Site Name: ANODYNE, INC
EPA ID: FLD981014368 EPA Region: 04 Metro Statistical Area: 5000
1270 NW 165 STREET, MIAMI, FL 33169
Operable Unit: 01
ROD ID: EPA/ROD/R04-93/140 ROD Date: 06/17/93
Contaminant: VOCs, Other Organics, Metals
Keys: Air Stripping; Arsenic; Background Levels; Carbon Adsorption (GAC); Carcinogenic Compounds; Chromium; Clean Water Act; Contingent Remedy; Direct Contact; Excavation; Filling; Ground Water; Ground Water Monitoring; Ground Water Treatment; Incineration/Thermal Destruction; Lead; MCLGs; MCLs; Metals; Offsite Disposal; Offsite Treatment; Onsite Discharge; Onsite Treatment; Organics; PAHs; PCBs, PCE; Pesticides; Safe Drinking Water Act; Soil; Sole-Source Aquifer; Solidification/Stabilization; Solvents; State Standards/Regulations; TCE; Toluene; Treatability Studies; Treatment Technology; VOCs; Water Quality Criteria; Xylenes
Abstract:
The 4.25-acre Anodyne site is a former manufacturing facility in the Sunshine State Industrial Park, Dade County, Florida. Land use in the area is mixed residential, commercial, and industrial, with the nearest residential areas one mile north and west of the site. The site overlies the Biscayne aquifer, a shallow water table aquifer that serves as the sole source of drinking water for Dade and Broward counties. From 1960 to 1978, Anodyne, Inc. used the site for manufacturing anodized aluminum products, lithographs, and silk screen prints; embossing; and die and diamond cutting and laminating. Process waste was discharged via pipes through the building wall directly onto the ground. Waste discharged along the southwest side of the building reportedly flowed overland and pooled in a low-lying area approximately 100 feet south of the Anodyne building. A 10-inch diameter, 90-foot deep well, located adjacent to the building, was used as an injection well to dispose of waste from the manufacturing process. In 1970, an EPA investigation showed that the facility was using a wastewater pretreatment system to provide pH control of process effluent prior to discharge into the municipal wastewater treatment plant. In 1973, a State investigation documented numerous instances where raw process chemicals and process waste were discharged accidentally and/or intentionally onto the ground surface in proximity to the site. These discharges included overflow of caustic and acid holding tanks onto the ground, spent naptha solvent in the surface soil from cleaning machinery, disposal onsite of asphalt residue from equipment cleaning, discharge from the art department sink, and discharge of sewer wastes onto the ground. As a result of investigations in 1992, EPA learned that spent solvents from anodizing tanks drained outside onto the ground, and that metals were cleaned and prepared for printing using TCE and PCE. Subsequent to the closing of the facility in 1978, the Anodyne building and property were purchased, in 1980 and 1985, respectively, by 745 Property Investments. Based on disposal history and the potential for environmental contamination at the site, EPA conducted a series of investigations in 1985 and 1986. Results of the remedial investigation revealed the presence of two distinct zones of contamination in the Biscayne aquifer. The upper (shallow) zone, "zone 1," (i.e., water table to approximately 20 feet below land surface) is comprised of several metals. The lower (deep) zone, "zone 2," (i.e., 55 to 95 feet below land surface) is primarily comprised of chlorinated VOCs originating from the deep injection well. This ROD addresses a first and final remedy for the contaminated soil and ground water at the site. The primary contaminants of concern affecting the soil and ground water are VOCs, including PCE, TCE, toluene, and xylenes; other organics, including PAHs, PCBs, and pesticides; and metals, including arsenic, chromium, and lead.
SELECTED REMEDIAL ACTION: The selected remedial action for this site includes excavating approximately 5,000 yd[3] of contaminated soil to the depth of the water table to the lateral extent where the contaminant levels for the indicator chemicals (chromium, lead, and nickel) do not exceed cleanup criteria; treating contaminated soil offsite using solidification/stabilization; backfilling the excavated area with clean fill and revegetating; allowing ground water in the upper portion of the aquifer to naturally attenuate; extracting and treating contaminated ground water from the lower portion of the aquifer onsite, using air stripping to remove organics; using fume incineration or carbon adsorption to treat the VOC residuals from the treated water, if necessary; reinjecting the treated water back into the Biscayne aquifer; and monitoring ground water periodically until the performance standards are met; providing for a contingency remedy for the upper portion of the aquifer by extracting and treating ground water onsite using chemical precipitation/pH adjustment, followed by a clarification and filtration process, offsite disposal of residuals, and reinjection of the filtered water into the aquifer, if the contaminant levels are not reduced by natural attenuation. Pending results of a treatability study, the deep ground water may be treated with ultraviolet chemical oxidation. The estimated present worth cost for this remedial action is $20,726,000, which includes an estimated annual O&M cost of $2,873,000. The estimated present worth cost for the contingent remedy is $4,854,000.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS OR GOALS: Soil excavation standards are based on detected levels of three representative chemicals, and include chromium 11 mg/kg; lead 31 mg/kg; and nickel 0 mg/kg. Chemical-specific ground water natural attenuation goals for the upper zone ground water are based on the ability of three representative chemicals to meet State and Federal MCLs in two to six years, and include chromium 100 ug/l; lead 15 ug/l; and nickel 100 ug/l. Chemical- specific ground water cleanup goals for the lower zone ground water are based on Federal and State MCLs, and include PCE 3 ug/l; TCE 3 ug/l; 1,2-DCE 70 ug/l; and vinyl chloride 1 ug/l.
INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS: Not applicable.
Remedy:
This remedy is the first, and is intended to be the final, remedial action at the site. The remedial action is intended to reduce risks to human health by abating the threat posed by the contaminated groundwater. The response action should reduce risks to human health by collecting and treating contaminated groundwater to levels consistent with federal and state drinking water standards. While the goal of this response action is intended to restore the portion of the aquifer affected by the Site, information gained during the implementation of the action may reveal that it is technically impracticable to achieve health-based standards throughout the area affected by the Site. Should this occur, the selection of another remedy or waiver of applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements may be appropriate.
The major components of the selected remedy are as follows:
* Hydrogeologic and water quality studies, as necessary, as part of the remedial design to verify the extent of the volatile organic groundwater contamination plume and aid in the sizing, number, and location of wells for the recovery of contaminated groundwater,
* Treatability study to assess the potential application of an innovative technology to treat the volatile organic contaminated groundwater,
* Collection of volatile organic contaminated groundwater via recovery wells from the lower portion of the Biscayne aquifer; onsite treatment via air stripping with emission control as needed; onsite injection of treated effluent into the Biscayne aquifer,
* Excavation and offsite disposal of contaminated soils to facilitate shallow groundwater restoration; pumping and treating of shallow groundwater, as necessary, to reduce levels to within cleanup standards,
* Monitoring of groundwater,
* The total present worth cost for the selected remedy is estimated at $25,580,000.