Publications

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This paper focuses on the development and testing of spoofing detection and localization techniques that rely only on clock deviations to identify threat signals. Detection methods that rely on dynamic receiver geometries to triangulate threat locations or signal geometry to identify spoofing are not considered here. Instead this paper focuses on single antenna receivers and assumes the receiver tracks only the inauthentic signal. The quality of the receiver clock has a significant impact on the performance of the receiver tracking loops. Low quality clocks have frequency instabilities that inherently limit the sensitivity of the receiver to slow growing errors. Some clocks provide better frequency stabilities but have a higher white frequency noise that can induce false detections. Because of these trends, various detection methods are tested with four types of receiver and transmitter clocks of varying quality.

The use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is a fundamental requirement for most navigation systems today, and this heavy reliance means that denial of GPS service (or extended threats) can pose a significant risk to modern navigation. There is an urgent need for enabling, high-accuracy navigation technologies that can operate without the need for GPS. Ideally, these solutions must be able to initialize in a completely GPS-free environment and continue to navigate even through challenging scenarios. The increasing risk posed to GPS means that trust in this platform is waning—and solutions are required. A future navigator should leverage GPS whenever possible and be capable of identifying and responding to risks while maintaining mission accuracy needs. In the absence of GPS, fully alternative navigation (altnav) technologies are required. This report describes an introductory view of altnav for GPS-impaired and contested environments. Various technologies are collected, presented, and evaluated as potential solutions. A wide snapshot of currently available technologies with a first-order summary of their potential is presented. While this report attempts to be as broad and complete as possible, this is a quickly evolving field.

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