “Characterization of surface structure in real space using low energy ion scattering and recoil maps”, 18th International Workshop on Inelastic Ion-Surface Collisions (IISC-18), 26 September – 1 October 2010, Gatlinburg TN

Nickel-based alloys

  1. S. Bechtle, M. Kumar, B.P. Somerday, M.E. Launey, R.O. Ritchie: “Grain-boundary engineering markedly reduces susceptibility to intergranular hydrogen embrittlement in metallic materials”  Acta Mater 57 (2009) 4148-4157
  2. C. San Marchi, T. Zaleski, S. Lee, N.Y.C. Yang, B. Stuart: “Effect of laser peening on the hydrogen compatibility of corrosion-resistant nickel alloy” Scr Mater 58 (2008) 782-785
  3. J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, M. Kent, S. Narasimhachary, F. Palmert, S. Sheng, S. Wanjura: “Fracture resistance of corrosion-resistant alloys at elevated temperature with internal hydrogen” (PVP2026-175536), Proceedings of the ASME 2026 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 19-24 July 2026, Anaheim CA
  4. J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, S. Narasimhachary, F. Palmert, S. Sheng, S. Wanjura: “The mechanical behavior of corrosion resistant alloys at elevated temperature with internal hydrogen” (PVP2024-123397), Proceedings of the ASME 2024 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 28 July – 2 August 2024, Bellevue WA

High-entropy alloys

  1. D.M. Oliveira, C.W. San Marchi, E.P. George, A, Nahin, M. Zhang, J.C. Gibeling: “Influence of hydrogen on the low cycle fatigue behavior of the equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy” Intern J Fatigue 205 (2026) 109414

Polymer materials

  1. R.R. Barth, K.L. Simmons and C. San Marchi: “Polymers for Hydrogen Infrastructure and Vehicle Fuel Systems: Applications, Properties and Gap Analysis”, SAND2013-8904, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore CA.
  2. R. Shrestha, J.A. Ronevich, L. Fring, K. Simmons, N.D. Meeks, Z.E. Lowe, T.J. Harris Jr, C. San Marchi: “Compatibility of medium density polyethylene (MDPE) for distribution of gaseous hydrogen” (PVP2022-84791), Proceedings of the 2022 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 17-22 July 2022, Las Vegas NV
  3. N.C. Menon, A.M. Kruizenga, K.J. Alvine, C. San Marchi, A. Nissen, K. Brooks: “Behavior of polymers in high pressure environments as applicable to the hydrogen infrastructure” (PVP2016-63713), Proceedings of the 2016 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 17-21 July 2016, Vancouver BC, Canada

Hydrogen diffusion and permeation

  1. R.A. Causey, R.A. Karnesky and C. San Marchi, “Tritium Barriers and Tritium Diffusion in Fusion Reactors”, Comprehensive Nuclear Materials (Volume 4, Chapter 16), R.J.M. Konings, editor, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012, pp. 511-549
  2. C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday, S.L. Robinson, “Permeability, solubility and diffusivity of hydrogen isotopes in stainless steels at high gas pressures” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 32 (2007) 100-116
  3. C. San Marchi and B.P. Somerday, “Thermodynamics of gaseous hydrogen and hydrogen transport in metals” (paper no. 1098-HH08-01), The Hydrogen Economy, edited by B. Choudhury, A. Dillon, J. Keller, C. Moen. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Volume 1098E, Warrendale, PA, 2008)

Hydrogen effects on fatigue life prediction

  1. J.M Emery, P. Grimmer, R. Wheeler III, C. San Marchi, J. Ronevich: “Fatigue design sensitivities of stationary type 2 high-pressure hydrogen vessels” (PVP2022-83904), Proceedings of the 2022 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 17-22 July 2022, Las Vegas NV
  2. R.W. Wheeler, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi, P. Grimmer, J.M. Emery: “Development of C-ring geometry to explore fatigue crack extension and verification in high-pressure vessels” (PVP2022-84635), Proceedings of the 2022 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, 17-22 July 2022, Las Vegas NV
  3. J.A. Ronevich, C, San Marchi, D. Brooks, J.M. Emery, P. Grimmer, E. Chant, J.R. Sims, A. Belokobylka, D. Farese, J. Felbaum: “Exploring life extension opportunities of high-pressure hydrogen pressure vessels at refueling stations” (PVP2021-61815), Proceedings of the 2021 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, online, 13-15 July 2021

Other hydrogen topics

  1. C. LaFleur, E.S. Hecht, B. Ehrhart, J. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Safety of hydrogen for large-scale energy deployment in a decarbonized economy” Hydrogen Economy, 2nd Edition (Chapter 16), A. Scipioni, A. Manzardo, J. Ren, editors, Elsevier, London, 2023
  2. C. San Marchi, E.S. Hecht, I.W. Ekoto, K.M. Groth, C. LaFleur, B.P. Somerday, R. Mukundan, T. Rockward, J. Keller, C.W. James: “Overview of the DOE hydrogen safety, codes and standards program, part 3: Advances in research and development to enhance the scientific basis for hydrogen regulations, codes and standards” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 42 (2017) 7263-7274.
  3. B.P. Somerday, J.A. Campbell, K.L. Lee, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Enhancing safety of hydrogen containment components through materials testing under in-service conditions” Intern J Hydrogen Energy 42 (2017) 7314-7321
  4. A.P. Harris, C.W. San Marchi: “Investigation of the Hydrogen release Incident at the AC Transit Emeryville Facility (Revised)”, report no. SAND2012-8642, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore CA
  5. B.P. Somerday, J.A. Campbell, K.L. Lee, J.A. Ronevich, C. San Marchi: “Enhancing safety of hydrogen containment components through materials testing under in-service conditions” (paper no. 159, 6th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS), 19-21 October 2015, Yokohama, Japan
  6. C. San Marchi, E.S. Hecht, I.W. Ekoto, K.M. Groth, C. LaFleur, B.P. Somerday, R. Mukundan, T. Rockward: “Advances in research and development to enhance the scientific basis for hydrogen regulations, codes and standards” (paper no. 257), 6th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS), 19-21 October 2015, Yokohama, Japan
  7. C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday, K.A. Nibur: “Development of standards for evaluating materials compatibility with high-pressure gaseous hydrogen” (paper no. 118), International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS), 9-11 September 2013, Brussels, Belgium
  8. B.P. Somerday, C.S. Sloane: “Addressing hydrogen embrittlement of metals in the SAE J2579 fuel cell vehicle tank standard” (paper no. 130), 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS4), 12-14 September 2011, San Francisco CA
  9. C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday, K.A. Nibur, M. Yip: “Structural-metal considerations for the containment of high-pressure hydrogen gas”, International Symposium on Materials Issues in a Hydrogen Economy, 12-15 November 2007, Richmond VA. (Materials Issues in a Hydrogen Economy, P. Jena, A. Kandalam, Q. Sun, editors, World Scientific, Hackensack NJ, 2009, pp. 299-308
  10. C. San Marchi, B.P. Somerday: “Effects of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen on structural metals”, document no. 2007-01-0433, SAE World Congress, April 2007, Detroit MI