Ambartsumian, Ruben Sergeevich, 1911–1971
Physicist-chemist. discovered new methods to prevent
corrosion in metals.

Ermol'eva, Zinaida Vissarionovna, 1898–1974
Microbiologist. Developed the first antibiotics to be used in the USSR: penicillin, streptomycin, and interferon.

Kalashnikov, Mikhail Timofeevich, 1919–
Weapons designer. Created the AK, AKM, RPK, PK,
PKT machine guns.

Khariton, Yuli Borisovich, 1904–1997
Physicist. Worked on explosives. Together with IA. B. Zel'dovich explored divisive chain reactions in uranium.

Kurchatov, Igor Vasil'evich, 1902–1960.
Nuclear physicist. Oversaw the construction of the first nuclear reactor in europe (1949); worked on the Soviet atom bomb (1949); the first Soviet thermonuclear bomb (1953) and the first atomic electrostation.

Sudaev, Aleksei Ivanovich, 1912–1946
Weapons designer. Created the PPS machine gun.

1956
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov, together with Sir Cyril Hinshelwood (England), Nobel Prize in chemistry for research in chemical reaction kinetics.

1958
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank, and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm, Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect.

1962
Lev Davidovich Landau, Nobel Prize in Physics for developing a theory of superfluidity in atomic magnets.

1964
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov, A. M. Prokhorov, together with Charles Townes (USA), Nobel Prize in Physics for the development of maser and laser principles in quantum mechanics.

1975
Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich, together with Tjalling C. Koopmans (USA), Nobel Prize in Economics for work on optimum allocation of resources.

1975
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, Nobel Peace Prize. Sakharov, a physicist who worked on the Soviet hydrogen bomb, became a critic of the arms race and Soviet repression in the 1970s.

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