George Bachand explores ways to develop ‘smart’ materials that behave like living systems
Imagine a new "smart" material that can "heal" itself like a living system.
It may sound like science fiction, but to Sandia molecular biologist George Bachand (1141), such materials may be just around the research corner.
George is working with Jun Liu and Bruce Bunker (all 1141) and a team on a project called "Active Assembly of Dynamic and Adaptable Materials." Its goal is to identify and learn how to exploit key strategies used by living systems to develop materials that can be programmed to assemble and disassemble in controlled environments.
The project is funded by the Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology Initiative through the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences.
"With this project we are attempting to break the walls between living and nonliving systems at the nano-scale," George says. "We are looking at designing materials that have properties of living cells."
Synthetic materials tend to have static structures and are not capable of adapting to a changing environment. In contrast, living systems have the ability to create, heal, reconfigure, and dismantle.
As part of the project, George, Bruce, Jun and the rest of the team are studying how to mimic the dynamic assembly and active transport of living systems in new materials.
"The research moves material sciences from static structures to a regime in which materials can be assembled and reconfigured in response to an external stimuli," George says.
With this understanding, a new generation of "smart," dynamic, and adaptable materials may emerge.
As a first step, the researchers plan to use or modify key components from living systems and integrate and control those components in artificial microfluidic environments.
Specifically, they will be looking at motor proteins — considered to be nature’s means for transporting cargo within living cells — as the active components in the new dynamic nanomaterials. The species George is studying is kinesin, a linear motor protein that walks along fibers in a "hand-over-hand" fashion for hundreds of steps. Kinesin motor proteins are among the fastest and most efficient of motor proteins.
The motor proteins are grown in a Petri dish. Using a DNA sequence for a target protein, the specific gene that encodes the motor protein is isolated. The gene is placed into a nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain where the motor protein is expressed and purified by liquid chromatography.
George became particularly familiar with motor proteins while working as a research professor at Cornell University. There, he as part of a team used motor proteins derived from adenosine triphosphate synthase (ATPase) enzymes to power a nano-nickel propeller in a solution. The entire device, including the motor and propeller on a nickel post, was comparable in size to some virus particles.
George joined Sandia last year, becoming the Labs’ first molecular biologist. Besides working on the Active Assembly of Dynamic and Adaptable Materials project, he plans to continue his efforts in using living motor proteins to power nanoelectromechanical (NEMS) systems.
"Both research efforts will give us valuable understanding of motor proteins and how they work and a means for controlling the activity of proteins in synthetic systems," George says.
While George has cloned kinesin motor proteins in his lab, he still needs to characterize them to better understand how they bind and move. Over the next couple of years, he will perform biochemical and biophysical analyses of the motor proteins, which should provide him insight into the structural and mechanical features of the motor protein enzymes that are critical for conversion of chemical energy into mechanical motion.
He will also genetically engineer these proteins to survive in synthetic systems, as well as provide mechanisms to control motor functions such as starting/stopping and cargo pick-up/delivery.
George notes that if he and the other researchers can understand key design criteria used by living systems, they will be able to identify basic concepts that will allow them to develop artificial materials and systems that may ultimately surpass the survivability and functionality constraints of existing biological systems.
"This work holds the promise of opening up a completely new branch of material science in which the nanostructures that can be produced will only be limited by our imagination," George says.