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It is difficult to understand why some people die while others survive after being exposed to the same radiation dose. The main reasons are believed to be the health of the individuals at the time of exposure and their ability to combat the incidental effects of radiation exposure such as increased susceptibility to infection.
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Effects of high, but sub-lethal, radiation doses
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Skin effects
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abnormal reddening of the skin (erythema); similar to sunburn.
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Hair loss
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is similar to skin effects and can occur after acute doses of about 500 rad.
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Sterility
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can be temporary or permanent in males, depending upon the dose. In females, it is usually permanent, but it requires higher doses. To produce permanent sterility, it requires a dose in excess of 400 rad to the reproductive cells.
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Cataracts
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(a clouding of the lens of the eye) appear to have a threshold of about 200 rad before they begin forming. Neutrons are especially effective in producing cataracts, because the eye has a high water content, which is particularly effective in stopping neutrons.
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Acute
Radiation
Syndrome
(ARS)
|
If enough tissues and organs are damaged, ARS could result. The initial signs and symptoms of ARS are nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Below about 150 rad, these symptoms, which are no different from those produced by a common viral infection, may be the only outward indication of radiation exposure.
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Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)
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Organs Affected
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Sensitivity
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Hematopoietic
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Blood-forming organs
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Most sensitive
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Gastrointestinal
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Gastrointestinal system
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Very sensitive
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Central Nervous System
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Brain and muscles
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Least sensitive
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