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The development of black liquor gasification technology can substantially improve the energy efficiency
of the pulp and paper industry. Gasification of black liquor with combined-cycle cogeneration of steam and
electricity requires improved materials, including the refractory liners of gasifier vessels. High alkali
concentrations, high temperature (~950°C) and severe gas/liquid flow characteristics inside gasifiers combine
for a challenging environment for refractory materials. Sodium reacts with the refractory causing expansion
of the surface, spalling, and the development of other mechanical /structural refractory faults. The physical
loss of as much as 40 percent of some refractory material has been observed. This degradation creates
structural and safety problems, thermal efficiency losses, unacceptably high maintenance cost, and excessive
downtime. To help understand and assess the issue, and to aid in the evaluation of alternative refractories,
a relevant thermochemical datafile has been developed. It includes the magnesia-alumina spinel, which has
been of interest as a more corrosion resistant material. ![[ORNL]](http://www.sandia.gov/HiTempThermo/images/ornl_small.jpg){kind=small}
