Presentations and Posters

In the case of multiple authors, only presenters' names are listed here.

Monday, October 17

Monday, October 17 | Tuesday, October 18 | Wednesday, October 19 | Posters | Top

Plenary Session

[MP3 audio, 1:24:57, 38.8 MB]

Session 1: Policy and Economics of Electrical Energy Storage (EES)

Chair: T. Vassallo, Univ. of Sydney [MP3 audio, 56:50, 26.0 MB]

• Don't Forget That: Past, Present, and Future Philosophy for Energy Storage, Price, A. - Swanbarton, Ltd. [Show Summary]
  Most of the deployment of large-scale electrical energy storage took place between 20 and 30 years ago under different commercial and regulatory regimes. As pressure increases to access specific applications for electricity storage, it is appropriate to consider the role of storage in power system planning and the similarities between electricity storage and other storage processes.  [Hide Summary]
• The Impacts of Regulation, Policy, and Advanced Technologies, and Market Dynamics on the Deployment of Energy Storage Processes, Miller, G. - Hudson Clean Energy Partners [Show Summary]
  This presentation covers applications that use a variety of battery chemistries that function as electrical energy storage management system for grid support purposes. The paper focuses on the Public Service of New Mexico project that deployed a 1-MW storage system using advanced lead acid and ultra batteries. The paper also describes additional grid scale (>1 MW) storage projects that are being installed using lithium-ion, sodium-nickel, and sodium-sulfur batteries.  [Hide Summary]
• Evaluating Modular Distributed Electricity Resources for Utility Transmission and Distribution Upgrade Deferral and Life Extension, Eyer, J. - Distributed Utility Assoc. [Show Summary]
  This paper documents an investigation, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, of the prospects for modular electricity storage (MES) used to defer expensive upgrades to electric utility transmission and distribution (T&D) facilities or to extend the useful life of existing equipment. Resulting benefits could provide the basis for attractive distributed energy resources (DER) value propositions, especially for distributed generation (DG) and distributed storage.  [Hide Summary]

Session 2: Grid Applications of EES

Chair: P. Kulkarni, CEC [MP3 audio, 56:59, 26.0 MB]

• Grid-Supporting Battery Energy Storage Systems in the Low-Voltage Distribution Grid, Geth, F. - K.U.Leuven, Belgium [Show Summary]
  The integration of renewable energy sources into the distribution grid may cause more profound voltage deviations and overloading of grid elements. In certain countries (for example, Belgium), a lot of photovoltaic systems are connected to the low-voltage distribution grid at household residences. These renewable energy sources may cause excessive voltage increase at times when also the load is low (for example, during a weekday in summer). If the voltage increases above a certain limit, the photovoltaic systems are forced to stop injecting the energy into the grid. Battery energy storage systems can be installed to solve such a problem. Furthermore, battery energy storage systems can be applied for other goals throughout the grid; for example, electricity cost optimization and peak shaving at the household, feeder, or transformer level. Control systems for providing such services are developed in a multilayered approach: from real-time control of the semiconductor components switching to the long-term optimization in grid planning.  [Hide Summary]
• Enabling Renewable Energy Transmission - Advanced Carbon Energy Storage System for Transmission Utilization Improvement, Anderson, J. - C&D Technologies, Inc. [Show Summary]
  Advanced Lead Carbon Energy Storage Systems (ALCESS) are particularly well suited for increasing renewable energy transmission in the electric grid. In general, congestion on the grid limits the flow of low marginal cost renewable generation to load. Reducing congestion at transmission bottlenecks is the most effective way of improving flows of low-cost renewable generation to urban areas. In this application, the ALCESS is located at a congestion point to provide back-up energy storage during a contingency event, thereby allowing the congestion point's post-contingent limit to be increased by the capacity of the energy storage system. While the ALCESS is only deployed periodically, during a contingency, it allows the system operators to utilize a greater fraction of the congestion point's transmission capacity – thereby reducing congestion at that location and facilitating the flow of low marginal cost renewable generation.  [Hide Summary]
• Determining Storage Reserves for Regulating Solar Variability on the Electric Power Grid, Norris, B. - Clean Power Research [Show Summary]
  A foremost technical challenge of accepting high levels of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy onto the state power grids is the high speed variability of PV caused by cloud transients. This paper presents a unique approach to quantifying PV variability by using satellite-derived solar data. The methodology uses advanced algorithms for tracking cloud patterns, calculating PV plant correlation coefficients, and quantifying diversification effects. The quantification activity can be used at the control area level to allow grid operators to forecast PV fleet output and to quantify fleet variability.  [Hide Summary]
• Recent Applications of Sodium-Sulfur (NAS) Battery System in the United States and In Japan, Hatta, T. - NGK Insulators, Japan [Show Summary]
  NGK's sodium-sulfur (NAS) battery is an advanced energy storage system developed for power grid applications. Megawatt scale NAS Battery Systems were first operated in field more than 10 years ago. Although the basic design concept of NAS battery cells and modules has not changed, the technology has been improved through many field demonstrations and commercial installations. Initially, the target application for NAS batteries was load leveling, and that remains its primary use. Later, NAS batteries began to be used as standby power sources with load leveling capability. Recently, NAS Battery applications have focused on stabilizing fluctuating power from renewable energy resources, such as wind turbines or photovoltaic generators. More than 300 MW of NAS Battery Systems have been installed globally. This paper addresses a NAS demonstration project in U.S. and a new, very large project in Japan.  [Hide Summary]

Session 3: UK Research - Innovative Technologies

Chair: J. Boyes [MP3 audio, 1:11:24, 32.6 MB]

• Techno-Economic Modeling of a Utility Scale Redox Flow Battery System, Roberts, E.P.L. - Univ. of Manchester [Show Summary]
A one-dimensional numerical model has been developed for redox flow battery (RFB) systems with bipolar flow-by electrodes, soluble redox couples, and recirculating batch operation. Overpotential losses were estimated from the Butler-Volmer equation, accounting for mass-transfer. The model predicted the variation in concentration and current along the electrode and determined the charge-discharge efficiency, energy density, and power density. The model was validated using data obtained from a pilot-scale polysulphide-bromine (PSB) system commercialized by Regenesys Technologies (UK) Ltd. The model was able to predict cell performance, species concentration, current distribution, and electrolyte deterioration for the Regenesys system. Based on 2006 prices, the system was predicted to make a net loss of 0.45 p kWh^-1 at an optimum current density of 500 A m^-2 and an energy efficiency of 64%. The economic viability was found to be strongly sensitive to the kinetics, capital costs, and the electrical energy price differential.  [Hide Summary]
• Substrates for the Positive Electrode Reaction in the Zinc-Cerium Redox Flow Battery, Berlouis, L.E.A. - C-Tech Innovation, Ltd. [Show Summary]
The key to maintaining the high open circuit values of the zinc-cerium redox flow battery during charge and discharge is to minimize the overpotential losses by careful choice of electrodes and current densities employed as well as cell design. This study examined the positive electrode reaction on a variety of electrode substrates consisting of coatings of platinum, platinum/iridium, and titanium/tantalum on titanium substrates as well as commercial DSAs in order to assess the electron transfer kinetics of the Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ reaction and so allow benchmarking for future developments to take place.  [Hide Summary]
• The Development of Flow Batteries from Proof of Concept to Pilot Scale, Wills, Dr. R. - Univ. of Southampton, UK [Show Summary]
Flow batteries have been suggested for applications such as the integration of renewable energy technologies, stand-by power, and as a tool for improving power transmission/distribution in electricity networks. A large number of chemistries have been identified, some of which are under commercial development, while others have only been characterized on a small laboratory scale or are impractical. The chemical and engineering challenges associated with developing a flow battery from proof of concept to a commercial system are discussed. Performance data from chemistries currently being developed at the University of Southampton will be used to provide specific examples of flow battery operation and development.  [Hide Summary]
• Temperature Dependence of Key Performance Indicators for Aqueous Electrochemical Capacitors Containing Nanostructured Birnessite Manganese Dioxide, Slade, R.C.T. - Univ. of Surrey, UK [Show Summary]
Birnessite has been made in a number of morphologies through variation of reaction conditions in a simple templated hydrothermal synthesis. After processing into electrodes and testing in hybrid supercapacitor cells, good cyclability and a range of specific capacitances were observed. The most promising material, a birnessite nanotube, was extensively electrochemically tested at elevated temperatures. An increase in specific capacitance from around 250 to 450 F g^-1 was observed as the temperature was raised from 30 to 80 °C. There was a drop in specific capacitance with cycling at elevated temperatures and inferences have been drawn regarding the effects of both cycling and time spent at elevated temperatures.  [Hide Summary]

Tuesday, October 18

Monday, October 17 | Tuesday, October 18 | Wednesday, October 19 | Posters | Top

Plenary Session

[MP3 audio, 9:45, 4.47 MB]

Session 4: EES Electrochemistry

Chair: C. Lamontagne, Navigant [MP3 audio, 1:18:24, 35.9 MB]

• Exploration and Practice of Energy Storage Technology in Shanghai, Yu, Z. - Tech. & Dev. Ctr. of Shanghai [Show Summary]
The article discusses the necessity of applying energy storage technology in a large urban grid and the achievements in the key technologies in the Shanghai grid. The Shanghai Caoxi Energy Conversion Exhibit Station is a comprehensive demonstration base for the pilot project of the smart grid in Expo 2010 by the State Grid (SGCC).  [Hide Summary]
• Applying a Variety of Battery Chemistries for Energy Storage, Roberts, B. - S & C Electric [Show Summary]
This presentation covers applications that use a variety of battery chemistries that function as electrical energy storage management system for grid support purposes. The paper focuses on the Public Service of New Mexico project that deployed a 1-MW storage system using advanced lead acid and ultra batteries. The paper also describes additional grid scale (>1 MW) storage projects that are being installed using lithium-ion, sodium-nickel, and sodium-sulfur batteries.  [Hide Summary]
• MetILs: A Family of Metal Ionic Liquids for Redox Flow Batteries, Anderson, T. - SNL [Show Summary]
We present a new family of metal based ionic liquids (MetILs) for use in flow battery applications. These materials are synthesized in a single step by simply heating a metal salt in the presence of a ligand containing multiple polarizable functional groups. The utility of this reaction has allowed a wide range of metal cation, anion and ligand combinations to be prepared and electrochemically characterized. Compounds consisting of manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, or cerium coordination cations and weakly coordinating anions such as 2-ethylhexanoate, triflate, triflimide have been combined with alkanolamines to give room temperature ionic liquids. These ionically conductive materials act as both electrolyte and as the electroactive, charge storing, species. The results presented highlight the fundamental chemical concepts behind the formation of the materials as well as focus on physical and electrochemical properties.  [Hide Summary]

Session 5: Emerging Energy Storage Technology

Chair: M. Sira, Kohler Co. [MP3 audio, 1:09:00, 31.5 MB]

• Zinc/Air - A Low-Cost, Long-Life, and Safe Battery Technology, Oster, M. - Eos Energy Storage [Show Summary]
Zinc (Zn)/Air batteries are inherently low-cost and energy-dense. The air electrode enables oxygen in ambient air to be used as the oxidizing cathode reactant that does not need to be carried on board – saving materials cost and volume. Eos Energy Storage will present its research and developments in Zn/ir battery architecture, electrolyte, catalyst, and materials that the company believes resolves Zn/Air's historic recharge limitation. With long life (potential up to 10,000 cycles/30 years at full depth of discharge) and with 6 hours storage, Eos believes that its Zn/Air technology could become one of the lowest-cost-per-kilowatt hour (kWh) battery technologies.  [Hide Summary]
• The Aqueous Electrolyte Sodium Ion Battery: A Low-Cost Solution From Aquion Energy, Whitacre, J. - Aquion Energy [Show Summary]
A new low-cost energy storage solution is presented that is based on an alkali-ion manganese-oxide intercalation cathode (positive electrode) and low-cost activated carbon anode (negative electrode). The electrolyte is a neutral pH solution containing dissolved sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and the battery current collection and packaging system is comprised of low-cost materials produced and processed by highly scalable manufacturing techniques. Results presented include a description of the device and materials, an assessment of battery performance, and a description of ongoing large-scale demonstration projects.  [Hide Summary]
• Thermal Energy Storage as an Enabling Technology for Renewable Energy, Denholm, P. - NREL [Show Summary]
Many energy storage technology assessments ignore the potential use of thermal energy storage (TES) as a method of increasing the penetration of solar and other renewables. We examined two forms of TES in this work: the use of TES with concentrating solar power (CSP) and TES for space cooling. Both applications add several advantages over conventional electricity storage technologies. Simulations of large-scale deployment of combinations of CSP/TES, photovoltaic, and wind were performed, examining the feasible contributions of renewable sources, considering the limits of thermal generation and system flexibility.  [Hide Summary]
• Advanced Electrochemical Storage RD&D at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for Renewable Integration and Grid Applications, Yang, Z. - PNNL [Show Summary]
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has conducted extensive research and development in the past few years in electrical energy storage for renewable integration and grid applications. The efforts have been supported by the Department of Energy Office of Electricity and Energy Reliability (DOE-OE), Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E), and internal funding, with focus on electrochemical storage technologies or batteries that include redox flow, sodium (Na)-metal halide and unique lithium (Li)-ion batteries, as well as some new concepts. To transform science to technologies, PNNL is closely working with industries in developing advanced components, cells, and prototypes. Our grid analytics help define the needs with the U.S. grid, which also guides the storage technology research, development, and demonstration (RD&D). This paper offers an overview and update on the progress of our efforts in various battery RD&D for the stationary applications.  [Hide Summary]

Session 6: Power Electronics

Chair: A. Price, Swanbarton [MP3 audio, 1:28:20, 40.4 MB]

• Battery Module Balancing with a Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter, Senesky, M. - National Semiconductor [Show Summary]
Electrochemical advances in lithium-ion batteries are now being complemented by advances in battery management systems (BMSs). The larger-format lithium-ion storage systems can require significant control of module balance levels, as well as temperatures and other safety parameters. Most BMSs use passive balancing, where modest amounts of energy are allowed to bleed from stronger cells to adjust average per-cell charge over a long time period. The balancing of such systems is slow and reduces battery system efficiency. In addition, virtually all BMS solutions suffer from a high degree of vulnerability to a single component fault. This paper describes an active battery module balancing system based on a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter that improves the speed and efficiency of balancing, while providing fault tolerance in some situations.  [Hide Summary]
• A Power Electronic Conditioner Using Electrochemical Capacitors to Improve Wind Turbine Power Quality, Crow, M. - Missouri S&T [Show Summary]
The large variability in wind output power can adversely impact local loads that are sensitive to poor power quality. To mitigate large swings in power, the wind turbine output power can be conditioned by using a small energy buffer. A power conditioner is developed to smooth the wind power output by utilizing the energy of an electrochemical capacitor, or ultracapacitor. The conditioner is based on a single phase voltage source inverter connected between the grid interconnection point and the ultracapacitor. The VSI shunt inverter injects or absorbs active power from the line to smooth the wind power output by utilizing the short term storage capabilities of the ultracapacitor. The ultracapacitor is connected to the DC link through a bidirectional DC-DC converter. The bidirectional DC-DC converter and VSI are constructed and field tested on a Skystream 3.7 wind turbine installed at the Missouri University of Science & Technology.  [Hide Summary]
• Degradation Mechanisms and Characterization Techniques in Silicon Carbide MOSFETs at High-Temperature Operation, Kaplar, R. - SNL [Show Summary]
Silicon carbide (SiC) has generated keen interest as a material of choice for power electronic devices. A commercially available SiC metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) provides a blocking voltage of 1200 volts, maximum DC current capability of 33 amps, and on-state resistance Ron of 80 milliohms. However, the reliability of the silicon oxide (SiO2) insulator on SiC at high temperature is an open question. The predominant degradation trends in this MOSFET under high-temperature overvoltage and pulsed overcurrent stress are reported in this work. We also describe the development of a microcontroller-based condition monitoring module that can track changes in the semiconductor device characteristics in order to improve real-world system availability.  [Hide Summary]
• Sanyo's Smart Energy System with a 1.5-Megawatt Hour Lithium-Ion Battery and 1-Megawatt Photovoltaic Solar System, Hanafusa, H. - SANYO Electric Co., Ltd. [Show Summary]
SANYO has developed a Smart Energy System (SES), which can generate, store, and consume green energy effectively and efficiently. At the SANYO Kasai Plant in Hyogo prefecture in Japan, we installed a 1MW PV solar system, a 1.5MWh Li-ion battery system, energy management systems that efficiently control equipment and a Smart Energy System, which combines and coordinates all of these systems to maximize energy efficiency. The key component of the Smart Energy System is the Li-ion battery system using three hundred thousand Li-ion cells typically found in laptop computers. The newly developed battery management system can control numerous cells as if they are just one single battery. We realize carbon zero-emissions in the on-site administration building and are able to reduce 15% peak demand of the whole factory by using our Smart Energy System.  [Hide Summary]
• Ultra-High-Voltage Silicon-Carbide (SiC) Thyristors - Next-Generation Power Electronics Building Blocks, Singh, R. - GeneSiC Semiconductor [Show Summary]
Advanced power electronics hardware requiring ultra-high-voltage (>6.5 kilovolts [kV]), high-current (>50 amperes) switches have limited alternatives. Present silicon-based bipolar devices like insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), gate turn-off (GTO) thyristors, integrated gate-commutated thyristors (IGCTs), and emitter turn-off (ETO) thyristors suffer from low switching speeds, low junction temperature, poor paralleling behavior, lack of effective gate control, long repetitive recovery times (t_q), and a low theoretical upper limit (~10 kV) of device voltage rating. Silicon carbide (SiC)-based double-junction injecting devices like thyristors have the potential to alleviate many of these limitations by offering lower V_F, multi-kHz switching, and ease of paralleling since they require thinner/higher-doped epitaxial layers with smaller carrier lifetimes, and low intrinsic carrier densities to achieve a given device blocking voltage. These capabilities are expected to usher in a revolution in power electronics hardware for the utility grid, as well as pulsed power applications within the next decade.  [Hide Summary]

Session 7: Modeling & Simulation of EES

Chair: G. Huff, SNL [MP3 audio, 1:18:11, 31.2 MB]

• Widespread Deployment of Electric Storage in the Industrial and Manufacturing Sectors, Scalzo, P. - EMB Energy, Inc. [Show Summary]
An overview summary of a proprietary deterministic model developed to assess the intrinsic and extrinsic values of electric storage deployed behind the fence at large industrial and manufacturing facilities is presented.  [Hide Summary]
• Modeling of PV Plus Storage for Public Service Company of New Mexico's Prosperity Energy Storage Project, Lavrova, O. - UNM [Show Summary]
The Public Service Company of New Mexico (PNM), in collaboration with other partners, has a demonstration project under way that will couple an advanced lead acid battery with the output of a 500-kW photovoltaic (PV) installation. The main objectives of this project are demonstration of power peak shifting from the typical mid-day peak by planned ("slow") action from the battery and simultaneous smoothing of the PV plant that lead to the optimal Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) as well as optimal lifetime of the battery. Once installed, the system will be tested in various configurations to validate predicted models.  [Hide Summary]
• Optimization Routine for Energy Storage Dispatch Scheduling in Grid-Connected, Combined Photovoltaic-Storage Systems, Washom, B. - Univ. of California San Diego [Show Summary]
We considered a simplified photovoltaic storage (PVS) system, in which a PV array and a battery are connected to the electricity grid via a lossless DC-AC inverter, with the goal to determine the optimal energy dispatch schedule for the battery to achieve load peak shaving such that the net PVS system power output meets or exceeds the customer load peak. We applied a nonlinear, mathematical programming routine with receding horizon optimization to compute the optimum dispatch schedule for the energy stored in the battery. Our analysis shows that the application of solar forecasting to the energy storage dispatch problem results in significant financial savings when compared with a simple off-peak/on-peak scenario.  [Hide Summary]
• Numerical Analysis on the Temperature Distribution in the Molten Sodium-Sulfur Battery Module, Min, J. - Pusan Nat'l Univ., Korea [Show Summary]
The sodium-sulfur battery cell operates at a high-temperature condition of 290 °C to 350 °C to use molten-liquid-state electrodes. The battery module consists of multiple cells and the corresponding thermal management system such as heaters and insulations. The optimal design of the thermal management system is essential in order to achieve uniform temperature distribution inside the module, and the overall energy efficiency of the module is directly dependent on the heat dissipation of the casing. In the present study, a new numerical model for the thermal analysis of sodium-sulfur battery module has been suggested. The heat generation of the cell was modeled based on the electrochemical reaction process of the battery. The thermal properties of the cell such as thermal conductivity and thermal capacity were also modeled by using the one-dimensional thermal network analysis and available test results. Using these equivalent thermal models of the cell, the three-dimensional temperature distribution inside the battery module could be predicted by solving the thermal energy conservation equation numerically. The distribution of temperature and the thermal energy efficiency of the battery module for different arrangements of the cells and heaters are summarized.  [Hide Summary]

Wednesday, October 19

Monday, October 17 | Tuesday, October 18 | Wednesday, October 19 | Posters | Top

Session 8: Emerging EES Technologies

Chair: B. Washom, UCSD [MP3 audio, 1:06:40, 30.5 MB]

• A New Fe/V Redox Flow Battery, Li, L. - PNNL [Show Summary]
A novel redox flow battery using Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ and V²⁺/V³⁺ redox couples in chloride supporting electrolyte and in chloric/sulfuric mixed-acid supporting electrolyte was investigated for potential stationary energy storage applications. The iron/vanadium (Fe/V) redox flow cell using mixed reactant solutions operated within a voltage window of 0.5~1.35 volts with a nearly 100% utilization ratio and demonstrated stable cycling over 100 cycles with energy efficiency > 80% and almost no capacity fading. Stable performance was achieved in the temperature range between 0 °C and 50 °C. Unlike the iron/chromium (Fe/Cr) redox flow battery that operates at an elevated temperature of 65 °C, the necessity of external heat management is eliminated. The improved electrochemical performance makes the Fe/V redox flow battery a promising option as a stationary energy storage device to enable renewable integration and stabilization of the electric grid.  [Hide Summary]
• Lifetime of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries, Schreiber, M. - Cellstrom GmbH, Austria [Show Summary]
Flow batteries in general and the vanadium redox flow battery in particular exhibit potentially long lifetimes. This is mostly because that most of the energy is stored outside the electrochemical cells and the all vanadium-containing electrolytes do not decay from cross-contamination. However, shift in vanadium valency due to membrane leakage, membrane aging, increase in internal resistance, and parasitic side reactions will influence the battery capacity and require service action to rebalance the electrolyte. But unlike in conventional secondary batteries, the full capacity can be restored repeatedly. Service lifetime depends very much on the application, and thus it is advised to rather use the term "application service life" since the same battery will achieve different service lifetimes in different applications. This presentation will deal with lifetime considerations from the technical, application, practical, and economic point of view.  [Hide Summary]
• Demonstration of Energy Storage Using A Breakthrough Redox Flow Battery Technology, Horne, C. - EnerVault Corp. [Show Summary]
Stationary energy storage applications that provide multiple-hour duration capability present a large and growing market opportunity. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are an existing technology with intrinsic characteristics providing a high degree of safety. EnerVault is developing RFB energy storage systems based on its patented Engineered Cascade™ technology with a combination of safety, reliability, and cost-effectiveness that satisfies the requirements for multiple-hour duration energy storage applications. This paper describes the advantages of EnerVault’s RFB system architecture.  [Hide Summary]

Session 9: EES Demonstrations

Chair: T. Aselage, SNL [MP3 audio, 1:10:01, 32.0 MB]

• Commercialization of Silicon Carbide Power Modules for High-Performance Energy Applications, Hornberger, J. - APEI [Show Summary]
Over the past ten years, Arkansas Power Electronics International (APEI), Inc., has been developing advanced next-generation power electronics capabilities through the design and implementation of silicon carbide (SiC)-based systems and platforms. SIC has the capability to reduce electrical energy waste by more than 90% and simultaneously reduce power electronics system size and weights by up to an order of magnitude, and it is poised to completely revolutionize the power electronics industry and reduce our dependence on foreign energy. The demands of modern high-performance power electronics systems are rapidly surpassing the power density, efficiency, and reliability limitations defined by the intrinsic properties of silicon-based semiconductors. The advantages of SiC are well known, including high temperature operation, high-voltage blocking capability, high-speed switching, and high-energy efficiency.  [Hide Summary]
• Second-Generation Compressed Air Energy Storage Technology Meeting Renewable Energy/Smart Grid Requirements, Nakhamkin, M. - Energy Storage & Power, LLC [Show Summary]
The Second-Generation Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES2) technology is seriously considered by a number of power generation utilities that are moving toward execution of the CAES2 projects. Dr. Michael Nakhamkin presented at the Mega-Session of the PowerGen 2010 the fundamentals of the Compressed Air Energy Storage Technology from the first 110-megawatt (MW) CAES project in Alabama to the second generation of CAES2 co-sponsored by Department of Energy (DOE) for two upcoming CAES projects.  [Hide Summary]
• Systems Integration Strategies for the 10-kWh Redflow Zinc Bromine Battery Module, Hickey, S. - RedFlow Limited [Show Summary]
RedFlow has deployed its commercial flow battery, the 10-kilowatt hour (kWh) zinc bromine module (ZBM), in progressively more sophisticated and reliable packaged energy storage systems. RedFlow's system integration engineers have progressively adopted these products and, with some assistance from the relevant manufacturers, have developed strong and reliable packaged energy storage systems based on ZBMs. This paper reviews the evolution of this product strategy through four products deployed by RedFlow in both grid-connected and off-grid applications.  [Hide Summary]
• Managing the State of Charge of Energy Storage Systems Used for Frequency Regulation, Lazarewicz, M. - Beacon Power Corp. [Show Summary]
This paper summarizes approaches used by Independent System Operators (ISOs) and Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) in managing the state of charge of energy storage systems used for frequency regulation (an ancillary service supporting power balance on the grid). Two different approaches have evolved and been tested and will be summarized. This paper uses commercial field data to show the benefits of fast performance, to highlight lessons learned, and to suggest how to best use the assets in the future.  [Hide Summary]

Session 10: EES Special Applications

Chair: R. Guttromson, SNL [MP3 audio, 1:11:45, 32.8 MB]

• Why Aren't We Building New, Grid-Scale Energy Storage Projects?, Manwaring, M. - HDR Engineering, Inc. [Show Summary]
Pumped storage hydropower is the most widely used energy storage application, with value in enabling the overall power system to operate more reliably and efficiently. With the growth in use of naturally variable energy sources worldwide, the energy storage industry will be challenged to address the need for rapidly responding, flexible generation sources combined with fast and ultra-fast response or energy storage to instantaneously balance electrical generation and load. This paper will discuss recent regulatory and technological developments that enable increased use of pumped storage hydropower.  [Hide Summary]
• Energy Storage -- A Cheaper, Faster, and Cleaner Alternative to Conventional Frequency Regulation, Damato, G. - StrateGen [Show Summary]
StrateGen Consulting completed a white paper for the California Energy Storage Alliance to conduct a side-by-side comparison of a natural-gas-fired combined cycle combustion turbine (CCGT) to a flywheel energy storage system for frequency regulation in California. The comparison includes performance, financial analysis, and emissions. Key findings from this analysis show energy storage is more effective at performing frequency regulation than a conventional CCGT, is a cleaner alternative to conventional plants with respect to air quality impacts, and is a more cost-effective alternative to conventional power plants performing frequency regulation.  [Hide Summary]
• Ultracapacitor Technology for Utility Applications, Burke, A. - Univ.of California-Davis [Show Summary]
This paper presents recent test data for the performance of new commercially available high-power energy storage devices like lithium batteries and ultracapacitors required by a number of utility applications. The paper also includes data for advanced prototype devices. All these devices discussed utilize carbon/carbon electrodes and an organic electrolyte with rated voltages of 2.7 to 2.85 volts.  [Hide Summary]
• Ultrabattery Storage Technology and Advanced Algorithms at the Megawatt Scale, Coppin, P. - CSIRO Energy Transformed, Australia [Show Summary]
UltraBattery technology, a combination of conventional valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) and super-capacitor technology, has reached system implementation at the megawatt (MW) scale. This has enabled the design and implementation of systems at the MW/megawatt hour (MWhr) scale for a variety of applications. Ecoult, working with CSIRO in Australia, has progressed technology characterization and application together through laboratory qualification and simulations through to MW scale. Refining the platform base provides the ability to bring real innovation to energy storage.  [Hide Summary]

Session 11: Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

Chair: J. Eyer, Distributed Utility Assoc. [MP3 audio, 47:19, 21.6 MB]

• New York State Electric and Gas American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Advanced Compressed Air Energy Storage Demonstration Plant - 2011 Status, Schainker, R. - EPRI [Show Summary]
This paper will present the current status of the New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG) Advanced Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Demonstration Plant Project. The NYSEG advanced CAES plant will use electricity to compress air into a mined salt cavern air storage system. The current status of the project presented in this paper will include an overview of the project’s management plan, technical architecture and engineering services, and economic energy market analysis services.  [Hide Summary]
• Iowa Stored Energy Park "Lessons From Iowa", Holst, K. - Iowa Stored Energy Park [Show Summary]
The Iowa Stored Energy Park organization has been developing a Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) site for several years. Funding from a combination of entities enabled investigative work such as extensive seismic surveys, several economic feasibility studies, three exploratory wells, and the physical and chemical analysis of core samples from the exploratory wells. This paper describes the associated work and findings.  [Hide Summary]
• Small-Scale Scalable Compressed Air Energy Storage System with Thermal Management, Simmons, J. H. - Univ. of Arizona [Show Summary]
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a promising technology for applications that vary from utility scale to single-family home. Studies presented in this report focus on small-scale systems with thermal management. The paper presents studies on calculations that optimize resource mixes to meet demand load, cost efficiency, scalable design, and system performance.  [Hide Summary]

Keynote Address and Closing Remarks

[MP3 audio, 15:11, 6.95 MB]

Posters

Monday, October 17 | Tuesday, October 18 | Wednesday, October 19 | Posters | Top

Monday, October 17

• A Battery Storage System for Distributed Demand Response in Rural Environments, McCann, R. - Univ. of Arkansas [Show Summary]
The research presented here investigates the potential benefits of implementing a distributed demand response (DDR) system that is configured for the circumstances encountered in rural environments. This paper presents the results of deploying four sets of 75-kWh battery distributed energy storage (BDES) systems. BDES systems are demonstrated to be effective in providing improved reliability and load management capability in meeting utility DDR objectives. The BDES defined in this paper were Developed by LGW Incorporated at residences located in Binger, Oklahoma, and Fayetteville, Arkansas. Two commercial facility installations have also been brought online.  [Hide Summary]
• The State/Federal Energy Storage Technology Advancement Partnership Project, Margolis, A. - Clean Energy States Alliance [Show Summary]
The Energy Storage Technology Advancement Partnership (ESTAP) is a new federal-state funding and information-sharing project that aims to accelerate the deployment of energy storage technologies in the United States. The value proposition for participating states is to work closely with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) on near-term joint funding and technology deployment, to join a network of leading states supporting energy storage technology, and to achieve faster progress in energy storage commercialization and economic development.  [Hide Summary]
• Applying Renewable Storage to the Commercial Environment, Hires, J. - GS Battery (USA) Inc. [Show Summary]
This poster will highlight the details of two recent projects GSB (GS Battery [USA] Inc.) has been involved in that combine renewable energy (photovoltaic energy in these cases) and battery storage in commercial environments. These projects were implemented to demonstrate the real-world benefits (electrical and economical) of coupling advanced battery storage technology with renewable energy technology.  [Hide Summary]
• Recent U.S. Policy and Legal Implications for Energy Storage vis-à-vis RPS Mandates, Hernandez, J. - SNL [Show Summary]
The fast-approaching implementation dates for United States Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) accelerate the need for a clear energy storage federal policy. Further, the evolution from a vertical electricity delivery system to a market-based design structure and the technical challenges to transform the existing system to the next-generation smart grid require large-scale energy storage installations. However, energy storage at the utility level has a multiple personality. For, depending on its application, commercial, megawatt-scale energy storage devices can provide generation support, transmission and distribution asset deferral, or supply ancillary services as a market function. Each of these roles for energy storage brings with it legal and policy questions.  [Hide Summary]
• Use of Storage to Mitigate Frequency Variations in a Load Frequency Control Model, Lim, M. - Univ. of Colorado at Boulder [Show Summary]
The increase of renewable and intermittent energy sources could lead to large frequency variations for a given utility. These variations can exceed grid parameters that either ensures proper operation of induction generators or that limit losses in power system components like transformers. A load-frequency control model that assumes reactive-voltage stability parts results in the reduction of excessive frequency variations due to use of renewable energy sources.  [Hide Summary]

Tuesday, October 18

• Silicon Nano-Scoop Anodes for High-Power Li-Ion Batteries, Koratkar, N. - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute [Show Summary]
We report on a functionally strain-graded carbon-aluminum-silicon (C-Al-Si) anode architecture that overcomes the poor performance of lithium-ion batteries with high-power applications involving ultrafast charging/discharging rates.  [Hide Summary]
• Economic and Cost Modeling of the Repurposing Electrical Vehicle Batteries for Stationary Storage Applications, Jaffe, S. - IDC Energy Insights [Show Summary]
Lithium (Li)-ion batteries represent a tremendous opportunity for vehicular and grid storage applications. When measured against other battery chemistries, Li-ion excels at high energy and power densities, while cycling at high efficiencies over long periods of time. Their primary weakness is the high manufacturing cost, which should come down over the next five years as manufacturing plants scale up. However, additional value and lower prices can be achieved if the Li-ion batteries are repurposed after their useful life in vehicles for other applications, primarily grid storage. This poster examines the chemistry and the economics behind repurposing vehicular battery packs for grid storage applications and includes a model for pricing the batteries and the impact of repurposing strategies on both the vehicular application and the grid storage application.  [Hide Summary]
• Experimental Approach for Thermal Modeling of Sodium-Sulfur Battery Based on Isothermal Chamber Test, Lee, C. - RIST, Korea [Show Summary]
In order to design the efficient system of the sodium-sulfur battery, the optimization of the thermal management system is essential because the cell is operating above 300 °C with the high-temperature condition. To figure out the thermal management of the system or battery module, the thermal modeling of the unit cell is a very basic and important step by observing the heat generation under the cyclic operation of the sodium-sulfur system. Basically, the reaction of the sodium-sulfur battery is quite complex during the charge and discharge of the cell. With the thermal system viewpoint, the reaction between sodium and sulfur is simplified to exothermic reaction when the cell is discharged and endothermic when it is charged. However, the thermal capacity of the cell needs to be clarified because the reaction of the cell is quite inhomogeneous along the cell. In this paper, the thermal properties of the cell such as thermal conductivity and thermal capacity were analyzed by the isothermal chamber experiment during the cyclic performance test in a certain range of operation. An experimental setup was developed that allows the investigation of the temperature response of the cell by using the calorimeter concepts. To get the accurate response, the thermal loss should be minimized throughout the whole experiment. Based on the research, the sodium-sulfur cell can be modeled by the heat source with various thermal capacities by the operation schedule.  [Hide Summary]
• Preliminary Findings of National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Secondary-Use Project, Neubauer, J. - NREL [Show Summary]
The high cost of lithium-ion batteries is a major impediment to both the increased market share of electric vehicles (EVs) and the proliferation of energy storage on the grid. The reuse of EV propulsion batteries in grid-connected second-use applications following the end of their automotive service life may have the potential to offset the high cost of these batteries for both markets. In this paper we estimate the financial viability of battery second-use strategies, considering the effects of competitive technology, the costs to repurpose automotive batteries, the value and size of grid-connected energy storage markets, and the deployment rates of EVs.  [Hide Summary]
• Effects of Operating Parameters on the Single-Cell Performance of the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery for Energy Storage, Wu, Chun-Hsing - Green Energy and Environmental Research Lab. [Show Summary]
The purpose of this work is to study various operating parameters on the performance of a single cell. Those parameters are electrode compression pressure, electrode surface pretreatment, electrode configuration, electrode catalyst, and electrolyte composition. An electrode coated with catalyst improves cell performance. For example, electrolyte containing a high concentration of vanadyl ion is a significant improvement over electrolyte with low vanadyl ion (VO⁺²). On the other hand, however, concentrated electrolyte (4.0 M VOSO₄) is not stable at a high current operating condition.  [Hide Summary]

Wednesday, October 19

• PG&E Compressed Air Energy Storage in California, Narang, A. - PG&E [Show Summary]
The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an overview of Pacific Gas and Electric Company's (PG&E) initiative in evaluating the technical and economic feasibility of compressed air energy storage using porous rock reservoirs in California.  [Hide Summary]
• Characterization and Assessment of Novel Bulk Storage Technologies, Agrawal, P. - Senetech/SRA International [Show Summary]
This paper reports the results of a high-level study to assess the technological readiness and technical and economic feasibility of 17 novel bulk energy storage technologies. The novel technologies assessed were variations of either pumped storage hydropower or compressed air energy storage. The report also identifies major technological gaps and barriers to the commercialization of each technology. Recommendations as to where future research and development efforts for the various technologies are also provided based on each technology's technological readiness and the expected time to commercialization (short, medium, or long term).  [Hide Summary]
• Compressed Air Energy Storage and Geographic Aggregation: Mutually Reinforcing Strategies for Integrating Wind Power, Succar, S. - National Resources Defense Council [Show Summary]
By leveraging the geographic diversity of wind energy resources, the cost and emissions of baseload wind systems can be significantly reduced as a result of reduced capital cost requirements for balancing aggregated wind resources. Specifically, re-optimizing the CAES configuration, including the relative capacity of the compression and turboexpander trains as well as the storage capacity of the geologic reservoir, in response to changes in wind resource characteristics yields significant capital cost reductions for the CAES system which translates into lower levelized costs for baseload power from wind/CAES as well as reduced carbon emission intensities.  [Hide Summary]
• Simulation and Optimization of a Flow Battery in an Area Regulation Application, Savinell, R. F. - Case Western Reserve Univ. [Show Summary]
Flow batteries have the potential to provide energy storage in 17 distinct grid service applications. Studies, experimentation, and demonstrations of flow batteries technology also indicate the potential for them to fulfill grid service requirements. This paper focuses on the potential of flow batteries to provide area regulation ancillary grid services.  [Hide Summary]