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SNL
has a broad technical base of battery
expertise focusing on integrated storage
systems. These storage systems operate
in varying environments and electrical
conditions. In these storage systems
there are many different types of battery
technologies. With the different designs
having advantages under specific operational
conditions. It is important to understand
the capabilities and limitations of
each storage technology.
SNL
has or is currently performing R&D
and/or data analysis on these technologies.
The following battery technology tutorials
are provided and located on the ESA
website.
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Lead-Acid Battery
www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_leadacid.htm
Li-Ion
-Lithium Ion Battery
www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_liion.htm
Metal-Air
Battery
www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_metalair.htm
NaS
-Sodium Sulfur Battery
www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_nas.htm
PSB
- Polysulfide Bromide Flow Battery www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_psb.htm
Super
Capacitor
www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_supercapacitor.htm
VRB
-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_vrb.htm
ZnBr
-Zinc Bromine Flow Battery
www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_znbr.htm
Flywheels
www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_flywheels.htm
Analysis
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to top
The
ESS Program collaborates with industry
to:
- Develop
and evaluate integrated electrical
energy storage systems
-
Develop and test advanced energy storage
system components
- Analyze
and compare technologies and application
requirements
The
following link takes you to the ESA
site where the key features of different
storage technologies are compared.
Technology
Comparisons
www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_comparisons.htm
Power
Electronics
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Power
electronics,
in general terms, is defined as the
use of switching devices to control
and convert electrical power flow from
one form to another to meet a user’s
need. “Convert” is a general
term used in power electronics to describe
the process of changing power from one
form to another. The hardware that performs
the process is generally called the
“converter.” Converters
can perform the following processes/conversions
(when each process/conversion is performed,
the hardware is referred to with a particular
name):
| Conversion |
Common
Names |
| AC-to-DC |
Rectifier |
| DC-to-AC* |
Inverter |
DC-to-DC
|
“boost,”
“buck,” “buck-boost,”
“chopper,” etc. |
| AC-to-AC |
”cycloconverters” |
*The most common type
of conversion is DC-to-AC (inversion);
e.g., converting DC power from a storage
device into AC power for use by a utility
grid or other end-user.
Performing the conversions requires
some essential hardware: a control system,
semiconductor switches, thermal management
devices, protection devices, magnetics
such as transformers and filters, DC
and AC disconnects, and enclosures.
Taken together, this hardware is referred
to as the power conversion system (PCS).
Power
Conversion Systems (PCS)
The PCS is a vital part of all energy
storage systems. It interfaces the energy
storage, the energy storage device and
the load (the end-user). PCS cost is
significant and it can be greater than
25% of the overall energy storage system.
PCS cost range from $100/kW for UPS
markets to $1200/kW for Standalone markets
have been seen. Some of the major PCS
markets include:
• motor
drives
• power
supplies
• UPS (uninterruptible
power supply)
• electric
vehicles
• inverters/converters
for solar-hybrid systems, micro-turbines,
fuel cells, wind turbines
However, PCS technology has been evolving
slowly due to the limited DER market.
As a result, PCS cost has been high
with low profit margins and the manufacturing
volume has been low impacting reliability
and quality of the PCS designs. What
is needed is a significant reduction
in overall cost with improved reliability,
development of state-of-the-art PCS
with multiple uses, which increases
production volumes for DER applications,
improve controls and adaptability, and
improve manufacturing.
DOE
Energy Storage Systems Program Involvement
Sandia, representing DOE’s Energy
Storage Systems Program (ESSP), is partnering
with industry and educational institutions
to develop state-of-the-art PCS. This
includes lower cost, increasing reliability,
improved control philosophy, better
integration to energy storage devices,
and more efficient packaging and manufacturing
for the PCS. Such efforts by the ESSP
are instrumental in providing benefits
for all energy users and helping to
secure our nation’s energy supply.
Current
PCS projects include:
Project
|
Description |
Partner(s) |
| ETO
(Emitter Turn-Off)-based converter
switch for energy storage systems
|
Development
of a low cost/highly reliable/low
footprint ETO-based converter for
high power utility applications |
Concept/prototype:
Virginia Tech
Manufacturability: American Competitiveness
Institute (ACI)
Testing: Navy Surface Warfare Center
and Tennessee Valley Authority |
| Alternative
RGS System Designs to Improve Battery
Performance |
Develop
and validate integrated devices
that will improve system reliability
and component performance, and reduce
the life-cycle-costs of continuous
power systems, such as renewable
generation systems (RGS). |
Electrochemical
Engineering Consultants, Inc. (EECI)
|
|
Integration &
Testing of Energy Storage with Flexible
AC Transmission System (FACTS) Devices |
Exploration
of the operational enhancement of
a power transmission system by integrating
a battery energy storage system
(BESS) into a variety of Flexible
AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. |
University of Missouri
at Rolla |
Hardware
Prototype of Device to Improve
Transient Loadability of
Distributed Energy
Resources (DER) |
Development of a
laboratory prototype for an energy
storage-based device that will improve
transient loadability of Distributed
Energy Resources (DER) |
New Mexico State University (NMSU) |
|
Optically Isolated
Inverters for DER Applications |
Development
of the first optically isolated/interconnected,
high-power, cascaded inverter for
Distributed Energy Resource applications,
based upon recent advances in optical
sensors, optical interconnects,
and High-Voltage Integrated Gate
Bipolar Transistors (HV-IGBT). |
Airak,
Inc. |
Sandia
National Laboratories maintains an extensive
technical library of publications that
detail ESS involvement in PCS. For example:
SAND98-2019 — Summary
of State-of-the-Art Power Conversion
Systems for Energy Storage Applications
http://infoserve.sandia.gov/sand_doc/1998/982019.pdf
For questions or more details
contact: Stan
Atcitty
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